The influence of body weight (fatness) on the energic efficiency of adult sheep

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham N McC
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Gross Efficiency ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Relationship

Energy, carbon, and nitrogen balances were determined in adult wether sheep given a diet of lucerne hay and whole oats at several planes of nutrition between fasting and ad libitum. Four sheep were studied when their weight was c. 30 kg (10% fat) and later when they weighed c. 75 kg (33% fat); another four were studied at c. 70 kg (30% fat) and later at c. 45 kg (16% fat). The most obvious effect of fatness was loss of appetite. Voluntary food intake began to decline when body weight approached 60 kg and was half of the maximal amount when the sheep weighed 70 kg or more; one very fat sheep ate only 100–200 g food/day for several weeks. 1n addition, environmental changes such as transfer from a pen to a cage or respiration chamber often caused temporary inappetence when the sheep were in fat condition but seldom when they were lean. Fasting metabolic rate increased with body weight in accordance with the relationship generally applicable to adult sheep except when the sheep were in the anorectic phase of obesity, at which time their metabolic rate was 30–40% above normal. The digestibility of the diet was not dependent on the fatness of the sheep, nor was the relationship between metabolizable and digestible energy. At each level of feeding, the heaviest sheep produced most heat, but differences were less than at fasting; oxidation of fat, rather than protein, was responsible. When daily heat production and metabolizable energy were both expressed as multiples of the fasting energy loss, all sheep conformed to one relationship; the same held for the relation between energy balance and metabolizable energy. Net efficiency (change of energy balance divided by change of metabolizable energy intake) was 78% for maintenance and 55% for production, irrespective of body condition. Gross efficiency (energy storage divided by gross energy intake) was strongly influenced by body condition. When fed ad libitum, thin sheep achieved an efficiency of c. 26 % and fat sheep reached 21 % whereas anorectic very fat sheep never exceeded 10%. Thin, fat, and very fat sheep required 400, 500 and 650 g dry matter/day respectively for maintenance (zero gross efficiency).

Effect of energy intake on the performance of different types of pig from 45 to 100 kg body weight. 2. Tissue gain

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Quiniou ◽  
J. Noblet ◽  
J.-Y. Dourmad
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Large White ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe effect of energy supply on physical composition of body weight gain between 45 and 100 kg was studied in Large White castrated males (cLW), crossbred Pietrain × Large White castrated males (cPPX) and boars (bPPX). The pigs were either given food ad libitum and kept in individual pens in experiment 1, or allocated to four energy levels (0·70, 0·80, 0·90, and 1·00 ad libitum) and kept in metabolism cages in experiment 2. Daily protein supplies were calculated to be the same at the four energy levels within each type of pig and non-limiting for growth. Five additional animals for each type of pig were slaughtered at 45 kg. Daily tissue gain was measured according to the comparative slaughter technique. The daily lean gain increased with metabolizable energy (ME) intake according to a linear-plateau relationship whereas the daily fat gain increased linearly. The type of pig significantly affected the slope of the relationship between lean gain and ME intake (from 15 to 22 g per extra MJ ME) but not the slope of the relationship between fat gain and ME intake (10 g per extra MJ ME on average). Increased energy intake was associated with increased fatness of body-weight gain, which was higher in cLW and cPP× than in bPP×.

Production characteristics of high-yielding dairy cows

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Neilson ◽  
C. T. Whittemore ◽  
M. Lewis ◽  
J. C. Alliston ◽  
D. J. Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Gross Efficiency

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the relationships between food intake, milk output and body condition in high-yielding dairy cows is crucial in determining suitable management strategies. During two winter feeding periods 38 and 37 cows were individually fed, to appetite, complete diets which on average contained 11·7 MJ metabolizable energy per kg dry matter and comprised grass silage, concentrate meal and brewers' grains (draff). The groups' mean 305-day yield was 7 240 kg (s.d. 1 281) with 42 g (s.d. 4·3) fat per kg. Regression analysis was carried out to describe dry-matter intake both for 26 weeks post calving and for four successive 6-week periods from calving. The final equations, which had a residual s.d. of 0·07 to 0·10 of the observed intake, included milk yield, cow size and a measure of body-condition change. The cows were divided into three groups (high, medium and low) on two criteria: (1) mean milk yield (MJ/day) during the first 26 weeks of lactation and (2) post-calving backfat index determined ultrasonically. Differences were found between milk-yield groups from gross efficiency (milk yield (MJ)/energy intake (MJ metabolizable energy)) (P < 0·001), mean metabolizable energy intake (MJ/day) (P < 0·01), dry-matter intake as a proportion of live weight (P < 0·05), and post calving live weight (kg) (P < 0·05). Differences were found between backfat-index groups for maximum backfat loss and loss to day 42 (P < 0·001); also for mean live weight during the 26 weeks and post calving live weight (P < 0·001), dry-matter intake as a proportion of live weight (P < 0·05) and lactation number (P < 0·05). Interactions were found between the milk yield groups and backfat groups for milk yield (P < 0·01) and gross efficiency (P < 0·05) with the fattest group containing the highest and lowest yields and efficiencies.

scholarly journals Energy intake and growth of weanling horses in a cold loose housing system

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 338 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. AUTIO ◽  
U. SIHTO ◽  
J. MONONEN
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Housing System ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Linear Fashion ◽  
Non Linear

The demand for information relating to the nutrition of horses in a cold environment is increasing with the popularity of loose housing of horses. This study examined the energy intake and growth of 10 weanling horses from November to March (22 weeks) in a loose housing system (paddock and insulated sleeping hall with deep-litter bed). The horses were measured weekly for body condition and body weight, and the feeding was adjusted according to a horse’s body condition. Metabolizable energy (ME) intake was compared to Finnish (MTT 2006) and Swedish (SLU 2004) nutrient requirements for 6–12-month-old horses. ME intake (75.5 ± 11.8 MJ d-1, mean ± SD) was on average 24.6% above the requirements. The intake varied in a non-linear fashion in the course of the winter: y = 0.086x2 – 0.902x + 71.5, where x is weeks from November to March (p

A comparative evaluation of functions for the analysis of growth in male broilers

2003 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. DARMANI KUHI ◽  
E. KEBREAB ◽  
S. LOPEZ ◽  
J. FRANCE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fixed Point ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Diminishing Returns ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
The Relationship

Data from six studies with male broilers fed diets covering a wide range of energy and protein were used in the current two analyses. In the first analysis, five models, specifically re-parameterized for analysing energy balance data, were evaluated for their ability to determine metabolizable energy intake at maintenance and efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy intake for producing gain. In addition to the straight line, two types of functional form were used. They were forms describing (i) diminishing returns behaviour (monomolecular and rectangular hyperbola) and (ii) sigmoidal behaviour with a fixed point of inflection (Gompertz and logistic). These models determined metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance to be in the range 437–573 kJ/kg of body weight/day depending on the model. The values determined for average net energy requirement for body weight gain varied from 7·9 to 11·2 kJ/g of body weight. These values show good agreement with previous studies. In the second analysis, three types of function were assessed as candidates for describing the relationship between body weight and cumulative metabolizable energy intake. The functions used were: (a) monomolecular (diminishing returns behaviour), (b) Gompertz (smooth sigmoidal behaviour with a fixed point of inflection) and (c) Lopez, France and Richards (diminishing returns and sigmoidal behaviour with a variable point of inflection). The results of this analysis demonstrated that equations capable of mimicking the law of diminishing returns describe accurately the relationship between body weight and cumulative metabolizable energy intake in broilers.

Quantification of changes in body weight and body condition scores during lactation by modelling individual energy balance and total net energy intake

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Schwager-Suter ◽  
C. Stricker ◽  
D. Erdin ◽  
N. Künzi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Net Energy Intake ◽  
Gut Fill ◽  
Body Condition Scores

AbstractIndividual energy balances (EB) and total net energy intake (NEI) were modelled to quantify the energy content of the explanatory variables body-weight change corrected for gut fill (BWC) and body condition-score change (BCSC). A total of 6147 records from 213 lactating dairy cows, 71 Holstein-Friesians, 71 Jerseys and 71 HolsteinJersey F1-crosses was analysed (1st, 2nd and >2nd lactation). Data were collected during 210 days of lactation, from calving to week 30. Individual EB were calculated as total energy for lactation (MJ NEL) minus estimated energy necessary for maintenance and production. Body-weight changes were calculated as differences between weekly means of body weight corrected for gut fill (BWCw) as well as from polynomial regression (BWCp). BCSC were differences between assessed body condition scores. The study included analyses of 1- and of 4-week periods for BWCw and BWCp, of differences between measuring periods for BCSC as well as separate analyses of data from cows in either negative or positive energy balance.Analysis of repeated measurements were performed applying mixed model theory. Models for EB contained type of dairy cow, lactation and type of roughage as fixed effects, week of lactation and either BWCw, BWCp or BCSC. Models for NEI contained type of dairy cow, lactation and quality of roughage as fixed effects, week of lactation as well as energy corrected milk, metabolic body weight and either BWCw, BWCp or BCSC as covariates.Most plausible energy contents per unit body tissue change were estimated for BWCp from weekly data with either EB (with energy partitioned into milk production and maintenance fixed) or NEI (no restrictions concerning partitioning) as the response variable. The estimated energy contents for BWCp were 15·40 and 10·47 MJ NEL, respectively.

Effect of energy intake on the performance of different types of pig from 45 to 100 kg body weight. 1. Protein and lipid deposition

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Quiniou ◽  
J.-Y. Dourmad ◽  
J. Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Large White ◽  
Balance Technique ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractBetween 45 and 100 kg body weight, Large White castrated males (cLW), and crossbred Pietrain × Large White castrated males fcPP×) and boars (bPP×) were either given food ad libitum in experiment 1 or allocated to four energy levels (0·70, 0·80, 0·90, 1·00 ad libitum) in experiment 2. Daily protein and amino acid supplies were calculated to be non-limiting for growth. Protein (PD) and lipid (LD) deposition rates were measured according to the comparative slaughter technique over the whole experimental period (experiments 1 and 2) and according to the nitrogen and energy balance technique at four stages of growth: 48, 64, 79 and 94 kg mean body weight (experiment 2). Average daily gain increased linearly with metabolizable energy (ME) intake, the slope of the relationship being significantly different between types of pig (from −28 to +36 g per additional MJ ME). Daily PD increased with ME intake above maintenance (MEp) according to a linear-plateau relationship in the three types of pig: the slope was significantly affected by type of pig (from +3·4 to 6·0 g per extra MJ MEp) but not by stage of growth. Daily LD increased linearly with MEp intake; neither the type of pig nor the stage of growth affected its slope (+13-5 g per extra MJ MEp). The LD/PD ratio in the extra body-weight gain associated with increased energy intake was affected only by the type of pig.

scholarly journals Differential effects of dairy snacks on appetite, but not overall energy intake

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (12) ◽  
pp. 2274-2285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anestis Dougkas ◽  
Anne M. Minihane ◽  
D. Ian Givens ◽  
Christopher K. Reynolds ◽  
Parveen Yaqoob
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
Excess Body Weight ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Dietary Regulation ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Ad Libitum

Dietary regulation of appetite may contribute to the prevention and management of excess body weight. The present study examined the effect of consumption of individual dairy products as snacks on appetite and subsequent ad libitum lunch energy intake. In a randomised cross-over trial, forty overweight men (age 32 (sd 9) years; BMI 27 (sd 2) kg/m2) attended four sessions 1 week apart and received three isoenergetic (841 kJ) and isovolumetric (410 ml) servings of dairy snacks or water (control) 120 min after breakfast. Appetite profile was determined throughout the morning and ad libitum energy intake was assessed 90 min after the intake of snacks. Concentrations of amino acids, glucose, insulin, ghrelin and peptide tyrosine tyrosine were measured at baseline (0 min) and 80 min after the intake of snacks. Although the results showed that yogurt had the greatest suppressive effect on appetite, this could be confounded by the poor sensory ratings of yogurt. Hunger rating was 8, 10 and 24 % (P < 0·001) lower after the intake of yogurt than cheese, milk and water, respectively. Energy intake was 11, 9 and 12 % (P < 0·02) lower after the intake of yogurt, cheese and milk, respectively, compared with water (4312 (se 226) kJ). Although there was no difference in the postprandial responses of hormones, alanine and isoleucine concentrations were higher after the intake of yogurt than cheese and milk (P < 0·05). In conclusion, all dairy snacks reduced appetite and lunch intake compared with water. Yogurt had the greatest effect on suppressing subjective appetite ratings, but did not affect subsequent food intake compared with milk or cheese.

Energy Balance and Energy Availability During a Selection Course for Belgian Paratroopers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Mullie ◽  
Pieter Maes ◽  
Laurens van Veelen ◽  
Damien Van Tiggelen ◽  
Peter Clarys
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Rest Metabolic Rate ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Availability

ABSTRACT Introduction Adequate energy supply is a prerequisite for optimal performances and recovery. The aims of the present study were to estimate energy balance and energy availability during a selection course for Belgian paratroopers. Methods Energy expenditure by physical activity was measured with accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+, ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, FL, USA) and rest metabolic rate in Cal.d−1 with Tinsley et al.’s equation based on fat-free mass = 25.9 × fat-free mass in kg + 284. Participants had only access to the French individual combat rations of 3,600 Cal.d−1, and body fat mass was measured with quadripolar impedance (Omron BF508, Omron, Osaka, Japan). Energy availability was calculated by the formula: ([energy intake in foods and beverages] − [energy expenditure physical activity])/kg FFM−1.d−1, with FFM = fat-free mass. Results Mean (SD) age of the 35 participants was 25.1 (4.18) years, and mean (SD) percentage fat mass was 12.0% (3.82). Mean (SD) total energy expenditure, i.e., the sum of rest metabolic rate, dietary-induced thermogenesis, and physical activity, was 5,262 Cal.d−1 (621.2), with percentile 25 at 4,791 Cal.d−1 and percentile 75 at 5,647 Cal.d−1, a difference of 856 Cal.d−1. Mean daily energy intake was 3,600 Cal.d−1, giving a negative energy balance of 1,662 (621.2) Cal.d−1. Mean energy availability was 9.3 Cal.kg FFM−1.d−1. Eleven of the 35 participants performed with a negative energy balance of 2,000 Cal.d−1, and only five participants out of 35 participants performed at a less than 1,000 Cal.d−1 negative energy balance level. Conclusions Energy intake is not optimal as indicated by the negative energy balance and the low energy availability, which means that the participants to this selection course had to perform in suboptimal conditions.

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