The influence of subterranean clover pastrues on soil fertility. I. Short-term effects

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 796 ◽  
Author(s):  
ER Watson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Practical Implication ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Steady Rate ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Under a subterranean clover pasture on a light-textured soil at Kojonup, Western Australia, soil nitrogen accumulated at a fairly steady rate of 42 lb/acre/year over a 5 year period. The increase in soil nitrogen accounted for differences in wheat production following the clover ley whether measured as total dry weight, yield of grain, or uptake of nitrogen. The clover treatments had little effect on the percentage of nitrogen in the grain or on the baking quality of the flour. Each additional year of clover gave an additional yield of 120 lb of wheat grain per acre for the first crop. Yields for second crops were considerably lower than the first but residual effects were evident. A practical implication of the results is that short leys of 1 to 2 years' duration followed by a single cereal crop could be a suitable cropping practice for the Kojonup area.

Saflufenacil Carryover Injury Varies among Rotational Crops

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren E. Robinson ◽  
Kristen E. McNaughton
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sugar Beet Plant ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Carrot Root ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Weight Yield

Trials were established in 2007, 2008, and 2009 in Ontario, Canada, to determine the effect of soil residues of saflufenacil on growth, yield, and quality of eight rotational crops planted 1 yr after application. In the year of establishment, saflufenacil was applied PRE to field corn at rates of 75, 100, and 200 g ai ha−1. Cabbage, carrot, cucumber, onion, pea, pepper, potato, and sugar beet were planted 1 yr later, maintained weed-free, and plant dry weight, yield, and quality measures of interest to processors for each crop were determined. Reductions in dry weight and yield of all grades of cucumber were determined at both the 100 and 200 g ha−1rates of saflufenacil. Plant dry weight, bulb number, and size and yield of onion were also reduced by saflufenacil at 100 and 200 g ha−1. Sugar beet plant dry weight and yield, but not sucrose content, were decreased by saflufenacil at 100 and 200 g ha−1. Cabbage plant dry weight, head size, and yield; carrot root weight and yield; and pepper dry weight, fruit number and size, and yield were only reduced in those treatments in which twice the field corn rate had been applied to simulate the effect of spray overlap in the previous year. Pea and potato were not negatively impacted by applications of saflufenacil in the year prior to planting. It is recommended that cabbage, carrot, cucumber, onion, pepper, and sugar beet not be planted the year after saflufenacil application at rates up to 200 g ha−1. Pea and potato can be safely planted the year following application of saflufenacil up to rates of 200 g ha−1.

Delayed rejection of single Hymenolepis diminuta in primary infections of young mice

Parasitology ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Befus ◽  
D. W. Featherston
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Delayed Rejection ◽  
Old Mice ◽  
Young Mice

In CFLP male tapeworm-free mice, from 2 to 7 weeks old at infection, at least 80% of single Hymenolepis diminuta establish and grow but then are rejected; day of rejection defined as the first day when ≦ 50% of the worms were recovered. Young mice, 2 to 4 weeks old, usually reject their worms during days 16–20 while older mice, 5 to 7 weeks old, reject them during days 12–14. Biomass (total dry weight of all worms recovered on a given day from a group of mice) varied markedly with host age and was consistently greatest in 4-week-old mice. The position of the worm in the intestine did not vary with host age. The quality of mice (categorized by the Medical Research Council Laboratory Animals Centre) did not appear to affect the course of a primary, single H. diminuta infection although, undoubtedly, the mice had varied immunological histories. Variations in time of rejection and biomass of worms recovered are accounted for by both immunological and physiological mechanisms.

scholarly journals Fertilizer, Flower Bud Removal and Vegetative Pruning of Echinacea species (Purple Coneflower) Influence Biomass and Phenolic Content

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 551A-551
Author(s):  
Jenny Heringer Vires ◽  
Robert Anderson ◽  
Robert Geneve
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Echinacea Purpurea ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Purple Coneflower ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Bud Removal

Purple Coneflower [Echinacea sp. (Asteracea)] is of great value to the horticultural, pharmaceutical, and herbal industry. More research is needed to determine cultural practices that will produce a plant high in biomass and phenolic content, the chemical used for testing the quality of the harvested plant on a percent basis of roots, flowers and vegetative parts. The objective of this experiment is to determine if biomass and phenolic content of Echinacea purpurea and E. purpurea `Magnus' is influenced by fertilization after flower bud removal and vegetative pruning. The second objective of this study is to form an evaluation of the differences in biomass and phenolic content of five cultivars of E. purpurea and five species of Echinacea. Biomass and phenolic content will be evaluated to determine if exposing these plants to various treatments increases the quality of the plant over 1 and 2 years of growth. Differences in dry weights of Echinacea species and cultivars harvested after the first year of growth was determined. There was a significant difference in total dry weight between E. purpurea cultivars. Echinacea purpurea `Bright Star' and `Clio' significantly produced the most total dry weight compared to all other cultivars. There was no significant difference in root or flower biomass between cultivars. Biomass of Echinacea species was significantly different in root, vegetaive and flower parts. The total biomass of E. purpurea and E. tennesseensis was significantly higher compared to other species. Echinacea pallida and E. paradoxa were not significantly different from E. purpurea in root biomass, even though both species were small in above ground growth. Echinacea tennesseensis significantly produced 45% to 105% more flowers compared to other species. Differences in phenolic content between species and cultivars will also be presented.

scholarly journals NUTRITION IN THE PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF SEEDLINGS OF THE BRAZIL NUT (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.) IN NORTHERN BRAZIL

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline das Graças Souza ◽  
Oscar josé Smiderle
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Brazil Nut ◽  
Bertholletia Excelsa ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Northern Brazil ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Weight

The Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.) is fast-growing, and can be used in reforestation. However, the use of the species in reforestation is still uncommon, mainly due to production costs, with substrate and fertiliser being the most-costly components. Based on the above, the aim of this study was to evaluate growth and quality in seedlings of the Brazil nut both with and without nutrient solution. The experimental design was completely randomised in a 2 x 10 factorial scheme: treatments with and without the addition of nutrient solution and 10 evaluations at intervals of 45 days. The variables to be analysed were height, stem diameter, dry shoot weight, root dry weight, total dry weight and the Dickson quality index. When analysing shoot dry weight (SDW), a gain of 85% was found from adding the nutrient solution, compared to the absence of nutrient solution, whereas for the variable, root-system dry weight, (RDW) the gain was 43%. The addition of nutrient solution is suggested for accelerating the growth and development of high-quality seedlings of Bertholletia excelsa for commercial use.

scholarly journals Controlled-Release Fertiliser and Substrates on Seedling Growth and Quality in Agonandra brasiliensis in Roraima

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline das Graças Souza ◽  
Oscar José Smiderle ◽  
Raiovane Araújo Montenegro ◽  
Thiago Komuro Moriyama ◽  
Thiago Jardelino Dias
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Organic Substrate ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Total Dry Weight

The aim of this study was to verify the effect of different substrates, in the presence and absence of controlled-release fertiliser, on the growth and morphological quality of seedlings of Agonandra brasiliensis Miers ex Benth. & Hook.f., in the state of Roraima, Brazil. The experimental design was a 2 * 5 factorial scheme, with and without the addition of 1.0 g L-1 NPK 18-05-09 formulation controlled-release encapsulated fertiliser (Forth CoteR) and five substrates. The following were evaluated: shoot height (H), collar diameter (CD), increase in shoot length (IncH) and collar diameter (IncCD), shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW), total dry weight (TDW) and Dickson quality index (DQI). The use of NPK 18-05-09 formulation controlled-release fertiliser (Forth CoteR) in a medium-sand substrate is recommended for obtaining plants of Agonandra brasiliensis of greater robustness, balance of biomass distribution, and a high standard of quality. In the substrate composed of soil from the cerrado + carbonised rice husks - CRH + organic substrate (2:1:1), the addition of NPK 18-05-09 formulation Forth CoteR is not necessary to obtain Agonandra brasiliensis plants of good morphological quality. Substrate 3, composed of soil + CRH (3:1), with or without the addition of NPK 18-05-09 formulation Forth CoteR, is not recommended for producing plants of Agonandra brasiliensis, due to the slow development and reduced morphological quality of the plants.

The effect of autotetraploidy in five varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 356 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Hutton ◽  
JW Peak
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Green Matter ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Induced autotetraploidy in the Dwalganup variety of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) resulted in total dry weight increases of 60 and 65.5 per cent. at flowering and maturity respectively. In the other four varieties the tetraploids had decreased yields of dry matter compared with the diploids, although the decreases for leaf weights at flowering were nonsignificant in Mount Barker and Tallarook, as was the total dry weight reduction in Tallarook at maturity. There were no significant differences between the diploids and tetraploids in percentage moisture content. When early development was stimulated by growth in a glass-house, the tetraploids of all varieties showed a significant increase in yield of green matter. The level of increased growth was maintained only in Dwalganup, and decreased in other varieties during flowering. An analysis was made of the way in which the different plant parts mere changed by tetraploidy. Where decreased growth occurred, the leaves and stems were coarser. In all varieties a reduced seed-setting followed autotetraploidy, although in Dwalganup the yield of seed per plant was not affected.

Survival of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) in a Mediterranean type environment. 1. Effect of summer grazing by sheep on seed numbers and seed germination in autumn

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Gramshaw ◽  
WR Stern
Keyword(s):  
Germination Rate ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Grazing History ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Summer Grazing

Annual ryegrass–subterranean clover pastures that produced about 5000 kg total dry weight per hectare and 23,500 ryegrass seed per sq metre in spring were grazed by sheep at different stocking rates during summer. Intensive stocking equivalent to about 3000 sheep days ha-1 reduced seed numbers by 20%. Under continuous grazing, about 70% of the seed produced in spring fell readily to the ground during summer. The remaining seed was firmly held in seed heads, and apparently sheep ate mainly this component. Less than 1% of the seed ingested was voided in the faeces. No significant changes in seed numbers over summer were observed in ungrazed pasture. Subsequently, at the break of season in autumn, germination of seeds was examined in situ near the soil surface. The summer grazing history of pastures influenced the percentage of seeds that germinated; more seeds germinated in heavily than in leniently grazed pastures. Whether the pasture was leniently or heavily grazed, there was little effect on germination of shed seeds. Seeds in seed heads were found to germinate more slowly than seeds shed to the soil surface. Seedling emergence in autumn was regulated mainly by the interrelationship between the germination rate of the seed population, depending on summer-early autumn rains, and the period for which favourable moisture conditions prevailed at the soil surface after rain began in autumn. In the field, temperature and light appeared to be unimportant in influencing germination at the break of season. Dynamics of seed and seedling numbers in annual ryegrass pastures in a Mediterranean type environment, particularly at the break of season, are discussed.

The effect of the quantity and quality of pasture available to sheep on their grazing behaviour

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Practical Implication ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Clover Pasture ◽  
Grazing Behaviour

During the spring of 1969 four originally similar plots of a Phalaris tuberosa subterranean clover pasture were grazed at different stocking levels to produce a range in levels of pasture availability. The plots were subsequently grazed at 12, 16, 20, and 24 sheep per acre in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. On these pastures, as the amount of pasture available decreased, there was a significant increase both in the nitrogen content of available material and in the diet selected by oesophageal-fistulated sheep grazing them. These differences in the quantity and quality of available pasture produced significant changes in the grazing behaviour of sheep. Grazing time showed a linear increase with decreasing pasture availability, but the rate of increase in grazing time was insufficient to maintain liveweight. Ruminating time was significantly reduced as pasture availability declined. There were considerable differences between sheep in their ability to increase their grazing times as pasture availability decreased. These differences could be of considerable practical implication.

scholarly journals Current Fertilizer Input for Pot Gerbera Production Can Be Reduced by More than 50%

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 775D-775
Author(s):  
Youbin Zheng* ◽  
Thomas Graham ◽  
Stefan Richard ◽  
Mike Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Phytotoxic Effect ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Pot gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Var. `Shogun') plants were subirrigated with one of four nutrient solutions (10, 25, 50, and 100% of full strength) in order to determine whether currently used commercial nutrient solution concentrations can be reduced without negative impact on crop production. Nutrient concentration levels did not affect leaf area, flower number and appearance, and plant total dry weight. There were no significant differences in leaf chlorophyll content between the plants that received the 50 and 100% strength nutrient solutions. It is concluded that nutrient solution concentrations typically used in commercial greenhouse, for pot gerbera production, can be safely reduced by at least 50% without adversely affecting crop production. Nutrients accumulated in the top section of the growth substrate under all treatment levels; however, no phytotoxic effect was observed. Fertilizer inputs were reduced in the 50%, 25%, and 10% treatments by 54%, 75%, and 90% respectively. After 4 weeks recirculating, the quality of the nutrient solutions was still within acceptable limits.

Nitrogen nutrition of cereals in a short-term rotation. I. Single season treatments as a source of nitrogen for subsequent cereal crops

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 703 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Papastylianou ◽  
DW Puckridge ◽  
ED Carter
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
The Third ◽  
Second Year

The residual effects of one season of five cultural treatments common in southern Australian dryland farming were examined with respect to soil water and nitrogen, and the production of cereals in the next two years. The initial treatments were medic or subterranean clover pasture, faba beans, oats or bare fallow. In the second year barley, wheat and triticale were grown on the same plots, with 0,30,60 or 90 kg ha-1 of fertilizer nitrogen. Wheat was sown over the whole area for the third season. The medic and subterranean clover pastures contributed approximately 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen in top growth, but this remained on the surface until cultivation. Oats and fallow plots declined in total soil nitrogen by about 70 kg ha-1. The nitrogen content of the faba bean stubble showed that this crop has the potential of providing equivalent nitrogen to a good legume pasture. At the beginning of the second season the previous plots of fallow, beans, subterranean clover and medic had 36,27, 14 and 12 mm more water in the top metre of soil than oat plots. Cereals after oats apparently did not respond to fertilizer nitrogen because of the dry conditions, but on other plots the yield response was not proportional to the additional water. Although first year treatments affected growth of the three cereals in the second season, the new cereal, triticale, showed no evidence of different adaptation to growing conditions than wheat or barley. The effects of first and second year treatments carried through to the wheat crop in the third season. There were marked differences in nitrogen availability, but evidence that the second crop was depleting soil nitrogen reserves. Nitrogen from first year legume residues was available earlier in the season than second year fertilizer nitrogen which had been leached from the surface soil.

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