Vital statistics for an experimental flock of Merino sheep. II. The influence of age on reproductive performance

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
HN Turner ◽  
CHS Dolling
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Multiple Births ◽  
Reproduction Rate ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Age Structures

Estimates are given for various characteristics associated with reproduction rate, at each age of ewe from 2 to 10 years. In general, reproduction rate rose with increasing age to a peak, with a subsequent fall, the 10-year-old figure, however, being in most cases above the 2-year-old one. The peak occurred at 5–6 years for number of ewes lambing per ewe joined, at 6 years for survival rate of both single and twin lambs and for number of lambs weaned per ewe joined, at 7 years for number of lambs born per ewe joined, and at 7–8 years for number of multiple births per ewe joined. The estimates are used to predict the reproduction rate of flocks with different age structures, the conclusion being that the average number of lambs weaned per ewe joined would increase with the age of the oldest group of ewes even up to 8–9 years. Data from other sources are summarized for comparison. If survival rate can be improved, particularly for lambs from multiple births, then the older ewes will show an even greater advantage. Formulae are given which enable various criteria for reproduction rate, such as lambs weaned per ewe joined, to be broken into components whose relative importance can be assessed.

The influence of age on reproductive performance on sheep in Australia

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 953 ◽  
Author(s):  
PD Mullaney ◽  
GH Brown
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Reproduction Rate ◽  
Age Structures

Estimates are given for various traits associated with reproduction rate at each age from 3 to 9, 2 to 7, and 3 to 6 years for Merino, Corriedale, and Polwarth ewes respectively. The number of lambs born per ewe joined for Merino ewes decreased steadily with age, while the number of lambs weaned per ewe joined and the survival rate of both single and twin lambs rose to a peak at 4–5 years, with a subsequent fall; the reproduction rate for Corriedale and Polwarth ewes increased with age to the oldest age of 6 years. The estimates are used to predict the reproduction rate of flocks with different age structures, the conclusion being that the average number of lambs born per ewe joined would decrease progressively with increase in flock age, and the average number of lambs weaned per ewe joined would increase with the age of the oldest group of ewes up to 6 years for Merino flocks, and with the oldest group to at least 6 years for Corriedale and Polwarth flocks.

scholarly journals Fertility and its relation to social conditions A study of the vital statistics of London in 1930–1932

1937 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Mitra
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Absolute Size ◽  
The Military

The rapid decline of the birth-rate in nearly all countries of western Europe has naturally attracted much attention. Some have studied the probable effects upon the absolute size and the age constitution of the population, and the consequence entailed upon the military and economic strength of a nation. Others have drawn attention to resulting change's in the relative importance of diseases of young, adult and old ages. Changes in mere numbers depend wholly, and the other changes to a considerable extent, upon quantitative factors; they must occur even if the quality of those born differs in no way from that of those produced when fertility was at a higher level. But, if the quality of births changes with their quantity, then the consequences of decrease of numbers may be better or worse than mere numerical changes would involve.

scholarly journals Effect of parity on reproductive performance sows of different breeds

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-441
Author(s):  
R. Klimas ◽  
A. Klimienė ◽  
W. Sobotka ◽  
W. Kozera ◽  
P. Matusevičius
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Large White ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
Piglet Survival

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of parity on reproductive performance by sows of different breeds. The sows were raised on three farms, and had seven or more litters of not fewer than seven piglets. A total of 1511 litters from various parities of Lithuanian White (N =721), Large White (N = 162) and Landrace (N = 628) sows were contained in the data that were used in this study. Multiparous sows had larger litters than primiparous sows. Piglet survival rate declined from parity 7. An increase in litter size was observed until parity 5 in Large White and until parity 6 in improved Lithuanian White (P <0.05). In comparison with parity 1, Landrace sows up to parity 5 showed not only increased prolificacy, but also increased number and litter weight of piglets at 21 days old, and the number and litter weight of weaned piglets (P <0.01). The current findings indicate that sows of these breeds can be used effectively in breeding herds until parity 5 and parity 6.Keywords: Landrace, Large White, Lithuanian White, litter size

EFFECT OF NUTRITIONAL FLUSHING, SUPPLEMENTAL FAT AND SUPPLEMENTAL LYSINE FROM PUBERTY TO BREEDING AND DURING EARLY GESTATION ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF GILTS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 941-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. GRANDHI
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Allantoic Fluid ◽  
Progesterone Level ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Early Gestation ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Animal Fat ◽  
Supplemental Fat

Four experiments were conducted, using a total of 356 Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred gilts, to determine the influence of flushing, supplemental fat and supplemental lysine fed from puberty to breeding (exps. 1 and 2) and from puberty through early gestation (exps. 3 and 4) on the reproductive performance of gilts. All gilts were housed in total confinement and fed ad libitum a 16% protein swine grower diet until 150 d of age. The diet was then restricted to 2 kg d−1 until puberty. The treatment diets fed from puberty to breeding in exps. 1 and 2 were: (1) control, a 12% protein barley-soybean meal gestation diet fed at 2 kg d−1 (24.4 MJ DE d−1); (2) flushing, control diet fed at 3 kg d−1 (36.6 MJ DE d−1; (3) animal fat, control diet fed at 2 kg d−1 plus 622 g of fat premix (36.6 MJ DE d−1; and (4) lysine, control diet with supplemental lysine (14 g d−1) fed at 2 kg d−1 (24.4 MJ DE d−1). After breeding, all gilts were fed control diet at 2 kg d−1 until approximately 30 d at gestation. In exps. 3 and 4, the same treatment diets were used except flushing was omitted and they were fed from puberty to approximately 30 d of gestation. No significant differences (P > 0.05) among the treatment groups were found in any of the experiments for the number of corpora lutea and normal embryos, and ovarian, uterine, and fetal weights. In exp. 2, the embryo survival rate (%) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the flushing (81.7 ± 3.3) and animal fat (78.3 ± 3.3) groups than in the control (92.9 ± 3.0); however, the lysine (88.8 ± 3.5) group did not differ significantly from the other groups. The embryo survival rate was also reduced (P < 0.05) by supplemental fat (81.5 ± 2.7) when compared to the control (86.8 ± 3.0) and lysine (88.8 ± 2.7) diets in exp. 3 but not in exp. 4. The serum progesterone level (ng/mL−1) was lower (P < 0.05) in the animal fat group (4.1 ± 0.6) than in the control (6.3 ± 0.6) and lysine (6.1 ± 0.6) groups in exp. 4. However, progesterone level of allantoic fluid in exp. 4 and estrone sulfate levels of both serum and allantoic fluid in exps. 3 and 4 were similar for the three treatment groups. The overall results indicated that flushing, supplemental fat or supplemental lysine fed from puberty to breeding, and supplemental fat or supplemental lysine fed from puberty through early gestation did not improve the ovulation rate, embryo survival or fetal development in gilts. Key words: Ovulation rate, embryo survival, flushing, fat, lysine, hormones, gilts

Association of steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase (CYP17) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 628 and dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) SNP939 genotypes with sheep reproductive performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 743
Author(s):  
Xiaoyan Qiu ◽  
Xiong Xiao ◽  
Nan Li ◽  
Wenhui Ling ◽  
Mingyu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Dopamine Receptor ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Maternal Behaviour ◽  
Multiple Gestation ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Dopamine Receptor D2 ◽  
Potential Marker

In a previous study we investigated the association between two single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes, namely steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase (CYP17) SNP628 and dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) SNP939, with two temperaments (calm and nervous) in Australian Merino sheep and concluded that the DRD2 SNP939 T/T genotype combined with the CYP17 SNP628 G/G genotype is associated with a calm temperament and could be used as a potential marker for calm sheep, whereas the DRD2 SNP939C allele combined with the CYP17 SNP628 A/A genotype is associated with a nervous temperament and could be used as a potential marker for nervous sheep. In sheep, the association between temperament and reproductive performance has been determined, but the association of these two SNP genotypes with sheep reproduction has not been investigated. Therefore, using Chinese Sinkiang Merino sheep, the present study investigated the association of the two CYP17 SNP628 and DRD2 SNP939 genotypes with sheep reproductive performance. Sheep with the DRD2 SNP939 T/T genotype combined with the CYP17 SNP628 G/G genotype had a higher ovulation rate, multiple gestation rate, better maternal behaviour and lower lamb mortality. Thus, the results of this study contribute to our knowledge of the association between genotypes and reproduction in sheep, which is beneficial for sheep genetics and breeding.

Effect of vitamin E on reproductive function in the mice treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin*

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 595-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Xu ◽  
YP Yin ◽  
XQ Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Experimental Group

The study was conducted to determine the effects of vitamin E on reproductive performance in mice treated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The 75 female and 40 male mice were randomly assigned into five groups. The levels of both TCDD and vitamin E given by gavage were 0 and 0 (Control group), 100 and 0 (experimental group I), 100 and 20 (experimental group II), 100 and 100 (experimental group III), and 100 ng/kg/day and 500 mg/kg/day (experimental group IV), respectively. Males and females were mixed to mate at the ratio of 1:2 after 4-week experiment. The gavage treatments were continued until the end of gestation in female mice after mating. The results showed that the litter number, survival rate, and body weight at birth of offspring in experimental group I had significantly decreased, and the females’ pregnancy rate and pup sex ratio in experimental group I had the decreasing tendencies when compared with the control group. The litter number in experimental group III, survival rate in experimental group II and III, body weight at birth in experimental group III and IV exhibited significant increase compared with experimental group I. The female pregnancy rate in both experimental group III and IV recovered to 100%, but there were no significant differences when compared with experimental group I. The pups’ sex ratio had a gradually increasing tendency with increase of vitamin E level, but there was no significant difference among experimental group I–IV. The results suggest that TCDD could induce reproductive toxicity in mice, whereas vitamin E alleviated adverse effects on reproductive performance in mice caused by TCDD.

scholarly journals Public Health Authorities in Relation to the struggle against Tuberculosis in England

1903 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 446-467
Author(s):  
Arthur Newsholme
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Direct Measures

The task with which I have been honoured—of reporting upon the action of English Public Health Authorities in regard to tuberculosis—can, I believe, be best fulfilled (a) by a review of the history of the mortality from tuberculosis in England since 1837, when vital statistics first became available, (b) by a statement of the factors which have been instrumental in causing the reduction in the mortality from tuberculosis shown in these statistics, and an attempt at weighing their relative importance, (c) by a description of the more direct measures taken in England to diminish the prevalence of tuberculosis, and (d) by a forecast of the lines on which preventive measures against this disease are likely to be extended.

The reproductive performance of Red Sokoto goats in Nigeria

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. F. Adu ◽  
V. Buvanendran ◽  
C. A. M. Lakpini
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Multiple Births ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Red Sokoto Goat

SUMMARYAn analysis has been made of the reproductive performance of Red Sokoto goat of Nigeria. Data are based on records of 140 kiddings from 96 does. Age at first kidding was 435 ± 18·9 days. The mean litter size at first kidding was 1·45. Prolificacy increased with parity, the kidding percentages from first to third parities being 141, 186 and 200 respectively. Doe weight was significantly correlated with litter size (r = – 0·27). Repeatabilities of litter size per doe kidding and of litter weight were negative. Heritability of litter size was 0·08 ± 0·02. Birth weights were low, the mean weight of kids during the 3 years ranging from 1·48 to 1·64 kg. Doe weight was related to litter weight in a manner such that litter weight as a proportion of doe weight tended to decline as doe weight increased. The ratio of litter weights of singles to twins at any given weight of the doe was 100:180. Kid mortality by 3 months of age was 30·8 %. Mortality among twins was only slightly higher than singles. However, mortality in kids born in multiple births (triplets and quadruplets) was much higher. Birth weights of surviving kids were significantly higher than of those that died.

Haemoglobin Type and Reproductive Performance in Australian Merino Sheep

Nature ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 207 (5004) ◽  
pp. 1396-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. EVANS ◽  
HELEN NEWTON TURNER
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Haemoglobin Type ◽  
Australian Merino

Estimation of the Contribution of Assisted and Non-Assisted Reproductive Technology Fertility Treatments to Multiple Births During the Past 30 Years in Japan: 1979–2008

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 476-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syuichi Ooki
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technology ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Reproductive Technology ◽  
Multiple Births ◽  
Fertility Treatment ◽  
Approximation Formula ◽  
Multiple Birth ◽  
Fertility Treatments ◽  
Ovulation Stimulation

The effect of assisted reproductive technology (ART) and non-ART ovulation stimulation fertility treatment on the number and rate of multiple live births from 1979–2008 in Japan was estimated using two independent data sources, ART statistics and vital statistics. Japanese ART statistics presented by the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology between 1989 and 2008 were gathered and reanalyzed. The number and rates of ART between 1984 and 1988 were interpolated using an approximation formula, using the values from 1983, when the first ART baby was born in Japan, and the 1989–1992 values. The number of ART multiples between 1979–1982 was set as equal to zero. The minimum (or maximum) number of non-ART iatrogenic multiple births was estimated by subtracting the maximum (or minimum) ART multiples from the total iatrogenic multiples, which was estimated by vital statistics assuming that spontaneous multiple-birth rates according to maternal age class would be constant. There was an overall increase in the non-ART multiple births during the 30-year period, whereas ART multiples tended to increase from 1983 to 2005, and then rapidly decreased thereafter. The number or percentage of ART multiples was almost consistently lower than that of non-ART multiples. The percentage of non-ART multiples (33%) among the total multiples was estimated to be about three times more than the ART multiples (11–12%) in 2008. Given the medical and social impact of multiple births, it is imperative to construct a hospital-based monitoring system for fertility treatments, specially non-ART fertility treatments and multiple births.

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