The numbers and distribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in some Northern Territory and South Australian soils

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
CM Sims ◽  
FM Collins
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Desert Soils ◽  
Average Annual Rainfall

Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were detected in 75 soil samples from the Northern Territory and South Australia. Silica gel plates gave soil counts comparable with those obtained in liquid media. The counts varied from 20 to 8000 cells per gram of soil. Nitrosogloea merismoides was detected in 53 of the soils, Nitrosornonas europaea in 39 soils, and Nitrosococcus nitrosus in 14 soils. There was little difference between the numbers and types of nitrifying bacteria present in the desert soils compared with those from the more temperate areas, nor did the average annual rainfall have any appreciable effect.

Grazing management to increase utilisation of phalaris-based pasture in dryland dairy systems

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Watson ◽  
A. Avery ◽  
G. J. Mitchell ◽  
S. R. Chinner
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Average Annual Rainfall ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Grazing Strategies

Phalaris (Phalaris aquatica cv. Sirosa)-based pastures at Sandy Creek (north-eastern Victoria) and Flaxley (South Australia) were subjected to grazing strategies based on different pre- and post-grazing pasture dry matter levels for 3 years, 1994–96. At Sandy Creek, 3 treatments consisted of commencing grazing when either 1600 (1), 2200 (2) or 2800 (3) kg dry matter per hectare (DM/ha) of pasture had accumulated, with treatments being grazed to a pasture residual of 1200 kg DM/ha. Grazing strategies were imposed over autumn–winter. At Flaxley, there were 5 treatments. Grazing commenced when either 1800 (1) or 2200 (2) kg DM/ha of pasture had accumulated, and was grazed to a pasture residual of 1200 kg DM/ha. Also when either 2200 (3) or 2600 (4) kg DM/ha of pasture had accumulated and these treatments were grazed to a pasture residual of 1800 kg DM/ha. A further treatment was when phalaris had reached a 4-leaf stage (5) (4 fully expanded leaves per tiller) and this was grazed to a residual of 1200 kg DM/ha. The grazing strategies were imposed over the autumn, winter and spring. Pasture consumption at Sandy Creek was higher in treatments 2 and 3. Pasture metabolisable energy (ME) levels and crude protein contents were not affected by treatment. Pasture consumption at Flaxley was greater in treatments 2 and 4. The strategy of grazing at the phalaris 4-leaf stage (5) showed potential for large spring growth. The ME of pasture was unaffected by treatments. The optimal grazing strategy to increase pasture growth for phalaris cv. Sirosa-based pastures in winter-dominant rainfall zones of temperate Australia, receiving about 700 mm average annual rainfall appears to be: allowing 2200 or 2600 kg DM/ha of pasture to accumulate before grazing back to a pasture residual of 1200 or 1800 kg DM/ha, respectively.

Vegetation History and Water Fluctuations at Lake Leake, South-Eastern South Australia. II. 50 000 B.P. To 10 000 B.P

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 815 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Dodson
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation History ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Drill Core ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Last Glaciation ◽  
Annual Minimum Temperature ◽  
Average Annual Rainfall ◽  
Eucalypt Woodland ◽  
Open Woodland

A drill core from Lake Leake contains a sedimentary sequence extending from about 50,000 B.P. until the present. This paper discusses the results of the pollen analyses and six radiocarbon dates which span the period from about 50,000 until about 10,000 B.P. There are core sections which yielded low numbers of pollen and thus there are gaps in the vegetation record. It is suggested that open eucalypt woodland was replaced by eucalypt woodland with heath at about 50,000 B.P. and remained until about 39,000 B.P. Open woodland then returned but was replaced by eucalypt woodland with heath by 38,000 B.P. Some time after 35,000 B.P., open eucalypt woodland conditions returned and persisted until near 10,000 B.P. when Casuarina stricta migrated into the area. Through- out the period in question the climate was drier than it has been in the last 10,000 radiocarbon years. There were wet periods about 50,000 and 39,000 B.P. and from 38,000 to 35,000 B.P. The character of the sediments and the relative amounts of pollen preserved suggest that conditions were relatively dry from 50,000 to 39,000 B.P. and from after 35,000 until near 10,000 B.P. The lake was driest during the period of the last glaciation but the presence of eucalypt pollen is interpreted as indicating that the average annual minimum temperature was above 10�C and the average annual rainfall was above 20-25 cm.

Response of wheat to applied superphosphate; the relationship between yield increase and 'available' phosphate in the soil

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (67) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
AN Smith ◽  
TB Spence
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Average Annual Rainfall ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Available Phosphate

Seventy-one trials were sown to wheat during the years 1964-66, and of these 54 were successfully harvested. They were of 5 x 2 factorial design with five levels of superphosphate and two levels of nitrogen ; there were three replications. Superphosphate increased grain yield in two thirds and nitrogen in about one sixth of the trials. The yield of grain and the increase in grain yield resulting from fertilizer application were markedly affected by seasonal conditions. Soil samples were taken from each site and analysed for pH, and for 'available' phosphate by ten extractant methods. The yield increase was correlated with superphosphate applied and 'available' phosphate in the model : -Y = bo+b1S+b2vS+b3P+b4P2+b5vSP and the highest coefficient of determination was 31.4 per cent. When pH and average annual rainfall were put into the equation -Y = bo+b1pH+b2RA+b3S+b4vS+b5P+b6P2+b7vSP the highest coefficient of determination was 54.4 per cent.

scholarly journals Isolation and screening of heavy metal resistant ammonia oxidizing bacteria from soil and waste dump: a potential candidates for bioremediation of heavy metals

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Fabian Nyoyoko ◽  
Chukwudi U Anyanwu
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Salt ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Attractive Potential ◽  
Elevated Concentration ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Waste Dump ◽  
High Tendency ◽  
Heavy Metal Salt

ABSTRACTThe study was undertaken to examine the response of ammonia oxidizing bacteria to different heavy metal salt in an elevated concentration. Surface soil samples at depth of 0-15 cm were collected at random from Akwa Ibom State University in Akwa Ibom State, soil sample from University of Nigeria, Nsukka and from solid waste disposal site in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. The response of heavy metal salt on Ammonia Oxidizing bacteria(AOB) isolated from soil samples were investigated by supplementing different heavy metal salts namely, copper(Cu),nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) at four loading rates(100,200,500,1000 µg/ml) in mineral salt broth with Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) isolate. The cultures were incubated for 7 days. Growth of AOB was measured by withdrawing samples from the medium every 24 hours and absorbance of the turbidity measured at 600 nanometre using spectrophotometer. All bacteria showed high tendency to decrease optical density while increasing metal concentration in the medium. Tolerance for the metal ions was dependent on concentration, time and the isolate tested. All the Ammonia oxidizing bacterial (AOB) showed a high level of tolerance for the metals tested, and exhibited good growth at all metal salt concentrations tested. These make the nitrifying bacteria attractive potential candidates for further investigations regarding their ability to remove metals from contaminated soil.IMPORTANCEThe aim of this study is tolerance of ammonia oxidizing bacteria growth to heavy metal. Nitrifying bacteria remain a good option for bioremediation of soil and waste dump, since it is regarded as eco-friendly and efficient in biosorption of heavy metal. The study is significant to the field of environmental microbiology by adding to knowledge in bioremediation.

The northern Australian beef industry, a snapshot. 5. Land and pasture development practices

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bortolussi ◽  
J. G. McIvor ◽  
J. J. Hodgkinson ◽  
S. G. Coffey ◽  
C. R. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
Native Pasture ◽  
Average Annual Rainfall ◽  
Native Pastures

The land and pasture development practices of 375 northern Australian beef properties in 8 regions were surveyed during 1996–97. These properties represented a broad cross-section of the beef industry in terms of geographical location, enterprise and herd size, and ownership structures. Both tree clearing and killing were more common in Queensland than in the Northern Territory or northern Western Australia. In all regions where trees were poisoned, native pasture was more widely used than sowing introduced grass and/or legume species. In contrast, tree clearing was most often accompanied by sowing pastures (either an introduced grass only or introduced grass and legume species together), rather than using native pastures. Central coastal Queensland had the highest use of poisoning trees for pasture development. Tree clearing and using native pasture was most important in central Queensland regions and the Maranoa South West. Sowing introduced pasture species under live trees was more commonly practiced in northern Queensland, the Northern Territory and northern Western Australia than in other regions. A considerable number of introduced grass and legume species were sown by producers. Most of the sown species were grasses. Many of the sown grass and legume species were spreading naturally. Buffel grass was spreading in all areas with < 1000 mm average annual rainfall, but most sown species were spreading only in wetter regions. Stylosanthes spp. were the most commonly spreading legume species in regions with > 500 mm average annual rainfall. The results are discussed in relation to contemporary natural resource management issues and how this may affect land and pasture development activities in the future.

THE ROLE OF GRASSLAND IN MANAGEMENT

1968 ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
B.K. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Average Annual Rainfall ◽  
Very High ◽  
Wilting Point

THE PROPERTY to be discussed is a mixed sheep and cropping unit, situated ei ht a miles east of Ashburton and midway between the Ra aia and the Ashburton rivers. Average annual rainfall is 27 in., evenly spread, but there is very high summer evaporation and therefore frequent droughts. On average, the soil is below wilting point for 40 to 50 days each summer. Winters are cold with the soil temperature being below 48°F for about four months each year. The soil is a Lismore stony silt loam averaging 9 in. in depth over gravel.

Wind blown sediment mass budget of Sahelian village land units in Niger

2001 ◽  
Vol 172 (5) ◽  
pp. 523-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Louis Rajot
Keyword(s):  
Wind Erosion ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Complete Disappearance ◽  
Mass Budget ◽  
Sediment Mass ◽  
Aeolian Sediments ◽  
Average Annual Rainfall ◽  
The Village

Abstract To assess the mass budget of aeolian sediments transported by wind (erosion vs. deposition) at the scale of village land units (25 kmX25 km), measurements were carried out during 3 years (from 1996 to 1998) in a cultivated field and in a fallow area simultaneously. These were located in the Sahelian zone of Niger with an average annual rainfall of 560 mm. The vertical upward fluxes of particles &lt;20 mu m exported from the study area were estimated from the horizontal sediment fluxes measured using BSNE sand catchers. This mass of exported dust was compared with the vertical downward fluxes of particles of the same size range (&lt;20 mu m) measured using passive CAPYR collectors. Values of deposition recorded in the field and in the fallow were similar. In the field, wind erosion reached its maximum in May and June when the vegetation cover was minimal. In the fallow area, wind erosion was always very low in comparison with the field. It occurred during the strongest storms when the grass cover was minimal. Nevertheless, the net balance between deposition and erosion was highly positive in the fallow areas. These results have been extrapolated at the scale of the village land units based on the current land use. At this scale, the balance was positive for the arable land, indicating a net deposition of aeolian sediments of +0.36 t ha (super -1) yr (super -1) . However, the complete disappearance of fallow land would result in a balanced budget for the arable land.

scholarly journals Operational modifications for the development of nitrifying bacteria in a large-scale biological aerated filter and its impact on wastewater treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (8) ◽  
pp. 1704-1714 ◽  
Author(s):  
François-René Bourgeois ◽  
Frédéric Monette ◽  
Daniel G. Cyr
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Nitrification Rate ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Aerated Filter

Abstract To develop a better understanding for fixed biomass processes, the development of a nitrifying bacterial biofilm, as well as the performance of treatment during modifications to operational conditions of a full-scale submerged biological filter were examined. The development of the nitrifying biofilm was investigated at four depth levels (1, 2, 4 and 5 feet). The result of bacterial subpopulations analyzed by qPCR relative to the physico-chemical parameters of the wastewater during the various tests (sustained aeration, modified backwash parameters and inflow restriction) revealed an increase of the relative presence of nitrifying microorganisms throughout the biofilm (especially for nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB)), but this was not necessarily accompanied by a better nitrification rate. The highest observed nitrification rate was 49% of removal in the test cell during backwashing conditions, whereas the relative ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) population was 0.032% and NOB was 0.008% of the total biomass collected. The highest percentage of nitrifying bacteria observed (0.034% AOB and 0.18% NOB) resulted in a nitrification rate of 21%. The treatment of organic matter determined by measuring the chemical and biochemical oxygen demand (COD, CBOD5) was improved.

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