Urinary excretion of silica by grazing sheep

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
MC Nottle ◽  
JM Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Urine Concentration ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Silica Concentration ◽  
Calculus Formation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Concentration Of Urine

Two series of field collections were undertaken to determine the excretion of silica, chloride, and various cations in grazing sheep, and the specific gravity and surface tension of their urine, and to assess the significance of these items in siliceous urinary calculus formation. Collections were made on four occasions in each series at intervals of 3 months, when urine was collected for three consecutive 24-hr periods from groups of 10 ewes. The concentration of urine fluctuated seasonally in both series, and was related inversely to urine volume and directly to environmental temperature. During summer and autumn the urinary silica concentration was significantly greater in an area 'affected' with urolithiasis than in the coastal plain, which is unaffected; and of the observations made, urine concentration was the only one which might account for the difference in incidence of fatal urolithiasis. In the second series, the mean urinary silica excretion in the affected area in September, December, March, and June was respectively 164, 95.3, 76.2, and 100 mg/ day, and the faecal excretion was 6.0, 14.6, 20.5, and 19.3 g/day, which suggests a greater availability of silica in green than in dry feed. Urine nitrogen ranged from 15.5 g/day in the flush of spring growth to 6.6 g/day in autumn. A hyperbolic relationship was found between urine silica concentration and urine volume, the point of inflexion occurring at a urine volume of about 600 ml/day. The significance of this observation and the excretion of a concentrated urine are discussed in relation to silica and mucoprotein precipitation.

Diurnal and daily changes in the excretion of urinary silica by Merino sheep

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
MC Nottle
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Urinary Calculus ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Silica Concentration ◽  
Calculus Formation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Changes

Urine collected at 2-hr intervals over a 24-hr period from a group of five sheep fed on the same diet in five different ways showed considerable fluctuations in volume, pH, and silica concentration. pH values ranged from 7.8 to 4.8, and silica concentration from 830 to 110 µg/ml. The latter appeared to be inversely related to urine volume, which reached a maximum c. 12 hr after feeding. Urine collected at 24-hr intervals for 10 consecutive days from eight sheep showed marked variations in silica concentration and specific gravity. These variations appeared to be inversely related to urine volume, and silica concentration seemed to be influenced also by daily variations in total silica excretion. Considerable differences were found in the mean values for different sheep. The significance of these results are discussed in relation to siliceous urinary calculus formation.

Silica metabolism of the Merino sheep

1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
MC Nottle
Keyword(s):  
Urine Volume ◽  
Urinary Calculi ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Silica Concentration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Particulate Silica ◽  
Total Excretion

Diets of wheat or oat grain with or without chaff, mixtures of all three, and a diet of chaff, oats, and bran with and without lucerne chaff were fed to sheep for the purpose of determining silica metabolism on diets approximating those in the field. These diets supplied from 0.08 to 16.6 g silica per day. Silica digestibilities and balances showed marked positive and negative values, which were considered to be due to variable retention in, or passage of particulate silica from, the rumen. The mean urinary silica excretion on wheat was 22 and 25 mg/day and oats 126 and 163 mg/day for two levels of feeding. Values for wheat plus chaff and oats plus chaff were respectively 190 and 224 mg/day and for mixed diets from 169 to 205 mg/day. No relationship between total urinary silica excretion and apparent absorption of silica was observed, but excretion seemed dependent on silica intake up to a level of about 8 g/day. Beyond this intake, urinary excretion plateaued at approximately 200 mg/day. Urine volumes on wheat grain diets were greater than on the corresponding oat grain diets, and these in turn were greater than on the mixed diets. The combined effects of urine volume and total excretion of silica resulted in urinary silica concentrations of 30 and 32 µg/ml on wheat grain diets, 255 and 336 µg/ml on oat grains, 266 µg/ml on wheat plus chaff, 419 µg/ml on oats plus chaff, and 421–728 µg/ml on mixed diets. A hyperbolic relationship between silica concentration and volume of urine, similar to one obtained in field studies, and also one between specific gravity and volume of urine were demonstrated. These findings are discussed in relation to the absorption and excretion of silica and the formation of siliceous urinary calculi.

scholarly journals Studies on magnesium in ruminant nutrition

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Field
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Total Excretion ◽  
Good Agreement

1. The excretions of magnesium, calcium, potassium and faecal dry matter (DM) by sheep grazing the same pasture have been determined at intervals throughout two grazing seasons. Two groups of four wethers, 2 and 7 years old, were used. Collections of faeces were total and of urine only partial; creatinine was used as an indicator of urine volume.2.The overall mean outputs of DM in the faeces of the young and old sheep were 509 and 387 g/day respectively.3. The values for the percentage digestibility of herbage DM ranges from 81.1 in spring to 63.2 in winter. The overall means for the estimated intake of DM by the young and old sheep were 1859 and 1405 g/day respectively and the difference was highly significant (P < 0.001).4. The mean values for overall excretion of Mg by the young and old sheep were respectively 0.452 and 0.292 g/day in the urine and 2.70 and 2.21 g/day in the faeces. For all sheep there was a highly significant rectilinear relationship between the amount in urine and in faeces, but there were significant differences between the regression coefficients for the individual sheep.5. The values for the excretion of Ca in urine and faeces were significantly higher for the young than for the old sheep; the respective means were 0.385 and 0.306 g/day for urinary Ca and 13.02 and 10.8 g/day for faecal Ca.6.The mean values for the excretion of K by the young and old sheep were respectively 28.2 and 29.1 g/day in the urine and 7.1 and 3.9 g/day in the faeces, the latter differences being highly significant.7.High values for the total excretion of Mg, Ca and K occurred in June and low values in winter.8. Intakes of Mg, Ca and K by the sheep have been calculated from the information on intake of DM and chemical composition of the cut herbage and compared with total excretion in urine and faeces. Good agreement between the two sets of values was obtained for Mg, but not for either Ca or K. The possible causes of these findings have been discussed and it was concluded that the sheep selected herbage with concentrations of Ca and K different from those in the samples of cut herbage.

scholarly journals Role of Osteoprotegerin as Novel Marker in Urinary Stone Formers: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sreedhar Dayapule ◽  
SaiSwaroop Parthasarathy Yamajala ◽  
Ankit Anand ◽  
Ritvij Patankar ◽  
Bala Murali Krishna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Levels ◽  
Urinary Stone ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
P Value ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Stone Formers ◽  
Calculus Formation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Background: Urinary tract calculus formation can be prevented by identifying molecules and metabolic disturbances that affect this process. Osteoprotegerin (OPG), a cytokine of the TNF receptor superfamily, has been demonstrated to mediate vascular calcification and intimal calcification. Endothelial injury and oxidative stress are known to play a role in urolithiasis in the form of Rendall’s plaques. Objectives: The present study aimed to compare 24-h urinary and serum OPG levels of patients with and without urolithiasis. Methods: In this case-control study, 24-h urinary levels of OPG (pg/mL), serum levels of OPG (pg/mL), and creatinine (mg/dL) were measured in both groups. Urinary and serum levels of OPG were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using human OPG kits. Results: Mean serum creatinine was 0.86 ± 0.21 mg/dL in the case group and 0.77± 0.16 mg/dL in controls. The difference in the mean serum OPG levels between the cases (227.13 ± 98.02 pg/mL) and controls (47.28 ± 29.61 pg/mL) was highly significant (P value < 0.0001). The difference in the mean 24-h urinary OPG levels between the cases (156.12 ± 174.31 pg/mL) and controls (9.32 ± 23.72 pg/mL) was highly significant (P value < 0.001). Conclusions: There were significantly higher levels of OPG in serum and 24-h urine samples of cases than in controls. Hence, it requires further large studies to make OPG a diagnostic and prognostic marker.

The Effect of Vocabulary Intervention on Text Comprehension: Who Benefits?

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawna Duff
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Classroom Instruction ◽  
Vocabulary Instruction ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Vocabulary Intervention ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Purpose Vocabulary intervention can improve comprehension of texts containing taught words, but it is unclear if all middle school readers get this benefit. This study tests 2 hypotheses about variables that predict response to vocabulary treatment on text comprehension: gains in vocabulary knowledge due to treatment and pretreatment reading comprehension scores. Method Students in Grade 6 ( N = 23) completed a 5-session intervention based on robust vocabulary instruction (RVI). Knowledge of the semantics of taught words was measured pre- and posttreatment. Participants then read 2 matched texts, 1 containing taught words (treated) and 1 not (untreated). Treated texts and taught word lists were counterbalanced across participants. The difference between text comprehension scores in treated and untreated conditions was taken as a measure of the effect of RVI on text comprehension. Results RVI resulted in significant gains in knowledge of taught words ( d RM = 2.26) and text comprehension ( d RM = 0.31). The extent of gains in vocabulary knowledge after vocabulary treatment did not predict the effect of RVI on comprehension of texts. However, untreated reading comprehension scores moderated the effect of the vocabulary treatment on text comprehension: Lower reading comprehension was associated with greater gains in text comprehension. Readers with comprehension scores below the mean experienced large gains in comprehension, but those with average/above average reading comprehension scores did not. Conclusion Vocabulary instruction had a larger effect on text comprehension for readers in Grade 6 who had lower untreated reading comprehension scores. In contrast, the amount that children learned about taught vocabulary did not predict the effect of vocabulary instruction on text comprehension. This has implications for the identification of 6th-grade students who would benefit from classroom instruction or clinical intervention targeting vocabulary knowledge.

Efficacy and Safety of Oral Ivermectin and Topical Permethrin in the Treatment of Scabies

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Mohsena Akhter ◽  
Ishrat Bhuiyan ◽  
Zulfiqer Hossain Khan ◽  
Mahfuza Akhter ◽  
Gulam Kazem Ali Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Common Skin ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B

Background: Scabies is one of the most common skin diseases in our country. It is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis, which is an ecto-parasite infesting the epidermis. Scabies is highly contagious. Prevalence is high in congested or densely populated areas. Individuals with close contact with an affected person should be treated with scabicidal which is available in both oral and topical formulations. The only oral but highly effective scabicidal known to date is Ivermectin. Amongst topical preparations, Permethrin 5 % cream is the treatment of choice. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy & safety of oral Ivermectin compared to topical Permethrin in the treatment of scabies. Methodology: This prospective, non-randomized study was conducted at the out-patient department of Dermatology and Venereology of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College & Hospital over a period of 6 months, from August 2016 to January 2017. The study population consisted of one hundred patients having scabies, enrolled according to inclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups. group A was subjected to oral Ivermectin and the group B to Permethrin 5% cream. Patients were followed up on day 7 and 14 for assessment of efficacy and safety. Result: The mean scoring with SD in group A (Ivermectin) and group B (Permethrin) were 8.26 ± 2.22 and 7.59 ± 2.01 respectively at the time of observation. The difference between the mean score of the two group is not significant (p=0.117) the mean scoring with SD in group A and group B were 4.54 ± 2.05 and 1.64 ± 1.84 respectively at 7thdays. The difference between the mean score of the two group is significant (p<0.001). The mean scoring with SD in group A and group B were 2.68± 2.35 and .36± 1.10 respectively at 14th day difference between the mean score of the group is significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Topical application of permethrin 5% cream is more effective and safer than oral Ivermectin in the treatment of scabies. TAJ 2020; 33(1): 41-47

EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC LH/FSH-RELEASING HORMONE (LRH) ON PLASMA LH AND FSH IN AMENORRHOEIC WOMEN

1974 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Rannevik ◽  
J. Thorell
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Serial Measurements

ABSTRACT Eight amenorrhoeic women were given 100 μg synthetic LRH (Hoechst) iv and im, respectively, at an interval of 2 weeks. Four of the women received the iv injection first and four the im injection. The urinary excretion of oestrogens and pregnanediol was low and unaltered throughout the test weeks. The effects of LRH were compared by serial measurements of the plasma LH and FSH during 8 h. The initial response of LH for up to 25 min and that of FSH for up to 60 min were equal whether LRH was given iv or im. The difference appeared later. Four hours after the injection the mean increase of LH to iv injection was 0.5 ng/ml (N. S.), while that to im injection was 1.9 ng/ml (P < 0.01). The corresponding values for FSH were 1.3 (P < 0.05) and 3.2 (P < 0.001). The effect of LRH administration im was thus found to be larger and more prolonged.

Development of Prolonged Delivery of Tramadol and Dissolution Translation by Statistical Data Treatment

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1331-1337
Author(s):  
P B Parejiya ◽  
B S Barot ◽  
P K Shelat
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Stability Study ◽  
Dissolution Time ◽  
Matrix Tablet ◽  
Burst Effect ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dissolution Efficiency

The present study was carried out to fabricate a prolonged design for tramadol using Kollidon SR (Polyvinyl acetate and povidone based matrix retarding polymer). Matrix tablet formulations were prepared by direct compression of Kollidon SR of a varying proportion with a fixed percentage of tramadol. Tablets containing a 1:0.5 (Drug: Kollidon SR) ratio exhibited a rapid rate of drug release with an initial burst effect. Incorporation of more Kollidon SR in the matrix tablet extended the release of drug with subsequent minimization of the burst effect as confirmed by the mean dissolution time, dissolution efficiency and f2 value. Among the formulation batches, a direct relationship was obtained between release rate and the percentage of Kollidon SR used. The formulation showed close resemblance to the commercial product Contramal and compliance with USP specification. The results were explored and explained by the difference of micromeritic characteristics of the polymers and blend of drug with excipients. Insignificant effects of various factors, e.g. pH of dissolution media, ionic strength, speed of paddle were found on the drug release from Kollidon-SR matrix. The formulation followed the Higuchi kinetic model of drug release. Stability study data indicated stable character of Batch T6 after short-term stability study.

Seasonal trends in the stable isotopic composition of snow and meltwater runoff in a subarctic catchment at Okstindan, Norway

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D. Gurney ◽  
D.S.L. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Stable Isotopic Composition ◽  
Meltwater Runoff ◽  
Stable Isotopic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Δ18o And Δd

Seasonal variations in the stable isotopic composition of snow and meltwater were investigated in a sub-arctic, mountainous, but non-glacial, catchment at Okstindan in northern Norway based on analyses of δ18O and δD. Samples were collected during four field periods (August 1998; April 1999; June 1999 and August 1999) at three sites lying on an altitudinal transect (740–970 m a.s.l.). Snowpack data display an increase in the mean values of δ18O (increasing from a mean value of −13.51 to −11.49‰ between April and August), as well as a decrease in variability through the melt period. Comparison with a regional meteoric water line indicates that the slope of the δ18O–δD line for the snowpacks decreases over the same period, dropping from 7.49 to approximately 6.2.This change points to the role of evaporation in snowpack ablation and is confirmed by the vertical profile of deuterium excess. Snowpack seepage data, although limited, also suggest reduced values of δD, as might be associated with local evaporation during meltwater generation. In general, meltwaters were depleted in δ18O relative to the source snowpack at the peak of the melt (June), but later in the year (August) the difference between the two was not statistically significant. The diurnal pattern of isotopic composition indicates that the most depleted meltwaters coincide with the peak in temperature and, hence, meltwater production.

Study of pumping effect in flow-through electrolysers

1983 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 2232-2248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivo Roušar ◽  
Michal Provazník ◽  
Pavel Stuhl
Keyword(s):  
Natural Convection ◽  
Balance Equation ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Pumping Effect ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

In electrolysers with recirculation, where a gas is evolved, the pumping of electrolyte from a lower to a higher level can be effected by natural convection due to the difference between the densities of the inlet electrolyte and the gaseous emulsion at the outlet. An accurate balance equation for calculation of the rate of flow of the pumped liquid is derived. An equation for the calculation of the mean volume fraction of bubbles in the space between the electrodes is proposed and verified experimentally on a pilot electrolyser. Two examples of industrial applications are presented.

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