Sulphur and phosphorus in some Eastern Australian soils

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 483 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Williams ◽  
A Steinbergs
Keyword(s):  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sulphate Sulphur ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Soluble Sulphate

One hundred and fifty-five soils of differing soil types and collected from a wide range of parent materials, climatic conditions, and topography were examined for carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, and phosphorus. A close relationship between carbon, nitrogen, and non-sulphate sulphur was found, although alkaline soils contained a slightly higher relative proportion of non-sulphate sulphur than did acid soils. Water-soluble sulphate comprised only a small proportion of the total sulphur in the majority of the soils. Organic phosphorus, although correlated with carbon and nitrogen, showed much wider variation than did sulphur, and it seemed likely that part at least of the organic phosphorus was not closely associated with the carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur in the soil organic matter. The mean relative proportions of carbon, nitrogen, non-sulphate sulphur, and organic phosphorus were 150: 10: 1.26: 0.66.

Estimating nitrous oxide emissions from flood-irrigated alkaline grey clays

Soil Research ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian J. Rochester
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
15N Balance ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Negative Exponential Function ◽  
Wide Range

Concern has mounted over recent decades regarding the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere through human activities. Modern agriculture has contributed to this with elevated use of nitrogenous fertilizers and irrigation. Irrigated cotton grown on alkaline heavy clay soils often uses nitrogen fertiliser inefficiently, due largely to N loss (commonly 50–100 kg N/ha) through denitrification. However, the amount of denitrified N emitted as N2O has rarely been measured. This paper derives estimates of the quantities of N2O emitted from N fertiliser applied to alkaline grey clays.A negative exponential function between the N2O/N2 mole fraction and soil pH was derived from a search of laboratory and field studies published by numerous authors using a wide range of soil types. A greater proportion of N2O relative to N2 is emitted from acid soils; approximately equivalent amounts of each gas are emitted from soil of pH 6.0. For the alkaline grey clays (pH 8.3–8.5), the N2O/N2 mole fraction was about 0.024.The quantities of N2O emitted from alkaline grey clays during the growth of a cotton crop were estimated by applying this relationship to 15N balance studies where N fertiliser losses had been measured. Using this approach, about 2 kg N/ha (~1.1% of the N applied) was calculated to be lost as N2O during the cotton-growing season. This is similar to the value of 1.25% commonly used to estimate N2O emissions from N fertiliser, but this estimation should only be applied to alkaline soils; a larger percentage of the fertiliser N denitrified from acid soils should be emitted as N2O-N. These estimates of N2O emissions require validation with field experimentation.The low (negligible) values for N2O emission from flooded fields compared with laboratory observations are discussed. It is possible that high N2O emissions observed under laboratory conditions result from the shallow depth of soil, reducing the opportunity for N2O to be further reduced as it diffuses through the soil profile. Management strategies that have the potential to reduce N2O emissions are discussed.

Chemical and Biological Control of Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) in Wheat and Alfalfa in North America

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (S1) ◽  
pp. 18-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F. Peeper
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
New England ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Red Winter Wheat

As an agrestal weed, downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. # BROTE) is most troublesome in winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL. # TRIAE) and alfalfa (Medicago sativaL. # MEDSA) because of the ability of downy brome to reproduce prior to crop harvesting (70, 76). Geographically, downy brome is most common in the western half of the United States where annual rainfall totals 15 to 55 cm and autumn rainfall ranges from 5 to 12 cm (10, 11, 86, 98). In contrast, cheat (Bromus secalinusL. # BROSE) is more common in the eastern portion of the hard red winter wheat producing regions and in the more humid soft red winter wheat region. Behrendt and Hanf (12) state that cheat has been more common on acid sandy or loamy soils while downy brome commonly occurs on dry, mostly alkaline, sandy to loamy soils. Since soils are frequently alkaline in the relatively dry climate of the western regions (61), it is not clear exactly what role pH plays in affecting geographical distribution of the variousBromusspp. Recent serious problems with downy brome in the New England nursery industry (69) and orchards (57) indicate that downy brome could thrive under a relatively wide range of edaphic and climatic conditions. However, as a weed problem in wheat, the common prevalent conditions of low annual precipitation and alkaline soils should not go unnoticed in the development of chemical weed control practices.

scholarly journals Influence of straw mulch application on the properties of a soil affected by a forest wildfire

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alba Lombao ◽  
Montserrat Díaz Raviña ◽  
Ángela Martín ◽  
Ana Barreiro ◽  
María Teresa Fontúrbel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Total N ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
A Minor

Mulching treatment is often recommended <ins cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T16:22">in order </ins>to reduce post-fire erosion and sediment<del cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T15:45"></del> yields<ins cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T15:45">,</ins> but information concerning their effects on soil properties and hence on soil quality is scarce. In the present investigation<ins cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T16:22">,</ins> the influence of straw application on soil quality was evaluated <ins cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T16:22">on</ins><del cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T16:22"></del><del cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T15:46"> </del>hillslope shrubland <del cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T15:46"></del>in Saviñao (Lugo, NW Spain)<ins cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T15:47"> </ins><del cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T15:47"></del><del cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T15:46"></del><ins cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T15:46">th</ins><ins cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T16:02">a</ins><ins cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T15:46">t is </ins>susceptible to <del cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T15:46"></del>post-fire erosion (38% slope). In this area, <ins cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T16:04">which was </ins>affected by a medium-high severity wildfire in September 2012, different treatments with wheat straw <ins cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T16:03">were </ins>applied to the burnt soil in mulch strips (0.8 and 1 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>) <del cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T16:03"></del><del cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T15:50"></del><ins cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T15:50">using </ins>quadruplicate <ins cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T15:51">10 m x 40 m </ins><ins cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T15:49">plots </ins><del cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T15:51"></del><del cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T15:49"></del>and compared with the corresponding burnt untreated control. Soil samples were collected from the A horizon (0-2.5 cm depth) at different sampling times <del cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T17:15"></del><ins cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T17:15">for 12 months</ins> after the wildfire<del cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T16:03"></del><ins cite="mailto:Michele%20Francis" datetime="2015-01-23T15:48">,</ins> and a wide range of physicochemical, chemical and biochemical soil properties (water retention, pH, electric conductivity, total C, <sup>13</sup>C, extractable C, water soluble C, soluble carbohydrates, total N, <sup>15</sup>N, microbial biomass C, soil respiration, bacterial activity, b-glucosidase, urease and phosphatase activities) were analyzed. The results showed that the application of straw mulch had a minor influence on the post-fire soil quality but, in contrast, the sampling time showed a significant influence attributed to short- and medium term changes in soil properties induced by both fire and climatic conditions.

scholarly journals The vascular flora of a section of the transformed Piwonia River channel - the surrounding ditch on Lake Bikcze (Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland) - in relation to habitat conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Magdalena Pogorzelec ◽  
Artur Serafin
Keyword(s):  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
River Channel ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Trophic State Index ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Vegetation Characteristic

In the period 2007-2009, floristic, habitat and physico- chemical analysis was made of the hydraulically improved surrounding ditch of Lake Bikcze in the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland. Hemicryptophytes, with a large proportion of geophytes as well as hydrophytes and helophytes, were the main component of the flora of the studied section of the transformed Piwonia River channel. In terms of historical-geographical classification, spontaneophytes were predominant, and apophytes among them, whereas anthropophytes were poorly represented, which was confirmed by the correspondingly high values of the synanthropization and apophytization indices (> 50%) as well as the low value of the anthropophytization index (approx. 2%). In the aspect of the range of occurrence, Euro-Siberian and cosmopolitan species were predominant, which are classified in terms of the indicator values as hygrophilous plants, neutral to continentality, living in moderately cool or moderately warm climatic conditions, characterized by a wide range of tolerance to the trophic state index and to soil acidity. An analysis of the values of the basic physico-chemical factors of the stagnant water in the surrounding ditch showed variations in the value of pH, electrolytic conductivity and the value of the concentration of organic and ammonium nitrogen as well as of organic phosphorus and phosphates. In spite of the anthropogenic nature of the studied watercourse, the qualitative and quantitative proportions of the flora species indicated the natural state of the flora based on the native vegetation, characteristic of the study area.

Microsponges: An Overview

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Hussain ◽  
Divya Juyal ◽  
Archana Dhyani
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Topical Delivery ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Porous Beads

Microsponge and Nanosponge delivery System was originally developed for topical delivery of drugs can also be used for controlled oral delivery of drugs using water soluble and bioerodible polymers. Microsponge delivery system (MDS) can entrap wide range of drugs and then release them onto the skin over a time by difussion mechanism to the skin. It is a unique technology for the controlled release of topical agents and consists of nano or micro porous beads loaded with active agent and also use for oral delivery of drugs using bioerodible polymers.

The content of decenoic acids in drone brood preparations and combined preparations based on it

Biomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-393
Author(s):  
D.V. Mitrofanov ◽  
N.V. Budnikova
Keyword(s):  
Royal Jelly ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Biologically Active Substances ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Drone Brood ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Melanin Complex

The drone brood contains a large number of substances with antioxidant activity. These substances require stabilization and strict adherence to storage conditions. Among these substances are unique decenoic acids, the content of which is an indicator of the quality of drone brood and products based on it. The ability of drone brood to reduce the manifestations of oxidative stress is shown. There are dietary supplements for food and drugs based on drone brood, which are used for a wide range of diseases. Together with drone brood, chitosan-containing products, propolis, royal jelly can be used. They enrich the composition with their own biologically active substances and affect the preservation of the biologically active substances of the drone brood. Promising are the products containing, in addition to the drone brood, a chitin-chitosan-melanin complex from bees, propolis, royal jelly. The chitin-chitosan-melanin complex in the amount of 5% in the composition of the adsorbent practically does not affect the preservation of decenic acids, while in the amount of 2% and 10% it somewhat worsens. The acid-soluble and water-soluble chitosan of marine crustaceans significantly worsens the preservation of decenoic acids in the product. Drone brood with royal jelly demonstrates a rather high content of decenoic acids. When propolis is introduced into the composition of the product, the content of decenoic acids increases according to the content of propolis.

scholarly journals Environmental Drivers and Age Trends in Site Productivity for Oak in Southern Poland

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Luiza Tymińska-Czabańska ◽  
Jarosław Socha ◽  
Marek Maj ◽  
Dominika Cywicka ◽  
Xo Viet Hoang Duong
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Deposition ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Site Productivity ◽  
Site Factors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Si Model

Site productivity provides critical information for forest management practices and is a fundamental measure in forestry. It is determined using site index (SI) models, which are developed using two primary groups of methods, namely, phytocentric (plant-based) or geocentric (earth-based). Geocentric methods allow for direct site growth modelling, in which the SI is predicted using multiple environmental indicators. However, changes in non-static site factors—particularly nitrogen deposition and rising CO2 concentration—lead to an increase in site productivity, which may be visible as an age trend in the SI. In this study, we developed a geocentric SI model for oak. For the development of the SI model, we used data from 150 sample plots, representing a wide range of local topographic and site conditions. A generalized additive model was used to model site productivity. We found that the oak SI depended predominantly on physicochemical soil properties—mainly nitrogen, carbon, sand, and clay content. Additionally, the oak SI value was found to be slightly shaped by the topography, especially by altitude above sea level, and topographic position. We also detected a significant relationship between the SI and the age of oak stands, indicating the long-term increasing site productivity for oak, most likely caused by nitrogen deposition and changes in climatic conditions. The developed geocentric site productivity model for oak explained 77.2% of the SI variation.

scholarly journals Soil Nitrogen Dynamics in a Managed Temperate Grassland Under Changed Climatic Conditions

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 931
Author(s):  
Mona Giraud ◽  
Jannis Groh ◽  
Horst H. Gerke ◽  
Nicolas Brüggemann ◽  
Harry Vereecken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Dynamics ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Grassland Type ◽  
Wide Range

Grasslands are one of the most common biomes in the world with a wide range of ecosystem services. Nevertheless, quantitative data on the change in nitrogen dynamics in extensively managed temperate grasslands caused by a shift from energy- to water-limited climatic conditions have not yet been reported. In this study, we experimentally studied this shift by translocating undisturbed soil monoliths from an energy-limited site (Rollesbroich) to a water-limited site (Selhausen). The soil monoliths were contained in weighable lysimeters and monitored for their water and nitrogen balance in the period between 2012 and 2018. At the water-limited site (Selhausen), annual plant nitrogen uptake decreased due to water stress compared to the energy-limited site (Rollesbroich), while nitrogen uptake was higher at the beginning of the growing period. Possibly because of this lower plant uptake, the lysimeters at the water-limited site showed an increased inorganic nitrogen concentration in the soil solution, indicating a higher net mineralization rate. The N2O gas emissions and nitrogen leaching remained low at both sites. Our findings suggest that in the short term, fertilizer should consequently be applied early in the growing period to increase nitrogen uptake and decrease nitrogen losses. Moreover, a shift from energy-limited to water-limited conditions will have a limited effect on gaseous nitrogen emissions and nitrate concentrations in the groundwater in the grassland type of this study because higher nitrogen concentrations are (over-) compensated by lower leaching rates.

MINERALIZATION OF SOIL ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE EFFECT OF LIME

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Halstead ◽  
J. M. Lapensee ◽  
K. C. Ivarson
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Soil Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Repressive Effect ◽  
Partial Sterilization ◽  
Positive Effect

In a laboratory experiment, liming resulted in an average decline of 3.6 per cent in the total organic phosphorus content of incubated surface samples of seven acid soils from eastern Canada. Increases of 2.6 and 5.1 per cent in 1N H2SO4- and 4N HCl-soluble inorganic phosphorus, respectively, and a decrease of 46.4 per cent in NaHCO3-soluble organic phosphorus (pH 8.5) provided further evidence of mineralization of organic phosphorus following liming. There was some evidence, however, that the differences in NaHCO3-soluble organic phosphorus following liming were due only in part to mineralization, since Ca(OH)2 added to a soil just prior to extraction with NaHCO3 had a repressive effect on the solubility of the organic phosphorus compounds.Some mineralization of organic phosphorus occurred when unlimed samples were incubated in the laboratory for 9 months.Marked increases in microbiological activity, as indicated by increased numbers of microorganisms, and increased CO2 and NO3-nitrogen production, were associated with lower values for extractable organic phosphorus following liming. Partial sterilization of samples with toluene lowered biological activity in the unlimed and limed samples. Toluene was found, however, to have a positive effect on release of phosphorus from organic form.

Fire regime shift linked to increased forest density in a piñon–juniper savanna landscape

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellis Q. Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Regime Shift ◽  
Fire History ◽  
Fire Regime ◽  
Fire Regimes ◽  
Fire Frequency ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
High Severity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
In Fire

Piñon–juniper (PJ) fire regimes are generally characterised as infrequent high-severity. However, PJ ecosystems vary across a large geographic and bio-climatic range and little is known about one of the principal PJ functional types, PJ savannas. It is logical that (1) grass in PJ savannas could support frequent, low-severity fire and (2) exclusion of frequent fire could explain increased tree density in PJ savannas. To assess these hypotheses I used dendroecological methods to reconstruct fire history and forest structure in a PJ-dominated savanna. Evidence of high-severity fire was not observed. From 112 fire-scarred trees I reconstructed 87 fire years (1547–1899). Mean fire interval was 7.8 years for fires recorded at ≥2 sites. Tree establishment was negatively correlated with fire frequency (r=–0.74) and peak PJ establishment was synchronous with dry (unfavourable) conditions and a regime shift (decline) in fire frequency in the late 1800s. The collapse of the grass-fuelled, frequent, surface fire regime in this PJ savanna was likely the primary driver of current high tree density (mean=881treesha–1) that is >600% of the historical estimate. Variability in bio-climatic conditions likely drive variability in fire regimes across the wide range of PJ ecosystems.

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