Studies on the diet of the grazing animal. II. The effect of physiological status in ewes and pasture availability on herbage intake

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Arnold ◽  
ML Dudzinski
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Similar Weight ◽  
The Difference

The digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) of ewes grazing Phalaris tuberosa–Trifolium subterraneum pastures was studied under controlled conditions. The variables studied were pasture conditions, breed, and physiological status of the ewe. The DOMI's of dry, pregnant, and lactating ewes were significantly related, in asymptotic form, to pasture conditions. About 40% of the variability in DOMI was accounted for by the total dry matter available per acre. Further variability was taken out by multiple regression in which diet digestibility, green pasture dry matter per acre, and leaf length were used. Regression models were similar for dry, pregnant, and lactating ewes. Dry and pregnant ewes within both breeds (2-year-old Border Leicester x Merino and 5-year-old Corriedale ewes) had similar DOMI's. The DOMI of lactating ewes was significantly higher than that of dry ewes within both breeds. The increase at the mean maximum intake was 50% for Border Leicester x Merino ewes and 25% for Corriedale ewes. The relative increase was greater at lower pasture yields and shorter leaf lengths. Intakes of Border Leicester x Merino ewes were substantially higher than those of Corriedale ewes although the ewes of both breeds were of similar weight. Reasons for this difference and the difference in lactation response on intake are discussed. Differences in grazing time and rate of eating were found between breeds and between ewes of different physiological status within breeds. The need for more detailed knowledge of grazing behaviour before these differences can be correctly interpreted is stressed.

Studies on the diet of grazing animal. III. The effect of pasture species and pasture structure on the herbage intake of sheep

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 657 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Arnold ◽  
ML Dudzinski
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Number Of Leaves

The digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) of 35-kg year-old Merino wethers was studied on seven pasture types. For each pasture type a range of pasture conditions was used. Relations between DOMI and in vitro diet digestibility (D), total dry matter per acre (TDM), green dry matter per acre (GDM), mean leaf length of green herbage (LL), and number of leaves per unit area (LN) were investigated by multiple regression analyses. In general where there was a limited range of TDM, this variable and D were the major contributors to variation in DOMI. This pattern was associated with a low GDM/TDM ratio, and ability to select herbage high in D was important. Over a wider range of TDM, D was replaced by GDM or LL as a major contributor to variation in DOMI. Variations in this general pattern are discussed. Not only is the DOMI of grazing sheep influenced to different degrees by different pasture characteristics in different situations but the relations differ for different classes of sheep. Analysis of simple relations between DOMI and TDM shows different asymptotes on one pasture type for different classes of sheep.

The performance of subterranean, rose, and cupped clovers under set-stocking

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (59) ◽  
pp. 608 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter ◽  
GB Taylor ◽  
GW Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Gravelly Soil ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
The Rose ◽  
Clover Pasture

Pasture swards of the annual clovers Trifolium subterraneum (CV. Geraldton), T. hirtum (CV. Kondinin), and T. cherleri (CV. Yamina), and a mixture of all three were sown on a gravelly soil at Bakers Hill, Western Australia, in 1964. All pastures were set-stocked at 5 sheep ha-l from April 1965-April 1968, and at 8 sheep ha-1 from April 1968-March 1970. From 1966 onwards the amount of pasture dry matter on offer in July and September was two to four times as great on the subterranean clover pasture as on rose or cupped clover pastures. Moreover, the subterranean clover pasture resisted invasion by volunteer annuals more strongly. The mixed clover pasture was dominated by subterranean clover by 1966, and remained so thereafter. For the first four seasons of grazing, wool production was consistently higher (on average, 14 per cent higher) on rose clover than on subterranean clover pasture, and slightly lower still on cupped clover. In the fifth season, when grazing pressure was higher than previously, the rose and cupped clovers 'crashed', and subterranean clover produced most wool. We argue that the higher wool production on rose clover during 1965-1969 was due to some factor additional to digestible organic matter intake.

Voluntary intake of food by mature sheep following restricted feeding

1970 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Keenan ◽  
W. R. McManus ◽  
M. Freer
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Total Energy Content ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
The Difference

SUMMARYNine Merino wethers were used in a cross-over experiment to compare the voluntary intake of three diets after a 4-week period in which the intake of the same diets was restricted, either to a level which maintained the live weight and energy status of the sheep, or to one which resulted in losses of 18% and 26% in their live weight and total energy content respectively. The diets were prepared from lucerne hay; chaffed (L), ground and pelleted (P) and pelleted after mixing with ground wheat (W).The voluntary intake of food increased only slowly during the 4 weeks after restrictions were removed; the total intake of digestible organic matter from diets W, L and P was in the ratio 100:122:146. Differences between diets L and P, but not W, were associated with their rates of disappearance from the rumen. Sheep which had been severely restricted ate less food during the first fortnight and no more during the second fortnight than those which had previously maintained their energy status. The difference in the first fortnight was less for diet P than for diet L. The process of adaptation by the sheep to unrestricted feeding was associated with an increase in the net rate of disappearance of volatile fatty acids from the rumen.Sheep offered food ad lib. after a period of submaintenance feeding gained more weight than sheep which had previously been fed to maintain weight and this increase was greater with diet P than with diet L. However, the differences in live-weight change consisted largely of water in the gut and did not result from a relative increase in the voluntary intake of food or in the efficiency of energy utilization.

Herbage intake and grazing behaviour in ewes of four breeds at different physiological states

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Grazing Behaviour

The digestible organic matter intakes (DOMI) of dry, pregnant, and lactating Border Leicester x Merino, Merino, Corriedale and Dorset Horn ewes of similar age were estimated when they were grazing Phalaris tuberosa –Trifolium subterraneum pastures at four levels of pasture availability. Both total DOMI and DOMI per unit liveweight differed significantly between breeds, reproductive states and pasture levels. No interactions were detected. In absolute terms the intake of 140 Corriedales = 121 Merinos = 116 Border Leicester x Merinos = 100 Dorset Horns. In terms of intake per unit liveweight Corriedales and Border Leicester x Merinos ate less than Merinos and Dorset Horns. DOMI was greater in pregnant or lactating than in dry ewes; it also increased at higher levels of available pasture. Different intakes were achieved by variation in grazing times and/or rates of intake. The ewes of all breeds responded in the same way.

Effects of sowing time and grazing on the dry matter yield, phenology, seed yield, and hardseed levels of annual pasture legumes in western New South Wales

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
RR Young ◽  
KJ Morthorpe ◽  
HI Nicol ◽  
PH Croft
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Late Sowing

Fifteen annual pasture legumes [Medicago truncatula cvv. Jemalong, Cyprus, Paraggio, Sephi, Parabinga, plus fixed lines SAD 6699, SAD 6766, SAD 7883; M. aculeata lines SAD 2325, SAD 2356; M. scutellata cv. Sava; M. laciniata (cutleaf medic) local ecotype Cl2; Trifolium subterraneum cvv. Nungarin, Dalkeith, Seaton Park] were sown at Condobolin at 6 times in autumn and winter 1986 and periodically grazed at 3 levels of intensity (nil, until flowering, until pod formation). Late sowing greatly reduced (P<0.001) the weight of 50-day-old plants, more so for some varieties (e.g. Cyprus) than others (e.g. Dalkeith, SAD 2325). Seed size accounted for most of the variation (R2 = 0.92) in the weight of plants with 1-2 trifoliate leaves. Total dry matter yields were reduced (P<0.001) by later sowing and grazing, and there were interactions between both of these factors and variety. The subterranean clovers yielded most dry matter and Cyprus and Sava least. Dry matter yields of SAD 6699 and cutleaf medic were reduced least by grazing. Time from sowing until flowering was shorter with later sowing times. With later sowing times, the order of flowering of early-maturing varieties changed, and the difference between the earliest and latest varieties fell from 100 to 11 days. Grazing delayed flowering by up to 2 weeks. All treatments and interactions affected (P<0.001) seed yield. Seed yields were highest (>100 g/m2) in ungrazed early-sown plots and were reduced (P<0.001) at later sowing times by grazing until pod formation for all sowing times for all varieties, and by grazing until flowering for some varieties. Cutleaf medic, Nungarin, and Dalkeith had superior seed yields under adverse conditions of grazing and late sowing. Spring dry matter yields accounted for 90% of the variation in seed yields. There was no optimum dry matter yield for maximum seed yield (except SAD 7883 at 778 g/m2 and cutleaf medic at 275 g/m2) under mild spring conditions, and flowering time did not account for variation (P>0.05) in seed yields at any sowing time. Seeds on previously ungrazed plots progressively softened between 8 December 1986 and 8 March 1987, with those of Jemalong, Cyprus, Parabinga, SAD 6766, cutleaf medic, Dalkeith, and Seaton Park softening more rapidly on later sown plots.

Studies in the wool production of grazing sheep. 1. Seasonal variation in feed intake, liveweight and wool production

1964 ◽  
Vol 4 (15) ◽  
pp. 392 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Arnold ◽  
WR McManus ◽  
IG Bush
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
First Year ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Stocking Rates

A four year experiment is described in which Merino wethers were continuously grazed on Phalaris- subterranean clover pasture containing some annual grasses, at three rates for a year and at four rates in subsequent years. For the first year of the experiment a pasture of annual grasses and subterranean clover was also studied at three stocking rates. From the time that the eco-systems that were established reached an equilibrium there was rarely less than 2500 lb of herbage dry-matter an acre available on the lowest stocking rate and rarely more than 1000 lb an acre on the highest stocking rate. There was a significant difference in wool cut per head only in the first year ; over the last three years of the experiment it was slightly lower on the highest and lowest stocking rates than on the intermediate stocking rate. Wool production per acre was proportional to stocking rate. Large seasonal fluctuations were recorded in estimated digestible organic matter intake, liveweight, and wool production. Peaks of intake, liveweight gain, and wool production occurred in autumn and spring but at different dates at different stocking rates. At all but the highest stocking rate, wool production per unit time was lower in summer than in winter. Estimated herbage intake increased with decreasing availability of pasture. Digestibility of the diet, availability of pasture, and body condition of the sheep appeared to affect intake. Despite a higher estimated herbage intake on the higher stocking rate treatments, wool production was no higher.

scholarly journals 244 Algae taste preference of Chlorella sp. from dairy wastewater by weaned dairy calves

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 15-15
Author(s):  
Bradley J Heins ◽  
Siane C Luzzi ◽  
Robert D Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Taste Preference ◽  
Dairy Wastewater ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Central Research ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
University Of Minnesota ◽  
Chlorella Sp ◽  
Coefficient Of Concordance ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the taste preference of calves fed Chlorella sp. microalgae produced from dairy lagoon wastewater. The study was conducted at the University of Minnesota West Central Research and Outreach Center, Morris, MN, dairy during May 2019. Six Holstein and crossbred dairy heifer calves were fed 0 (control), 30, and 60 g of Chlorella sp. daily in a sequential elimination study. For the 7-d experiment, day 1 to 2 were for diet adaptation and day 3 to 4 were for data collection. During the final 3 days, the primarily consumed treatment was removed to determine the second preferred treatment. The microalgae used in this study was isolated from the dairy wastewater lagoon. The microalgae biomass was produced using outdoor hanging bag bioreactors with Chlorella sp. to recycle the dairy wastewater. The biomass was sterilized and kept frozen at -4°C until fed to calves. Calves were housed individually in hutches with outdoor access under solar panels, with free-choice water. Kendall’s coefficient of concordance was calculated to rank the consumption of the treatments from most to least preferred using JMP 14.3 statistical software. Pairwise comparisons and Tukey adjustment were applied to evaluate the difference between the treatments for total intake. Calves consumed more (P &lt; 0.05) dry matter from control grain (3.4 kg/d) compared to 30 g microalgae grain (2.42 kg/d) and 60 g microalgae grain (1.56 kg/d) during the first 2-d period. During the second 2-d (d 3 and 4) segment, dry matter intake was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) for the 60 g microalgae treatment compared to the control and 30 g microalgae treatment. Five of six calves in this study always ranked the control treatment first (P &lt; 0.05) when given a choice, and ranked the 30 g microalgae second choice. Results indicated that microalgae maybe added to calf starter grains without any adverse effects; however, calves preferred calf starter grains without microalgae.

scholarly journals Population improvement and synthetic cultivar production in forage kale (Brassica oleracea L.)

Euphytica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 217 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Bradshaw
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Breeding Method ◽  
Thiocyanate Ion ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Population Improvement ◽  
Field Transplant

AbstractExperimental results are brought together to demonstrate that forage kale population improvement involving full-sib and selfed families can be done on an annual cycle, followed by production of a synthetic cultivar. Furthermore, this new breeding method compares favourably with the two successful methods used to date, namely triple-cross hybrid cultivars from inbreeding and crossbreeding programmes and open-pollinated cultivars from population improvement programmes. The key findings were that natural vernalization of kale in south east Scotland occurred by mid-December so that plants could be pollinated in a glasshouse with heating and lighting by the end of February and seed harvested by the end of May. The resulting full-sib or selfed families could be assessed in a field transplant trial in the same year, from June to November, thus completing an annual cycle. Self-pollination resulted in shorter plants with lower fresh-weight, dry-matter and digestible organic-matter yields, and undesirably higher contents of S-methylcysteine sulphoxide, the haemolytic anaemia factor, and the goitrogenic thiocyanate ion. As a consequence of digestible organic-matter yield being reduced by as much as 22%, the estimated optimum number of selfed parents in a synthetic cultivar was four to eight. Synthetic cultivars are expected to yield as well as triple-cross hybrids as there was no reduction in yield when the latter were open-pollinated.

Multiscale Mutual Mode Entropy Based Coupling Analysis of Alpha Rhythm Electroencephalogram

2014 ◽  
Vol 574 ◽  
pp. 718-722
Author(s):  
Ning Ji ◽  
Jun Tan ◽  
An Shan Pei ◽  
Jia Fei Dai ◽  
Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Clinical Evaluation ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Alpha Rhythm ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Noise Resistance ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Coupling Analysis ◽  
Scale Change ◽  
The Difference

This paper presents the Multiscale Mutual Mode Entropy algorithm to quantify the coupling degree between two alpha rhythm EEG time series which are simultaneously acquired. The results show that in the process of scale change, the young and middle-aged differ from each other in terms of the coupling degree of alpha rhythm EEG and the difference grow clear gradually. So the Multiscale Mutual Mode Entropy can be used to analyze the coupling information of time series under different physiological status, and it also has good noise resistance. Besides, as an indicator of measuring brain function, in the future it can also come to the aid of clinical evaluation of brain function.

The influence of seed size and depth of sowing on pre-emergence and early vegetative growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Pot Culture

Changes in the pre-emergence distribution of dry matter in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) variety Bacchus Marsh were followed at 21°C, using three sizes of seed and three depths of sowing, ½, 1¼, and 2 in. Decreasing seed size and increasing depth of sowing both reduce the weight of the cotyledons a t emergence. Seed of the three sizes were sown a t three depths in pot culture a t staggered intervals so that emergence was simultaneous. Dry weight in the early vegetative stage was proportional to seed size, and total leaf area and leaf numbers showed similar trends. Plants of each seed size grew at the same relative rate. No effect of depth of sowing could be detected, and this was shown to be due to the cotyledon area a t emergence being constant for any given seed size, regardless of varying depth of sowing and hence of cotyledon weight. It was concluded that seed size in a plant having epigeal germination and without endosperm is of importance: firstly, in limiting the maximum hypocotyl elongation and hence depth of sowing, and secondly, in determining cotyledon area. Cotyledon area in turn influences seedling growth, which is not affected by cotyledon weight. Once emergence has taken place, cotyledonary reserves are of no further significance in the growth of the plants.

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