Regulation of body temperature of sheep in a hot environment

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 402 ◽  
Author(s):  
AH Brook ◽  
BF Short
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Water Vapour Pressure ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Principal Method

A study of the importance of sweating as a means of evaporative cooling in sheep was made by comparing the rectal temperatures of sheep with and without sweat glands, at an air temperature of 40°C and a water vapour pressure of 28.1 mm Hg. The experimental animals, all of which were shorn, comprised 2 ewes and 2 wethers without sweat glands, and 6 ewes and 4 rams with sweat glands. During the first hour the rise in rectal temperature of the sheep without sweat glands was greater than the rise in the normal animals (1.1°C v. 0.7°C). After 6½ hr. the mean rectal temperature was higher (40.6°C) in the sheep lacking sweat glands than in the normal ewes (39.9°C). The most rapid rise in rectal temperature after the first hour was that of the rams, which reached a mean value of 40.8°C. after 6½ hr. It is concluded that panting is the principal method of evaporative cooling in sheep. Sweating, though of lesser importance, is advantageous to the shorn animal, but its usefulness to sheep in wool is unknown.

The thickness of cattle skin

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 776 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Critical Characteristics ◽  
Thick Skin ◽  
Active Sweat Glands

The mean total skin thicknesses (mm) for the breeds sampled were: Devon 8.15, Hereford 6.7, Zebu cross 6.43, Australian Illawarra Shorthorn 6.23, Friesian 6.0, Zebu 5.77, Aberdeen Angus 5.75, Shorthorn 5.69, and Jersey 5.46. The early maturing Shorthorn (Bos taurus L.) and the Zebu (Bos indicus L.) differed significantly in the depth of the papillary and reticular layers, and in the relative thickness of these skin layers. The mean thickness for the papillary layer; was 0.98 mm in the Zebu, 1.40 mm in the Zebu cross, and 1.70 mm in the Shorthorn. Thus the larger, more active sweat glands of the Zebu are more superficial. The corresponding reticular layer averaged 4.45 mm in the Zebu, 4.5 mm in the Zebu cross, and 4.08 mm in the Shorthorn. The thickness of the papillary layer relative to the total skin thickness was 18.3, 23.7, and 29.3 per cent., for the Zebu, Zebu cross, and Shorthorn respectively. The Zebu and the Jersey have relatively thin skins. Therefore a thick skin is not essential for adaptability to a hot environment. Inherent differences in the function of the follicles and the glands of the papillary layer may be critical characteristics for heat tolerance.

scholarly journals Respon Fisiologis dan Kualitas Susu Sapi Perah Friesian Holstein pada Musim Kemarau Panjang di Dataran Tinggi

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Elmy Mariana ◽  
Didik Nurul Hadi ◽  
Nur Qoim Agustin
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRAK. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari respon fisiologi, produksi dan kualitas susu sapi perah Frisian Holstein pada akhir musim kemarau panjang di Balai Pengembangan Ternak Sapi Perah dan Hijauan Makanan Ternak (BPT-SP HMT) Cikole, Lembang, Bandung.  Penentuan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Parameter mikroklimat yang diamati antara lain adalah temperatur lingkungan, kelembaban relatif, kecepatan angin, radiasi sinar matahari dalam kandang dan Temperature-Humidity Index (THI). Respon fisiologis yang diamati meliputi suhu rektal, suhu kulit, suhu tubuh, frekuensi respirasi dan denyut jantung. Nilai rerata THI (73.93±5.51) menunjukkan sapi perah berada dalam kondisi  stress ringan. Nilai rerata dari suhu rektal, suhu kulit, suhu tubuh, frekuensi respirasi dan denyut jantung secara berurutan 37.94±0.20°C; 32.15±1.25°C; 37.13±0.32°C; 39.13 ±3.00 dan 79.74±6.19. Nilai rerata persentase bahan kering, lemak dan protein susu secara berurutan 10,19 ± 0,72, 2,14 ± 0,38 dan 2,50 ± 0,32. Temperatur lingkungan yang tinggi  mempengaruhi respon fisiologis antara lain peningkatan denyut jantung yang lebih tinggi dari normal dan kualitas susu yang lebih rendah.   (Physiological responses and milk qualities of holstein friesian during long dry season at high altitude)ABSTRACT. The objectives of this study were to evaluate physiological responses and milk qualities of dairy cows in Balai Pengembangan Ternak Sapi Perah dan Hijauan Makanan Ternak (BPT-SP HMT) Cikole West Bandung at the end of long dry season. Samples were determined by using purposive sampling method. Microclimate parameters  were included  ambient temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, solar radiation and temperature-humidity index (THI). Physiological responses consisted of rectal temperature, skin temperature, body temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate. The mean value of THI (73.93±5.51) showed that dairy cows suffered by heat stress. The mean value of rectal temperature, skin temperature, body temperature, respiration rate and pulse rate were 37.94±0.20°C; 32.15±1.25°C; 37.13±0.32°C; 39.13±3.00 and 79.74±6.19 consecutively. The average percentage value of dry matter, fat and protein content in milk were 10.19±0.72, 2.14±0.38 and 2.50±0.32. High ambient temperature and low relative humidity affected physiological responses such as pulse rate that higher than normal,  and  lower milk yield.

The effect of clipping the coat on various reactions of calves to heat

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bianca
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Better Than

Ten calves were exposed for 3 hr. to an atmosphere in which the dry-bulb temperature was 40° C. and the wet-bulb temperature 33° C, (a) with their normal coats, and (b) after their coats had been clipped.When clipped the calves tolerated the same hot environment better than they did before they were clipped, as evidenced by significant reductions in skin temperature, rectal temperature, respiratory rate and heart rate, as well as by a lessening of various manifestations of distress.This effect of clipping was thought to be due mainly to an improvement in skin, evaporative cooling.

Quantitative and morphological variation of sweat glands, skin thickness, and skin shrinkage over various body regions of Sahiwal Zebu and Jersey cattle

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 424 ◽  
Author(s):  
YS Pan
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Jersey Cattle ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Sampling Position ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Almost All

By comparison with Jerseys the sweat glands of Sahiwals were 70% longer, 55% wider, and 315% greater in mean volume. Total sweat gland volume per unit area of skin was 340%, greater and skin thickness was 60% greater, but skin shrinkage was 30%, less. The density of sweat glands was 1130/cm2 for Jerseys and 1200/cm2 for Sahiwals. In almost all animals the characters varied significantly between the various body positions, and in most cases showed trends. Values for the generally adopted midside sampling position were usually within 10% of the mean value for all positions. Sweat gland shape varied over the body. Most of the shapes observed in the two species were present in one position or another within each animal.

scholarly journals Correlation between pre and post-slaughter physiological parameters in lambs

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. e289119325
Author(s):  
Juliana Pereira Fonseca ◽  
Gilson de Mendonça ◽  
Ricardo Berteaux Robaldo ◽  
Pablo Tavares Costa ◽  
Michele Pepe Cerqueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Scientific Validity ◽  
Physiological Alterations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Year

The objective of this study was to obtain information with scientific validity regarding the probable physiological alterations that sheep may suffer in the period prior to slaughter and its relationship with welfare conditions and maintenance of homeostasis. Twenty-nine castrated male lambs were used, clinically healthy, with no defined breed, and aged up to one year. Before slaughter, the heart and respiratory frequencies were measured, as well as the rectal temperature. At the time of bleeding, a blood sample was collected for analysis of hematological parameters (lactic acid, glucose, hematocrit). The mean value found for the rectal temperature was 39.30 ± 0.45 °C, for respiratory rate of 64.10 ± 28.52mov/min, heart rate of 106.90 ± 30.57bat/min, lactic acid of 4.81 ± 1.04mmol/L, glucose of 69.79 ± 10.33mg/dL and hematocrit of 38.93 ± 3.28%. The database analysis showed a low and positive correlation between respiratory rate and rectal temperature. It was concluded that lambs kept at high temperatures showed an increase in respiratory and cardiac frequencies, as well as an intensification of the stress condition reflected by the increase in plasma lactic acid levels.

scholarly journals Innovations in Electrodermal Activity Data Collection and Signal Processing: A Systematic Review

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo F. Posada-Quintero ◽  
Ki H. Chon
Keyword(s):  
Signal Processing ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Sympathetic Innervation ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Tonic Component ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Processing Techniques

The electrodermal activity (EDA) signal is an electrical manifestation of the sympathetic innervation of the sweat glands. EDA has a history in psychophysiological (including emotional or cognitive stress) research since 1879, but it was not until recent years that researchers began using EDA for pathophysiological applications like the assessment of fatigue, pain, sleepiness, exercise recovery, diagnosis of epilepsy, neuropathies, depression, and so forth. The advent of new devices and applications for EDA has increased the development of novel signal processing techniques, creating a growing pool of measures derived mathematically from the EDA. For many years, simply computing the mean of EDA values over a period was used to assess arousal. Much later, researchers found that EDA contains information not only in the slow changes (tonic component) that the mean value represents, but also in the rapid or phasic changes of the signal. The techniques that have ensued have intended to provide a more sophisticated analysis of EDA, beyond the traditional tonic/phasic decomposition of the signal. With many researchers from the social sciences, engineering, medicine, and other areas recently working with EDA, it is timely to summarize and review the recent developments and provide an updated and synthesized framework for all researchers interested in incorporating EDA into their research.

Long-period modulated superstructures in Pd-12.5 at.%Ce and Pd-15 at.%Ce alloys

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 164-165
Author(s):  
Noriyuki Kuwano ◽  
Masaru Itakura ◽  
Kensuke Oki
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Ultra High Purity ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Atomic Scattering ◽  
The Mean

Pd-Ce alloys exhibit various anomalies in physical properties due to mixed valences of Ce, and the anomalies are thought to be strongly related with the crystal structures. Since Pd and Ce are both heavy elements, relative magnitudes of (fcc-fpd) are so small compared with <f> that superlattice reflections, even if any, sometimes cannot be detected in conventional x-ray powder patterns, where fee and fpd are atomic scattering factors of Ce and Pd, and <f> the mean value in the crystal. However, superlattices in Pd-Ce alloys can be analyzed by electron microscopy, thanks to the high detectability of electron diffraction. In this work, we investigated modulated superstructures in alloys with 12.5 and 15.0 at.%Ce.Ingots of Pd-Ce alloys were prepared in an arc furnace under atmosphere of ultra high purity argon. The disc specimens cut out from the ingots were heat-treated in vacuum and electrothinned to electron transparency by a jet method.

Partition Coefficient Ratios and Tumour Perfusion Studied with 85mKr and 133Xe

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (06) ◽  
pp. 253-257
Author(s):  
M. Mäntylä ◽  
J. Perkkiö ◽  
J. Heikkonen
Keyword(s):  
Partition Coefficient ◽  
Partition Coefficients ◽  
Regional Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
Compartmental Analysis ◽  
Malignant Tumour ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Perfusion Rate ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
The Mean

The relative partition coefficients of krypton and xenon, and the regional blood flow in 27 superficial malignant tumour nodules in 22 patients with diagnosed tumours were measured using the 85mKr- and 133Xe-clearance method. In order to minimize the effect of biological variables on the measurements the radionuclides were injected simultaneously into the tumour. The distribution of the radiotracers was assumed to be in equilibrium at the beginning of the experiment. The blood perfusion was calculated by fitting a two-exponential function to the measuring points. The mean value of the perfusion rate calculated from the xenon results was 13 ± 10 ml/(100 g-min) [range 3 to 38 ml/(100 g-min)] and from the krypton results 19 ± 11 ml/(100 g-min) [range 5 to 45 ml/(100 g-min)]. These values were obtained, if the partition coefficients are equal to one. The equations obtained by using compartmental analysis were used for the calculation of the relative partition coefficient of krypton and xenon. The partition coefficient of krypton was found to be slightly smaller than that of xenon, which may be due to its smaller molecular weight.

Detection of Soluble Fibrin Monomer Complexes in Blood by Means of Protamine Sulphate Test

1968 ◽  
Vol 20 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 044-049 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Lipiński ◽  
K Worowski
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Coronary Thrombosis ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Protamine Sulphate ◽  
Soluble Fibrin ◽  
Fibrin Monomer ◽  
Dog Plasma ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Precipitable Protein

SummaryIn the present paper described is a simple test for detecting soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC) in blood. The test consists in mixing 1% protamine sulphate with diluted oxalated plasma or serum and reading the optical density at 6190 Å. In experiments with dog plasma, enriched with soluble fibrin complexes, it was shown that OD read in PS test is proportional to the amount of fibrin recovered from the precipitate. It was found that SFMC level in plasma increases in rabbits infused intravenously with thrombin and decreases after injection of plasmin with streptokinase. In both cases PS precipitable protein in serum is elevated indicating enhanced fibrinolysis. In healthy human subjects the mean value of OD readings in plasma and sera were found to be 0.30 and 0.11, while in patients with coronary thrombosis they are 0.64 and 0.05 respectively. The origin of SFMC in circulation under physiological and pathological conditions is discussed.

Detection of Circulating Tissue Factor and Factor VII in a Normal Population

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (05) ◽  
pp. 772-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sybille Albrecht ◽  
Matthias Kotzsch ◽  
Gabriele Siegert ◽  
Thomas Luther ◽  
Heinz Großmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Factor ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
And Gender

SummaryThe plasma tissue factor (TF) concentration was correlated to factor VII concentration (FVIIag) and factor VII activity (FVIIc) in 498 healthy volunteers ranging in age from 17 to 64 years. Immunoassays using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were developed for the determination of TF and FVIIag in plasma. The mAbs and the test systems were characterized. The mean value of the TF concentration was 172 ± 135 pg/ml. TF showed no age- and gender-related differences. For the total population, FVIIc, determined by a clotting test, was 110 ± 15% and the factor VIlag was 0.77 ± 0.19 μg/ml. FVII activity was significantly increased with age, whereas the concentration demonstrated no correlation to age in this population. FVII concentration is highly correlated with the activity as measured by clotting assay using rabbit thromboplastin. The ratio between FVIIc and FVIIag was not age-dependent, but demonstrated a significant difference between men and women. Between TF and FVII we could not detect a correlation.

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