Factors limiting the intake of feed by sheep. II. Studies with wheaten hay

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 983 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Additional Protein

A study was made of factors limiting the sheep's intake of a wheaten hay diet having an organic matter digestibility of approximately 57% and containing 4.4% crude protein and a mineral supplement. Voluntary consumption of chopped wheaten hay increased by 8–13% when protein was infused per abomasum, or when the protein content of the diet was raised to 7 or 15% by the addition of wheat gluten. A similar change in voluntary feed consumption (VFC) was observed in one of two experiments in which urea was infused per abomasum. The VFC response to protein infusion per abomasum persisted for at least 2 weeks after the infusion was terminated. Voluntary consumption of a diet of chopped wheaten hay + gluten (85/15) did not change when additional protein and micronutrients were provided. When the wheaten hay was ground or ground and pelleted, VFC increased and digestibility declined; the intake of digestible energy showed little change. The addition of protein to the ground and pelleted hay was accompanied by substantial rises in feed intake, digestible energy intake, and digestible fibre intake and in the quantity of organic matter transferred through the alimentary tract. The provision of protein and grinding and pelleting increased the intake of wheaten hay to 189% of that attained when chopped hay was offered. The intake of wheaten hay + gluten (85/15) was lower than that of lucerne hay when the diets were in either chopped or ground and pelleted forms; these diets had similar organic matter digestibilities and protein contents. The results were considered to support the conclusion that the primary factor limiting the intake of the wheaten hay was a deficiency of nitrogen, and that after this had been remedied, the next limiting factor was the resistance of the diet to removal from the rumen. The mechanisms whereby various factors limit intake are discussed, and it is suggested that digestibility is likely to be unreliable for predicting the VFC of non-pregnant, non-lactating ruminants.

Factors limiting the intake of feed by sheep. IV. The intake and digestion of mature ryegrass

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 567 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston ◽  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Additional Protein ◽  
Ryegrass Hay ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Daily Gain

Intake and digestion studies were conducted with sheep fed on ryegrass hay containing 6% crude protein and having an organic matter digestibility of 58%. The intake of ryegrass was little affected when additional protein was provided both as a dietary supplement and as an infusion per abomasum. When supplements containing adequate amounts of protein and minerals were given, the intake of the hay was still comparatively low at 780 g organic matter per day. Grinding and pelleting the diet of hay + supplements permitted a higher feed intake. It was concluded that feed intake was limited by the resistance of the organic matter of the hay to removal from the rumen. Digestion studies were conducted at a level of feeding equal to approximately 90% of the ad libitum intake. The quantity of organic matter apparently digested in the stomach was equal to 60% of the organic matter digested in the alimentary tract; about 80% of the digestion of fibre took place in the stomach. There was a net daily gain of 7.5 g of nitrogen during the passage of digesta through the stomach, and part of this gain appeared to be due to the passage of endogenous nitrogen into the rumen. The apparent digestibility in the intestines of nitrogen that left the stomach in digesta was 73%; 1.6 g of nitrogen was apparently digested in the intestines per 100 g organic matter intake. Values of certain parameters relating to the movement of digesta through the stomach were similar to those previously recorded with a low quality cereal hay.

The utilization of spear grass (Heteropogon contortus). I. Factors limiting intake and utilization by cattle and sheep

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
BD Siebert ◽  
PM Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Total Organic Matter ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Heteropogon Contortus ◽  
Total Intake ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

The addition of 13.6% lucerne to a diet of spear grass increased the total intake of digestible organic matter of cattle by nearly 30%. Further additions (24.5 and 44.9%) increased the total organic matter intake, but decreased the spear grass intake. In cattle, the digestibility of the spear grass portion of the diet appeared to decrease as lucerne was added to the diet. Sheep consumed and digested spear grass poorly, although an addition of 14.4% legume increased both digestibility and intake. Further additions of legume slightly decreased the digestibility of the spear grass. The addition of urea alone did not influence digestion or feed intake by either cattle or sheep. When cattle were fed on spear grass, urea, and minerals, the quantity of organic matter digested was not significantly different from that with a diet of spear grass and 20% lucerne. The digestibility of the spear grass was not influenced by urea and minerals, whereas it decreased with the addition of lucerne. Increased feed consumption was maintained when various components of the mineral supplement were withdrawn, excepting nitrogen and sulphur. The energy derived from diets of spear grass and lucerne or spear grass and minerals appears to be above the maintenance requirements of cattle, but below those of sheep.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Suplementasi Ampas Tahu, Ampas Tempe dan Ampas Kecap dalam Ransum Terhadap Performan Domba Lokal Jantan

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Eka Handayanta
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Soy Sauce ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Daily Gain

<p class="Style2"><em>The aim of this research to determine the effect of supplementation of tofu. </em><em>tempe, and soy sauce waste in ration on male local sheep performance. This </em><em>research was carried out during three month, take place on July until October </em><em>200E in Minifarm Dept. of Animal Science, Agriculture Faculty of Sebelas Maret </em><em>University, located in Jatikuwung. Gondangrejo, Karanganyar. It used </em><em>12 </em><em>male </em><em>local sheeps with average body weight of </em><em>15.86 ±0.93 </em><em>kg, divided into four treatments and three replications, each replication consist of one sheep.</em><em> </em><em>The ration consisted of king grass only as basal diet, </em><em>as many as four percent </em><em>base on body weight. The treatment given is in the form of feed supplement, that </em><em>namely without supplement </em><em>(RO), </em><em>250 </em><em>gram tofu waste (R1), </em><em>250 </em><em>gram tempe </em><em>waste </em><em>(R2), and </em><em>250 </em><em>gram soy sauce waste </em><em>(R3). </em><em>The data variables collected </em><em>were </em><em>feed consumption, dry and organic matter digestibility, crude protein </em><em>consumption, energy consumption, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio. </em><em>All of data except average daily gain was analyzed by completely randomized </em><em>design one way classification. While average daily gain was analyzed by </em><em>covariance analyze. The result were significant followed by Duncan new multiple </em><em>range test.</em><em> </em><em>The result showed that average of </em><em>R0, RI, </em><em>R2 and </em><em>R3 </em><em>for feed consumption </em><em>430.52; 720.44; 704.44; 549.08 </em><em>gram/day, dry matter digestibility (%) </em><em>61,07; 72,46; 69,68: 63,60, organic matter digestibility (%) </em><em>64,41: 74,94; 72.41; 64,7 1, </em><em>crude protein consumption 47.66; 106.77; 85.83; 73.70 gram/day, energy consumption </em><em>281.82; 482.65; 432.67; 330.83 </em><em>gram/day, average daily gain </em><em>50.00.</em><em><sup>­</sup></em><em>1X00: 116.19; 38.10 </em><em>gram/day and feed conversion ratio </em><em>8.74; 5.61; 6.06; 15.2. </em><em>The result of variance analyze showed that feed supplementation have highly </em><em>significant effect (P&lt;0.01) on all of the data variable colected. Conclusion of this </em><em>research was supplementation of tofu waste and tempe waste could improved </em><em>performance, while soy sauce waste could not improved the performance of male </em><em>local sheep.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><em>Key words : sheep, tofu waste, tempe waste, soy sauce waste, performance</em>

Factors limiting the intake of feed by sheep. 10. The effects of concentrate supplements on the voluntary consumption and digestion of a medium quality roughage

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
C 23 ◽  
Medium Quality ◽  
Digesta Passage ◽  
C 30

Feed intake and digestion studies were conducted with sheep offered a medium quality roughage and given various concentrate supplements. The provision of supplements in amounts equal to c. 23% of voluntary roughage consumption always decreased roughage intake. The decrease with wheat-based supplements was little affected by supplement feeding frequency, by use of ground grain rather than whole grain or by the provision of additional essential nutrients, but its magnitude was reduced by c. 30% with use of buffer salts to prevent decline in rumen digesta pH. The supplements were associated with less digesta in the alimentary tract and less rumination. Supplements increased the rate of liquor outflow from the reticulum and the rate of marker clearance from the reticula-rumen. The rumen digesta and reticulum digesta differed with respect to particle size distribution and only some 30% of the organic matter in reticulum digesta was in particles too large to pass to the omasum. The data were considered to be consistent with a concept that the regulation of roughage intake involves an interplay between the animal's energy metabolism and the quantity of digesta in the reticula-rumen and to indicate (i) some discrimination against the larger particles in digesta flow from the rumen to the reticulum, (ii) appreciable discrimination on the basis of size of particle in digesta flow from the reticulum to the omasum, and (iii) regardless of state of subdivision, constraints applied to digesta passage to the omasum which could have affected the level of feed intake achieved.

The relation between various energy parameters, chemical composition and digestibility of some pasture swards in a subtropical environment

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (51) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Jeffery
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Energy Parameters ◽  
Normal Acid ◽  
Subtropical Environment

Results obtained from 45 sheep metabolism trials, involving 190 sheep periods, with 11 different pasture types were analyzed to determine equations for the prediction of energy content, energy digestibility and digestible energy content. Independent variables considered in the analyses were crude protein and normal acid fibre contents and dry matter, organic matter and normal acid fibre digestibilities. In all equations significant pasture type effects were detected. The importance of these effects are discussed with particular consideration of likely biases that may result and the errors of prediction associated with overall regressions. The regressions obtained in this study are compared with a number of others reported in the literature.

scholarly journals RUMEN FERMENTATION AND DIGESTIBILITY IN STEERS AS INFLUENCED BY LEVEL OF INTAKE AND MONENSIN

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-860
Author(s):  
G. M. J. HORTON ◽  
M. J. FARMER ◽  
K. A. BASSENDOWSKI ◽  
G. M. STEACY
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Four Levels

The effects of level of feed intake and monensin on rumen fermentation and digestibility in steers were evaluated. The four levels of feed intake were 30, 50, 70 and 90 g of dry matter per kilogram body weight raised to the 0.75 power (g/kg0.75). Monensin was included at 0 and 33 mg/kg diet. The diet contained 60% rolled barley and 36.5% alfalfa pellets. Organic matter digestibility decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of intake when the control diet was fed but was not affected by intake when monensin was included in the feed. Crude protein digestibility was consistently higher (P < 0.05) in monensin than control-fed steers at all four intake levels and decreased with increasing feed consumption in steers fed both control and monensin diets. Rumen fluid pH and ammonia and plasma urea nitrogen were not affected by monensin, and decreased (P < 0.05) as feed intake increased. Both higher feed intake and monensin caused an increase in the molar proportion of ruminal propionic acid and a decrease in the proportion of acetic acid. Key words: Intake monensin, digestibility, PUN, VFA, cattle

A note on the effect of monensin and amicloral in steer diets

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. J. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Carcass Parameters ◽  
Daily Gain

ABSTRACTThe effects of feeding monensin and amicloral at 33 and 1500 mg/kg of diet, respectively, were investigated in two experiments using 330-kg steers. Monensin and amicloral, either alone or in combination, increased the digestibility of organic matter and crude fibre compared with a control diet (P< 0·001). Crude protein digestibility was increased by monensin (P< 0·001). Use of monensin and amicloral, alone or in combination, increased molar proportions of propionic acid by 22% on average (P> 0·05), and monensin decreased butyric acid by 37% (P< 0·05).Ruminal ammonia concentrations were lower in steers fed monensin (P< 0·05). Steers fed monensin consumed 6 % less feed, gained 9 % more weight (P< 0·05) and utilized feed 14% more efficiently (P< 0·05) than control animals. Amicloral, either alone or with monensin, lowered feed intake by 11 % (P< 0·05), had no effect on average daily gain and improved feed efficiency by about 12% (P< 0·05). There were no treatment effects on any of the carcass parameters.

The nutritive value of wheat and oat silages ensiled on three cutting dates

1993 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Garnsworthy ◽  
D. T. Stokes
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Monitoring Period ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
The Third ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Dead Material ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

SUMMARYThe production of biomass and its partitioning into stem, leaf, ear and dead material were monitored weekly in crops of wheat and oats from 16 May 1990, which corresponded approximately to ear emergence in the wheat, until ensilage on 29 June, 7 July and 19 July 1990 using the Ag-Bag system. An enzyme/inoculant additive was used on both crops on each ensilage date, although a portion of oats was ensiled without additive on the first two cutting dates, giving a total of eight silages. Changes in rumen degradability of dry matter were assessed for both crops throughout the monitoring period using the synthetic fibre bag technique. The digestibilities of gross energy, modified acid detergent fibre, organic matter and crude protein were determined in vivo using sheep.Over the total period of monitoring, the daily rates of increase in dry matter (DM) yield were 15·1 (± 1·6) and 16·5 (±1·9) g DM/m2 for wheat and oats respectively. From 29 June to 19 July the rates of increase were 11·3 (± 3·1) and 23·1 (±6·0) g DM/m2. The increase in weight of the ears accounted for almost all of this increase and, by the end of the monitoring period, the ears contributed approximately half of the dry matter of each crop. In both crops the portion of dead material was small until 19 July, when there was a rapid increase in the amount of dead stem. The DM content of both crops remained < 30% up to day 33 (18 June) but increased from c. 33% to c. 52% between days 53 and 65 (8–20 July). Rumen degradability of both crops decreased rapidly from c. 66% on 16 May until 16 June, when it was c. 56% for wheat and 55% for oats; it remained constant at these values thereafter.For silages made on the three successive ensilage dates, there was an increase in DM and starch contents but decreases in digestible energy, digestible fibre and digestible crude protein contents. Digestible organic matter was similar for the first two ensilage dates but lower in silage made on the third date.The use of an additive with the oat crop resulted in decreases in the digestible energy, digestible organic matter and digestible crude protein contents of the silages compared with untreated oats.Maximum yield of DM from wheat (18·6 t/ha) was obtained with the third cutting date, but optimum yield of energy (170 GJ/ha) and digestible crude protein (746 kg/ha) were found at the second cutting date. For oats, maximum yield of DM (17·3 t/ha) was again found with the third cut and maximum yield of energy (159 GJ/ha, untreated; 140 GJ/ha with additive) with the second cut. Digestible crude protein yield was greatest with the second cut of oats when no additive was used (708 kg/ha) but with additive it was greatest with the first cut (661 kg/ha).It was concluded that, under these conditions, the optimum date for ensilage of wheat or oats was 7 July and that the use of the additive was detrimental to the quality of the oat silage.

The digestion of pasture plants by sheep. I. Ruminal production of volatile fatty acids by sheep offered diets of ryegrass and forage oats

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 419 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston ◽  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Pasture Plants

The production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen of sheep was estimated by isotope dilution techniques. The 12 diets used consisted of dried ryegrass and forage oats and covered a wide range of levels of cell wall constituents (46–40% of the organic matter), crude protein (6–32%), and soluble carbohydrate (5–18%). Each diet was offered at a level equal to approximately 90% of the sheep's ad libitum intake. The production of VFA was correlated with the total amount of organic matter digested in the alimentary tract (r = 0.93–0.95). The mean VFA production per 100 g of organic matter digested in the alimentary tract was equivalent to 56.8 g, 243 kcal, or 0.85 mole. Values for individual diets varied about these means with a coefficient of variation of 6–7%. Rates of VFA production in, and VFA absorption from the rumen were correlated with VFA concentration in rumen liquor (r = 0.67, r = 0.67) and the rumen VFA pool (r = 0.81, r = 0.79). Approximately 76% of the VFA produced in the rumen was absorbed from the rumen, 19% was absorbed from the omasum and abomasum, and 5% passed from the abomasum to the intestines.

The digestion of two diets of differing protein content but with similar capacities to sustain wool growth

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 973 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Cellulose Digestion ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Wool Growth

Measurements were made of the digestion in sheep of two diets of differing protein content but known to support similar levels of wool growth. When offered to the sheep at 500 g/day, the high protein (HP) diet provided 13.8 g nitrogen (N), while the low protein (LP) diet provided 5.5 g. With the HP diet, approximately 8.8 g N in forms other than ammonia passed daily through the pylorus; 6.8 g of this N was apparently digested in the intestines. The corresponding values for the LP diet were 8.1 and 6.2. The similarity in wool growth recorded with these diets, despite large differences in dietary protein intake, is consistent with the hypothesis that wool growth is limited by the quantity of amino acid N absorbed from the alimentary tract. The stomach was the site of 72–73 % of the organic matter digestion and more than 90% of the cellulose digestion that occurred in the whole alimentary tract. In addition, approximately 90% of the dietary soluble carbohydrate was apparently digested in the stomach. It was calculated, by making several assumptions, that the quantity of microbial crude protein synthesized in the rumen did not exceed 44–49 g/day, equivalent to 15–16 g/100 g organic matter digested in the rumen. The implications of this calculation in the protein nutrition of ruminants are discussed. The retention time of a soluble marker in the rumen was 15–18 hr, and rates of flow of digesta from the rumen and abomasum were comparatively low.

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