Synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen. I. Influence of the level of nitrogen intake

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 283 ◽  
Author(s):  
ID Hume ◽  
RJ Moir ◽  
M Somers
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Potential Production ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Nitrogen Intake

Direct measurement has been made of the daily production of microbial protein in the rumen. When sheep were fed on a virtually protein-free purified diet, increases in the intake of nitrogen from 2 to 9 g/day increased linearly the production of protein in the rumen from 32.5 to 50.0 g/day. There was no further increase in protein production when the nitrogen intake was raised to 16 g/day. The amount of total nitrogen flowing out of the rumen showed a net increase over that ingested at daily nitrogen intakes of 2 and 4 g, no change at 9 g, and a substantial net loss at 16 g. At the lowest nitrogen intake at least 4 g recycled nitrogen was utilized by the rumen microorganisms daily. The yield of protein from the ruminal fermentation increased from 9.1 g/100 g organic matter digested in the rumen when nitrogen was most limiting, to 13.3 g/100 g when nitrogen was in excess of requirements. It was calculated that protein production in the rumen at the highest nitrogen intake was less than the potential production from the energy supplied to the microorganisms. Possible limiting factors are discussed.

Synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen. III.The effect of dietary protein

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Free Diet ◽  
Different Levels

Protein production in the rumen of sheep fed on a virtually protein-free diet supplemented with urea and higher volatile fatty acids (VFA) and yielding 600 g digestible organic matter per day amounted to 90 g/day. When gelatin was substituted for the higher VFA and 50% of the urea nitrogen, microbial protein production remained at a similar level (91 g/day); with casein, production increased to 101 g/day, and with zein to 104 g/day. Nitrogen balances increased from 4.1 g/day in sheep fed on the casein diet to 5.5 g/day in those fed on the zein diet (P < 0.05). These values were both significantly higher than those for the urea/VFA or gelatin-containing diets, reflecting the different levels of microbial protein production on the respective diets. In addition, 44 g un-degraded zein left the rumen daily, accounting for the increase in nitrogen balance on this diet above that on the casein diet. Negligible amounts of nitrogen were recycled on the urea/VFA, gelatin, and casein treatments, but at least 7.5 g recycled nitrogen was utilized in the rumen daily on the zein diet. This is equivalent to 47 g protein, sufficient in itself to satisfy the maintenance requirement of the sheep for protein. The yields of protein from ruminal fermentation on the three protein treatments suggest that the maximum possible yield may exceed 20 g/100 g organic matter digested in the rumen.

scholarly journals Kecernaan, fermentabilitas dan produksi protein ruminal pelepah sawit yang difermentasi dengan isolat mikrobia rumen kerbau secara in vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 291
Author(s):  
Limbang Kustiawan Nuswanatara ◽  
Eko Pangestu ◽  
Sunarso Sunarso ◽  
Marry Christiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Palm Fronds

<p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Objective: </strong>The study aimed investigated effect of microbial isolate levels and fermentation time on fermentability regarding ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) production, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and microbial protein production, dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility <em>in vitro</em>.</p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Methods: </strong>The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro. <em>In vitro</em> experiment was performed using a completely randomized design with a factorial pattern with 2 factors and 4 replications. The treatments were microbial isolate levels (1 and 3%) and fermentation time (14 and 28 days). The parameters observed included production of NH<sub>3</sub>, VFA, microbial protein and total protein as well as the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter. The data were analyzed based on analysis of variance and if there was a significant effect the data were further analyzed with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.<strong></strong></p><p class="MDPI17abstract"><strong>Results: </strong>The amount of microbial isolate and fermentation time affected rumen ammonia production. On rumen microbial protein content, the amounts of microbial isolate and fermentation time had substantial impact (P&lt;0.05). The isolate level and fermentation time, however, had no interaction effect on VFA production, dry matter digestibility, or organic matter digestibility. The fermentation time influenced (P&lt;0.05) the production of VFA and the digestibility of dry matter, but the isolate level and fermentation time had no effect on total protein production or organic matter digestibility.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Processing of palm fronds through fermentation using buffalo rumen cellulolytic microbial isolates increased nutrient values of palm fronds.</p>

scholarly journals Kecernaan, Fermentabilitas dan Produksi Protein Mikrobia Secara In Vitro pada Complete Feed Berbasis Pelepah Sawit Fermentasi

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-199
Author(s):  
Limbang Kustiawan Nuswantara ◽  
Eko Pangestu ◽  
Sunarso Sunarso ◽  
Marry Christiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Palm Fronds ◽  
Different Levels

ABSTRACT. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui kualitas complete feed dengan level pelepah sawit fermentasi berdasarkan kecernaan bahan kering, bahan organik, produksi N-NH3, produksi volatile fatty acids (VFA) dan produksi biomassa protein mikrobia serta protein total secara in vitro. Materi yang digunakan adalah complete feed tersusun atas konsentrat dan pelepah sawit fermentasi dengan berbagai level yaitu 0, 10, 20 dan 30%. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan complete feed dengan level pelepah sawit fermentasi yang berbeda. Data diolah menggunakan sidik ragam yang dilanjutkan dengan uji beda wilayah berganda Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa complete feed dengan level pelepah sawit fermentasi yang berbeda berpengaruh nyata (p0,05) terhadap kecernaan bahan kering dan bahan organik, produksi N-NH3, produksi VFA, dan produksi protein total, sedangkan pada biomassa protein mikrobia tidak terdapat perbedaan yang nyata (p0,05). Rata-rata nilai kecernaan bahan kering pada perlakuan T0, T1, T2 dan T3 adalah 69,59; 71,9; 69,05; dan 62,58%. Rata-rata nilai kecernaan bahan organik pada perlakuan T0, T1, T2 dan T3 adalah 63,59; 63,15; 65,50; 52,66 %. Rata-rata produksi VFA pada perlakuan T0, T1, T2 dan T3 sebesar 105,8; 142,7; 136,4; dan 135,7 mM. Rata-rata produksi NH3, biomassa protein mikrobia dan produksi protein total pada perlakuan T0, T1, T2 dan T3 berturut-turut adalah 6,48mM, 15,04mg/ml;, 34,10mg/g; 7,36mM, 15,75mg/ml, 23,72mg/g; 8,18mM, 12,59mg/ml, 33,72mg/g); dan 6,60mM, 15,31mg/ml, 40,80mg/g. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan pelepah sawit fermentasi dengan level 20% dalam complete feed menghasilkan produksi VFA, kecernaan bahan kering dan bahan organik yang cukup baik sehingga dapat menjadi pakan alternatif sumber serat pengganti rumput. (Digestibility, fermentability and in-vitro production of microbial protein on complete feed based on fermented palm frond) ABSTRAK. This study aimed to determine the quality of a complete feed containing fermented palm fronds based on the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, N-NH3, VFA, microbial protein biomass, and total protein in vitro. The material used was complete feed composed of concentrates and fermented palm fronds at various levels, i.e., 0, 10, 20, and 30%. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design (CRD) with four complete feed treatments containing different levels of fermented palm fronds. The data were processed using analysis of variance, followed by Duncan’s multiple range test. The results demonstrated that the complete feed with different levels of fermented palm fronds had a significant effect (p0.05) on the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter, N-NH3 production, essential fatty acids production, and total protein production, whereas there was no significant difference (p 0.05) on microbial protein biomass. The average dry matter and organic matter digestibility values of T0, T1, T2, and T3 treatments were 69.59; 63.59, 71.9; 63.15, 69.05; 65.50, and 62.58%; 52.66% respectively. The average production of volatile fatty acids of T0, T1, T2, and T3 treatments were 105.8; 142.7; 136.4; and 135.7 mM. respectively, while the average N-NH3 production, microbial protein biomass, and total protein production of the T0, T1, T2, and T3 treatments were 6.48, 7.36, 8.18, 6.60 mM; 15.04, 75, 12.59, 15.31 mg/ml; and 34.10, 23.72, 33.72, 40.80 mg/g. In conclusion, the use of fermented palm fronds at a 20% level in complete feed gave the best result in the production of volatile fatty acids, improved digestibility of dry matter, and organic matter, so it can be used as an alternative feed to replace grass fiber.

7.1 Protein Digestion in Grazing Sheep

1982 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 141-143
Author(s):  
J. L. Corbett ◽  
E. P. Furnival ◽  
M. W. Inskip ◽  
F. S. Pickering
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
Native Pastures

In 23 experiments, measurements were made over 4 or 5 day periods of the digestion of herbage by lambs (Expts 1-10 and 14-18, Table 7.1.1) and adult sheep (Expts 11-13 and 19-23) grazing phalaris (P. aquatica), lucerne and unfertilized native pastures. All 38 animals used (Corriedales) had rumen and simple abomasal cannulae; seven adult sheep also had a simple ileal cannula. Corbett, Furnival, Inskip, Perez and Pickering (1976) and Corbett (1981) have described the techniques used for estimating intakes of organic and digestible organic matter and nitrogen (OMI, DOMI, NI) and the fractional outflow rates (FOR/h) of liquid from the rumen, the rate and composition of digesta flows and microbial protein production by reference to intra-ruminally infused 103Ru-phenanthroline, 51CrEDTA and Na235S04.

Synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen. II. A response to higher volatile fatty acids

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Nonprotein Nitrogen ◽  
Appreciable Increase ◽  
The Mean

When sheep were fed on a virtually protein-free purified diet adequately supplied with nonprotein nitrogen, 71 g microbial protein was produced in the rumen daily. The addition of a mixture of higher volatile fatty acids (VFA) increased protein production to 81 g daily (P < 0.05). The VFA supplement also increased the molar proportions of these acids in the rumen fluid and the flow of total nitrogen from the rumen. There were no differences in nitrogen balance associated with the supplement. There were significant variations between sheep and between periods in both protein production and the molar proportion of acetic acid in the rumen fluid. A negative correlation was found between acetic acid proportions and protein production (r = -0.62, P < 0.025). The mean yield of protein from the ruminal fermentation was 13.0 g/100 g organic matter digested in the rumen. The addition of the higher VFA did not result in any appreciable increase in the efficiency of protein production from the energy available.

scholarly journals Effects of brewers’ spent grain protein hydrolysates on gas production, ruminal fermentation characteristics, microbial protein synthesis and microbial community in an artificial rumen fed a high grain diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Ran ◽  
Long Jin ◽  
Ranithri Abeynayake ◽  
Atef Mohamed Saleem ◽  
Xiumin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Protein Hydrolysates ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Spent Grain

Abstract Background Brewers’ spent grain (BSG) typically contains 20% – 29% crude protein (CP) with high concentrations of glutamine, proline and hydrophobic and non-polar amino acid, making it an ideal material for producing value-added products like bioactive peptides which have antioxidant properties. For this study, protein was extracted from BSG, hydrolyzed with 1% alcalase and flavourzyme, with the generated protein hydrolysates (AlcH and FlaH) showing antioxidant activities. This study evaluated the effects of AlcH and FlaH on gas production, ruminal fermentation characteristics, nutrient disappearance, microbial protein synthesis and microbial community using an artificial rumen system (RUSITEC) fed a high-grain diet. Results As compared to the control of grain only, supplementation of FlaH decreased (P < 0.01) disappearances of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), CP and starch, without affecting fibre disappearances; while AlcH had no effect on nutrient disappearance. Neither AlcH nor FlaH affected gas production or VFA profiles, however they increased (P < 0.01) NH3-N and decreased (P < 0.01) H2 production. Supplementation of FlaH decreased (P < 0.01) the percentage of CH4 in total gas and dissolved-CH4 (dCH4) in dissolved gas. Addition of monensin reduced (P < 0.01) disappearance of nutrients, improved fermentation efficiency and reduced CH4 and H2 emissions. Total microbial nitrogen production was decreased (P < 0.05) but the proportion of feed particle associated (FPA) bacteria was increased with FlaH and monensin supplementation. Numbers of OTUs and Shannon diversity indices of FPA microbial community were unaffected by AlcH and FlaH; whereas both indices were reduced (P < 0.05) by monensin. Taxonomic analysis revealed no effect of AlcH and FlaH on the relative abundance (RA) of bacteria at phylum level, whereas monensin reduced (P < 0.05) the RA of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and enhanced Proteobacteria. Supplementation of FlaH enhanced (P < 0.05) the RA of genus Prevotella, reduced Selenomonas, Shuttleworthia, Bifidobacterium and Dialister as compared to control; monensin reduced (P < 0.05) RA of genus Prevotella but enhaced Succinivibrio. Conclusions The supplementation of FlaH in high-grain diets may potentially protect CP and starch from ruminal degradation, without adversely affecting fibre degradation and VFA profiles. It also showed promising effects on reducing CH4 production by suppressing H2 production. Protein enzymatic hydrolysates from BSG using flavourzyme showed potential application to high value-added bio-products.

Utilization of grass-silage nitrogen by growing sheep

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Grenet
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Green Fodder

SUMMARYThe digestibility, the voluntary intake and the nitrogen balance of 108 diets corresponding to 94 silages prepared from 20 fresh crops were measured in growing sheep. Series of silages were made from the same fresh forage. Each series included two controls: a direct-cut silage without additive and a direct-cut silage with formic acid, with a variable number of experimental silages with different additives.Rumen ammonia concentration, measured on rumen-fistulated sheep, decreased when an additive was used. It increased with nitrogen intake and was inversely related to the organic-matter digestibility and the crude-fibre digestibility. It varied with the silage composition.The crude-protein digestibility of direct-cut silages without additives was similar to or slightly higher than the crude-protein digestibility of the fresh crops. The addition of formic acid depressed the digestibility, but the addition of formaldehyde decreased it even more. The urinary nitrogen loss was higher for silages without additive than for the fresh crops and was decreased by the addition of formic acid. The addition of formaldehyde to formic acid had an additive effect.Retained nitrogen was lower in silages without additives (12% of nitrogen intake) than in parent crops (15·7%). It increased when formic acid (15·8%) was added. The addition of formaldehyde at a low rate (1·5 l/t green fodder) to the formic acid did not increase the nitrogen retention whether expressed in g/day or as percentage of nitrogen intake, but the addition of formaldehyde at a high rate (3·5 l/t green fodder) to formic acid decreased nitrogen retention. The other additives based on cereals or whey did not improve the nitrogen balance compared with formic acid. Nitrogen retention differed according to plant species.Retained nitrogen increased with digestible organic-matter intake and nitrogen intake. It increased with the silage water-soluble carbohydrate content. The higher the silage fermentation product content (ammonia, lactic acid, propionic acid), the lower the retained nitrogen. It appears that the nitrogen value of silages can be high provided that the silages are well preserved and that excessive protein breakdown is avoided.

Effect of pine-based biochars with differing physiochemical properties on methane production, ruminal fermentation, and rumen microbiota in an artificial rumen (RUSITEC) fed barley silage

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Paul Tamayao ◽  
Gabriel O. Ribeiro ◽  
Tim A. McAllister ◽  
Kim H. Ominski ◽  
Atef M. Saleem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Rumen Microbiota ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Barley Silage

This study investigated the effects of three pine-based biochar products on nutrient disappearance, total gas and methane (CH4) production, rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, and rumen microbiota in a rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) fed a barley-silage-based total mixed ration (TMR). Treatments consisted of 10 g TMR supplemented with no biochar (control) and three different biochars (CP016, CP024, and CP028) included at 20 g·kg−1 DM. Treatments were assigned to 16 fermenters (n = 4 per treatment) in two RUSITEC units in a randomized block design for a 17 d experimental period. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure in SAS, with treatment and day of sampling as fixed effects and RUSITEC unit and fermenters as random effects. Biochar did not affect nutrient disappearance (P > 0.05), nor total gas or CH4, irrespective of unit of expression. The volatile fatty acid, NH3-N, total protozoa, and microbial protein synthesis were not affected by biochar inclusion (P > 0.05). Alpha and beta diversity and rumen microbiota families were not affected by biochar inclusion (P > 0.05). In conclusion, biochar did not reduce CH4 emissions nor affect nutrient disappearance, rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, or rumen microbiota in the RUSITEC.

scholarly journals Forage cactus associated with different fiber sources for lactating Sindhi cows: intake, digestibility and microbial protein production

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 530-536
Author(s):  
Carla Aparecida Soares Saraiva ◽  
Severino Gonzaga Neto ◽  
Maria Fernanda Soares Queiroz ◽  
Lara Toledo Henriques ◽  
Edilson Paes Saraiva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Production ◽  
Microbial Protein
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