The nitrogen nutrition of the peach tree. VI. Influence of Autumn nitrogen applications on the accumulation of nitrogen, carbohydrate, and macroelements in 1-year-old peach trees

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 693 ◽  
Author(s):  
BK Taylor ◽  
den Ende B van
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Experimental Systems ◽  
Woody Tissues ◽  
Peach Trees

An experiment was carried out on young peach trees in sand culture to determine whether differential application of nitrogen in autumn would influence the accumulation of nitrogenous, carbohydrate, and macroelement reserves in woody tissues of the trees. Increasing the nitrogen supply in autumn markedly increased the accumulation of storage nitrogen in woody tissues of dormant trees but did not influence accumulation of carbohydrate or macroelement reserves, despite the observation that foliage colour and time of leaf abscission in autumn were markedly influenced by treatments. The former result, when allied with data published earlier, indicates that autumn applications of nitrogenous fertilizer in peach orchards are an effective means of increasing tree nitrogen status. With increasing nitrogen supply, the accumulation of soluble organic nitrogen in woody tissues was especially significant, and arginine nitrogen was a major constituent of this fraction. Since amide nitrogen was synthesized along with arginine nitrogen in autumn, it is concluded that rapid arginine synthesis in peach tissues in autumn is not simply related to the relative availabilities of soluble carbohydrate and soluble nitrogen as proposed earlier. It is also suggested that experimental systems in which nutrient treatments are imposed only following cessation of plant growth could prove useful for studying the role of stored nutrients in the performance of perennial plants.

scholarly journals The Nitrogen Nutrition of the Peach Tree II. Storage And Mobilization of Nitrogen in Young Trees

1967 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
BK Taylor ◽  
LH May
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
First Year ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Peach Trees

The chemical composition and distribution of storage nitrogen in young peach trees and the importance of this stored nitrogen for new growth were investigated. Young peach trees, which were grown in sand culture for two growing seasons, accumulated nitrogen in proportion to supply during the first year, and the results suggested that this stored nitrogen was utilized for new growth during the second growing season irrespective of the external nitrogen supply. Tree growth in early spring was significantly correlated with the level of storage nitrogen in tree tissues, but after November tree growth was markedly dependent upon the external nitrogen supply. If fertilizer nitrogen was not applied, the supply of storage nitrogen in tree tissues was exhausted by the end of November. Reaccumulation of storage nitrogen began in tree tissues in December and was rapid if the external nitrogen supply was high.

The nitrogen nutrition of the peach tree. IV. Storage and mobilization of nitrogen in mature trees

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 869 ◽  
Author(s):  
BK Taylor ◽  
den Ende B van
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Status ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments ◽  
Peach Trees

An experiment was carried out on 8-year-old peach trees in the field to further study the chemical composition of storage nitrogen in mature trees and to relate tree performance in one growing season to the level of storage nitrogen in tree tissues during the previous winter. Storage nitrogen in dormant trees consisted mainly of soluble organic nitrogen, and free arginine was a principal constituent of this fraction. The arginine nitrogen content of the soluble nitrogen fraction increased with increasing nitrogen supply, but values were low compared with those found in young peach trees. The concentration of arginine in roots of dormant trees was the most sensitive indicator of the nitrogen status of the trees. In comparison, conventional leaf analysis for total nitrogen in midsummer was only about one-half as sensitive as an index of nitrogen status. Since there could be objections to using root tissue for analysis it is of interest to note that the next best estimate of the nitrogen status of the trees was given by the level of arginine nitrogen in leaf + flower buds. The growth of new shoots and especially the nitrogen content of leaves were in proportion to the levcl of storage nitrogen in dormant trees before growth commenced. However, flowering performance and fruit set per tree were not dependent upon the level of storage nitrogen in the trees. Flowers at full bloom from nil nitrogen and plus nitrogen treatments contained approximately the same content of total nitrogen and this may be the reason why nitrogen treatments did not influence fruit set. Nitrogen analyses and field observations indicated that stored nitrogen in nil nitrogen trees was preferentially used for reproductive processes rather than for vegetative growth. The amount of total nitrogen per leaf first increased and then decreased with elapsed time during the growing season. This latter loss was attributed to migration of nitrogen from ageing leaves to fruits and/or woody tissues in late summer and early autumn. Nitrogen treatment did not significantly alter the proportion of total nitrogen lost per leaf at this time, but the amount of total nitrogen lost per leaf usually increased with increasing nitrogen supply. Results are compared with those obtained in earlier work and the importance of reaccumulation of nitrogen from abscising leaves in the nitrogen economy of the trees is briefly discussed.

Effect of tiller age and time of nitrogen stress on seed production of Paspalum plicatulum

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Chadhokar ◽  
L. R. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Nitrogen Stress ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Final Maturation

SummaryPaspalum plicatulum was grown at Brisbane in boxes of sand receiving basal nutrients and frequent irrigation; weekly levels of ammonium nitrate application were varied according to growth and development stage.The rate of tiller appearance increased to a maximum 40–50 days after sowing and almost ceased thereafter. Tiller leaf number, survival, fertility, inflorescence branching, seeds per raceme and seed size were positively related to tiller age. Young tillers were more sensitive to variations in nitrogen supply than old tillers.Adequate nitrogen nutrition during the vegetative phase from sowing to floral initiation (93 days) increased tiller and hence inflorescence density; increased inflorescence branching was compensated by fewer seeds per raceme. Good nitrogen nutrition during the phase from floral initiation to inflorescence exsertion (142 days) increased survival of late-formed tillers and hence inflorescence density; inflorescence branching, seeds per raceme and seed size were also increased. Nitrogen stress during the final maturation phase did not affect seed yield.

EFFECT OF 3-(4-CHLOROPHENYL)-1,1-DIMETHYLUREA ON DRY MATTER PRODUCTION, TRANSPIRATION, AND ROOT EXTENSION

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wm. Harold Minshall
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Extension Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Extension growth of the chlorophyll-containing roots of Hydrocharis morsusranae was inhibited by 0.5 p.p.m. of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (monuron) whereas concentrations close to the water saturation point of 230 p.p.m. were required to inhibit extension growth of the non-chlorophyll-containing attached roots of Zea mays and Phleum pratense and the detached roots of Pisum sativum.A total of 15–20 μg of monuron per gram fresh leaf applied through the cut petiole of detached primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris inhibited the increase of dry matter by 90% and suppressed transpiration 40–50%. Internal concentrations of 1–2 μg/g of monuron produced simultaneous enhancement of dry matter increase and of transpiration but concentrations of 5–10 μg/g produced a suppression of dry matter increase concurrently with an enhancement of transpiration. Age of leaf and the time of year in which the plants were grown altered the critical internal concentration levels required to affect dry matter increase and transpiration.Analysis of detached leaves treated with 15–20 μg/g monuron indicated a marked suppression of the formation of non-water-soluble carbohydrate, a slight suppression of the formation of water-soluble nitrogen, but little or no effect on water-soluble carbohydrate or on non-water-soluble nitrogen.In detached leaves o-phenanthroline, 3-phenyl-1,1-dimethylurea, and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea resembled monuron closely in symptom development and in their effect on dry matter production and transpiration. Iodoacetamide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 8-hydroxyquinoline each produced some effects similar to monuron but differed from it in certain respects; Thiourea, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, sodium fluoracetate, ethyl-NN-diphenylcarbamate, and hydroxylamine hydrochloride were without noticeable effect.

Studies in citrus nutrition i. Leaf growth and composition

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 248 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Williams ◽  
CT Gates
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Citrus Grove ◽  
Four Levels

Vegetative shoots from the spring flush of an experimental citrus grove tagged and sampled on three occasions at intervals of 6 months. The effects of four cultural treatments, four levels of nitrogen supply, four combinations of stock and scion, and of time on leaf area and dry weight, and on relative and absolute contents of water, nitrogen, and phosphorus are presented and discussed. While nitrogen nutrition is still the dominant factor, the evidence strongly suggests that phosphorus nutrition has become important as a determinant of treatment effects within the experimental grove. The possible relevance of soil temperature and soil organic matter for some of the cultural treatment effects is discussed.

Effects of nitrogen fertilizers on total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen and soluble carbohydrate contents of grass

1962 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Z. Nowakowski
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nitrate N

Italian rye-grass given ammonium sulphate or sodium nitrate at 56 or 112 lb. N/acre was analysed for total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen (non-protein-nitrogen) and soluble carbohydrates.Ten days after applying fertilizer the differences in total-N between the grass receiving 56 and grass receiving 112 lb. N/acre were very small. Total-N in grass decreased with growth, but the effect of the rate of nitrogen on total-N increased. At first the grass given sodium nitrate contained more soluble nitrogen than grass given ammonium sulphate, the difference being greater at 56 lb. N/acre; soluble nitrogen decreased with increasing growth. Ten days after applying fertilizer, the nitrate-N content of grass was very high (ranging from 0·1 to 0·9% in the D.M.) and it gradually decreased. At both levels of nitrogen application, grass given sodium nitrate contained much more nitrate-N than grass given ammonium sulphate. Forty days after applying nitrogen the nitrate-N contents of grass which received 56 and 112 1b. N/acre as ammonium sulphate were 0·039 and 0·222% of the dry matter, respectively; the grass supplied with sodium nitrate gave values of 0·082 and 0·438%.Total soluble carbohydrates in the grass were small early in growth and gradually increased. Nitrogen dressings had little effect on the content of soluble sugars (glucose + fructose + sucrose) but greatly decreased the fructosan. The pattern of changes in the total soluble carbohydrate content followed that in fructosan content. Early in growth, the total soluble carbohydrate/crude protein ratio was very small in grass from all treatments except the ‘control’. This ratio increased with growth and at the last sampling was 2·13 in grass receiving no nitrogen, and in grass supplied with 56 and 112 lb. N/acre as ammonium sulphate it was 1·44 and 0·72 respectively; the corresponding figures for grass receiving sodium nitrate were 1·13 and 0·66. The total soluble carbohydrate carbon/soluble nitrogen ratio in grass with no nitrogen was 18 at the first sampling and it increased gradually, reaching 70 at the last sampling. This ratio was considerably less with all nitrogen treatments than with ‘control’. The values obtained with 112 lb. N/acre were less than those obtained with 561b./acre, irrespective of the form of nitrogen used.The relationship between the soluble carbohydrate carbon content and the soluble nitrogen in grass is illustrated graphically and discussed.

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