The use of irradiated larvae as immunizing agents in Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis infections in sheep

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Mulligan ◽  
HMcL Gordon ◽  
DF Stewart ◽  
BM Wagland
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Experimental Challenge

Six of 10 lambs previously given two doses of irradiated (60 kr) Haemonchus contortus larvae showed solid resistance to an experimental challenge with 10,000 larvae. The remaining four lambs in the group developed moderate infections. Nine of 10 lambs previously given two doses of irradiated (80 kr) Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae showed solid resistance to an experimental challenge with 30,000 larvae. The 10th lamb was moderately resistant. Doses of X-rays within the range 40–100 kr had no effect on the exsheathment of H. contortus in the rumen, but few male worms developed as far as the fourth stage. It seems likely that the irradiated males and possibly a significant proportion of the irradiated females are unable to complete the ecdysis from the third to the fourth stage.

Parasitism and production in weaner sheep grazing alternately with cattle

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (92) ◽  
pp. 340 ◽  
Author(s):  
IA Barger ◽  
WH Southcott
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cooperia Oncophora ◽  
Faecal Egg Counts

Three systems for the post-weaning management of Merino wethers were compared over two years. In all systems, the sheep were given two anthelmintic treatments with levamisole per year; at weaning in January, and in July. In the first system (SC) the same paddock was used as a weaning paddock each year in succession. In the second system (SC 6) sheep and cattle grazed the paddock alternately for 6- month periods from January and July; the third system (SC 12) comprised sheep and cattle grazing alternately for 12-month periods from July of each year. Compared with the SC treatment, weaners from the SC 6 treatment had significantly lower faecal egg counts and lower burdens of Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylm axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Nematodirus spp. They had significantly higher numbers of Cooperia oncophora and similar numbers of Ostertagia circumcincta. SC 6 sheep made greater liveweight gains, produced heavier fleeces, and suffered lower mortalities than their SC counterparts. Results for the SC 12 system were usually intermediate. In a third year, the SC 12 system was modified to include a monthly treatment with levamisole. The liveweight gains, egg counts and mortalities of the monthly treatment sheep did not differ significantly from those of the SC 6 sheep. Both systems were superior to the SC treatment in controlling nematode infections in weaner sheep. There were no significant effects of any treatment on liveweight gains of cattle, although outbreaks of ostertagiosis occurred in the third year in two of the four replicates of the SC system.

The development of Haemonchus contortus in vitro: II. The effect of disulphide-reducing and sulphydryl-blocking reagents on the rate of development to the fourth-stage larvae

Parasitology ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Mapes
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
The Third ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Before And After

Cysteine (20–100 mM) and reduced glutathione (20–80 mM) potentiated the development of the exsheathed third-stage larva of Haemonchus contortus to the fourth stage. The potentiating effect of cysteine was greatest during the short period before and after the exsheathment of the third-stage larva. Two hundred mM cysteine and 1 mM p–chloro-benzoate inhibited development. This inhibition was reversible. Ten mM iodoacetate and 0·5 and 5 mM n–ethyl-maleimide inhibited development of the larvae. The larvae appeared to be most susceptible to the inhibiting effects of these reagents during the period of development approaching the third moult. Development was either little affected or potentiated, when larvae were incubated with these reagents for short periods immediately after exsheathment.

scholarly journals Is There Daily Growth Hysteresis versus Vapor Pressure Deficit in Cherry Fruit?

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Matteo Zucchini ◽  
Arash Khosravi ◽  
Veronica Giorgi ◽  
Adriano Mancini ◽  
Davide Neri
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Hysteresis Curve ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Rainy Days ◽  
Clockwise Hysteresis

The growth of cherry fruit is generally described using a double sigmoid model, divided into four growth stages. Abiotic factors are considered to be significant components in modifying fruit growth, and among these, the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is deemed the most effective. In this study, we investigated sweet cherry fruit growth through the continuous, hourly monitoring of fruit transversal diameter over two consecutive years (2019 and 2020), from the beginning of the third stage to maturation (forth stage). Extensometers were used in the field and VPD was calculated from weather data. The fruit growth pattern up to the end of the third stage demonstrated three critical steps during non-rainy days: shrinkage, stabilization and expansion. In the third stage of fruit growth, a partial clockwise hysteresis curve of circadian growth, as a response to VPD, appeared on random days. The pattern of fruit growth during rainy days was not distinctive, but the amount and duration of rain caused a consequent decrease in the VPD and indirectly boosted fruit growth. At the beginning of the fourth stage, the circadian growth changed and the daily transversal diameter vs VPD formed fully clockwise hysteresis curves for most of this stage. Our findings indicate that hysteresis can be employed to evaluate the initial phenological phase of fruit maturation, as a fully clockwise hysteresis curve was observable only in the fourth stage of fruit growth. There are additional opportunities for its use in the management of fruit production, such as in precision fruit farming.

Studies on the life-history of Bunostomum phlebotomum (Railliet, 1900), a hookworm parasite of cattle

Parasitology ◽  
1946 ◽  
Vol 37 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 192-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. A. Sprent
Keyword(s):  
Infective Larva ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Cutaneous Blood ◽  
Fourth Stage Larva

A description is given of the processes of copulation, formation of the egg and spermatozoon, cleavage, embryogeny and hatching in B. phlebotomum. These processes were found to be essentially similar to those in other strongyle nematodes.The anatomy of the first three larval stages is described and the observations of Conradi & Barnette (1908) and Schwartz (1924) were largely confirmed.Penetration of the skin of calves by the infective larva was observed histologically. The larvae were found to have reached the dermis within 30 min. and to have penetrated the cutaneous blood vessels within 60 min. of application to the skin. The larvae were found in the lung where the third ecdysis was in progress 10 days after penetration of the skin. A description is given of the growth of the third-stage larva in the lung, the changes which take place during the third ecdysis, and the anatomy of the fourth-stage larva.The fourth-stage larvae exsheath in the lungs and travel to the intestine. After a period of growth in which sexual differentiation takes place, the fourth ecdysis occurs and the adult parasite emerges. The time required for the attainment of maturity was found to be somewhere between 30 and 56 days after penetration of the skin.This paper was written at the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Veterinary Laboratories, Wey-bridge, and the writer would like to express his gratitude to the Director, Prof. T. Dalling, also to Dr W. R. Wooldridge, chairman of the Council of the Veterinary Educational Trust for their help and encouragement. The writer's thanks are also due to Dr H. A. Baylis, Prof. R. T. Leiper and Dr E. L. Taylor for their advice and help on technical points, and to Mr R. A. O. Shonekan, African laboratory assistant, for his able co-operation.

Subungual Exostosis of the Foot

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 758-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi de Palma ◽  
Antonio Gigante ◽  
Nicola Specchia
Keyword(s):  
Hyaline Cartilage ◽  
Fibrous Tissue ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Complete Relief ◽  
Radical Excision ◽  
Initial Symptom ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Middle Zone ◽  
Deep Zone ◽  
The Third

Eleven subungual exostoses of the foot (10 on the hallux, 1 on the third toe) were studied. The initial symptom was subungual pain. When a subungual mass of fibrous tissue appeared, the nail was pushed up and in one case the mass became infected. X-rays exhibited a bone mass protruding from the terminal phalanx on the dorsomedial aspect of the toe in all cases. All patients underwent surgical excision of the lesions with partial onychectomy. Three layers were identified in five cases: a cap of fibrous tissue, a middle zone of hyaline cartilage with enchondral ossification, and a deep zone of cancellous bone. In three other cases, the histological pattern was pleomorphic and poorly characterized. The study shows that most subungual bone masses exhibited the pathological features of conventional osteochondromas. Nonetheless, a small number of lesions were pleomorphic and differed from osteochondromas, with abundant fibrous tissue merging irregularly into scattered islets of cartilage that was not organized in columns. Radical excision of the mass achieved complete relief of symptoms and recovery without recurrences in all cases.

Traumatic Dislocation of the Fourth and Fifth Carpo–Metacarpal Joints: A Case Report

1988 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-211
Author(s):  
J. O. STORM
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
X Rays ◽  
The Third ◽  
Traumatic Dislocation

A case of traumatic dislocation of the fourth and fifth carpo-metacarpal joints and fracture of the base of the third metacarpal is presented. It is recommended that lateral X-rays of the hand be taken if dislocation is suspected at this level, as the injury may be missed on standard X-rays.

Manajemen Humas Radio Rama 104.7FM Bandung dalam Meningkatkan Pemasang Iklan

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-320
Author(s):  
Muhamad Sidik Triadi ◽  
Irfan Sanusi ◽  
Lida Imelda Cholidah
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Program Innovation ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

ABSTRAK Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui manajemen humas radio Rama FM Bandung dalam meningkatkan pemasang iklan dari mulai tahapan perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pelaksanaan sampai dengan pengawasan, metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif untuk mengetahui karakteristik  dengan cara berinteraksi secara langsung dan mendalam mengenai sebuah program dan ringkasan yang digambarkan pada konteks di atas mendasari untuk menggali dan mendeskripsikan kegiatan-kegiatan yang dijalankan oleh radio Rama FM Bandung dalam meningkatkan pemasang iklan. Analisis penelitian ini menggunakan deskriptif kualittaif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kegiatan manajemen humas radio Rama FM Bandung dalam meningkatkan pemasang iklan dimulai pada tahapan pertama yaitu perencanaan pembuatan proposal, inovasi program, pengemasan iklan dan penyampaian iklan. Tahapan kedua yaitu pengorganisasian dengan komunikasi, membentuk team, pertimbangan tugas, dan persetujuan dari pimpinan. Tahapan ketiga yaitu pelaksanaan sesuai tugas, presentasi, pelaksanaan tugas sesuai susunan, pelaksanaan kegiatan. Tahap keempat yaitu pengawasan koordinasi, kinerja team yang bertugas, program yang berlangsung, dan pengawasan proses sebagai bahan evaluasi. Kata Kunci : Manajemen Humas; Meningkatkan; Pemasang Iklan. ABSTRACT This writing aims to determine radio public relations management Rama FM Bandung in increasing advertisers from the stages of planning, organizing, implementation to supervision, this research method uses a case study method to determine the characteristics by interacting directly and deeply about a case and summary illustrated in the above context underlying to explore and describe the activities carried out by radio Rama FM Bandung in improving advertisers. The analysis of this study uses descriptive qualitative. The results showed that the radio public relations management activities of Rama FM Bandung in increasing advertisers began in the first stage, namely the planning of making proposals, program innovation, packaging of advertisements and delivery of advertisements. The second stage is organizing with communication, forming teams, considering assignments, and approval from the leadership. The third stage is the implementation of tasks, presentations, implementation of tasks according to the arrangement, implementation of activities. The fourth stage is monitoring coordination, the performance of the team in charge, the ongoing program, and monitoring the process as an evaluation material. Keywords : Management Public Relations; Improve; Advertiser.

Experiments on the Effect of Residual Insecticides in Houses against Anopheles gambiae and A. funestus

1953 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Internal Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wall Surface ◽  
The Third ◽  
Experimental Huts ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
Window Traps ◽  
Very High

Experimental huts similar in construction to the dwellings commonly used in East Africa, but with exit window traps, were sprayed with various formulations of the three residual insecticides, DDT, BHC, and dieldrin, and the effect on the A. gambiae and A. funestus entering them was observed.The almost complete absence of kill recorded by Muirhead Thomson (1950) in experiments in similar huts in Tanganyika treated with DDT Ditreen was not confirmed by these experiments.A significant proportion of the A. gambiae and A. funestus entering huts treated with DDT did, however, escape unharmed, even immediately after treatment, whereas with the other insecticides, BHC and dieldrin, none of these mosquitos escaped the effect at least in the first month after treatment.In preliminary experiments in which observations were carried on for nine months after treatments, BHC P.530 still showed some effect after seven months. This was almost certainly due to the fumigant effect of the small amount of insecticide still remaining below the wall surface. The irritant properties of the two DDT formulations, Ditreen and the oil-bound suspension “Supona” D, still existed after nine months.In a second group of experiments, dosages of less than 80 mg. DDT and less than 60 mg. BHC (8 mg. of the gamma isomer) per sq. ft. gave over 50 per cent. kills of A. gambiae and A. funestus for only one month.In a third group of experiments, using two formulations of BHC, five of DDT, one of a mixture of DDT and BHC and one of dieldrin:—(a) Dieldrin was by far the most efficient insecticide and gave very high kills for over seven months.(b) The DDT formulations, Murphy paste, Murphy wettable powder, suspensions of DDT crystals <30 μ and 30–70 μ in diameter, when applied to the whole internal surface of the huts, produced fairly high kills over the period of the observations (six to seven months), but significant proportions of the mosquitos escaped their action even immediately after treatment.(c) The BHC formulations, P.520 and the oil-bound suspension “Supona” B, gave high kills for three to four months only.(d) The mixture of BHC and DDT in oil-bound suspension “Supona” DB gave the high initial kill of BHC and the long-lasting moderately high kill of DDT.(e) Against C. fatigans all the DDT formulations used in the third group of experiments gave very low kills, the BHC formulations high initial kills and dieldrin high long-lasting kills.BHC has marked fumigant and particulate properties lasting for three to four months. Dieldrin has a remarkable particulate action, which produces for the whole six-month period of the experiment, very high kills among mosquitos suspended without actual contact with the insecticidal surfaces; DDT only shows this particulate effect to a slight extent.It is probable that the differences in the toxicities to mosquitos of the insecticides used in these experiments is due partly to differences in the irritant properties of the insecticides. In the case of DDT many of the mosquitos having contact with this insecticide are irritated and escape from the treated surface before acquiring a lethal dose.

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