A comparison of three low-persistence viruses of the strawberry

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 652
Author(s):  
LL Stubbs
Keyword(s):  
Cross Protection ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Fragaria Vesca ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

Three low-persistence viruses of mild, severe, and intermediate virulence, respectively, on strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) seedlings have been isolated from Australian strawberry varieties. Studies concerned with the relationship of these viruses have shown that both the intermediate and severe types will multiply in F. vesea plants previously infected with the mild type of virus. Moreover, infection with this latter virus does not delay symptom development when the plants are inoculated with either the intermediate or severe types, and symptoms are intensified in each case. The mild and severe viruses were separated from mixed infections by serially transferring aphids (Pentatrichopus fragaefolii (Cock.)) bred on the infected plants. Separation was achieved by chance, and not as a result of different levels of persistence in the vector which the experiments were designed to exploit. In most instances both viruses were transmitted. The identity of the viruses is discussed in relation to known cross-protection phenomena.

The Risk Tolerance Measure in the 2016 Survey of Consumer Finances: New, But Is It Improved?

2021 ◽  
pp. JFCP-19-00022
Author(s):  
Kyoung Tae Kim ◽  
Sherman D. Hanna ◽  
Dongyue Ying
Keyword(s):  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Stock Ownership ◽  
Survey Of Consumer Finances ◽  
Consumer Finances ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Complex Patterns ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

The Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) has included a 4-level risk tolerance measure since 1983. In 2016, the SCF also included an 11-level risk tolerance measure. We compare the two measures, and develop suggestions for using the new measure. While the new measure is seemingly simpler than the old measure, we demonstrate that it does not have a monotonic relationship with owning stock assets, with a pattern similar to the relationship of the old measure to stock ownership. We also identify complex patterns of factors related to different levels of the new measure, for instance education has a negative relationship at one level but positive at another level. Those using the new measure should consider the complex patterns we demonstrate.

scholarly journals Characteristics of emotional state and cognitive processes in patients with ischemic stroke in acute period

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (24) ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Kotsyubinskaya ◽  
A. V. Kazakov ◽  
N. Yu. Safonova
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Therapeutic Process ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Anterior Cortex ◽  
Acute Period ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

Currently, studies aimed at assessing the emotional state and cognitive processes associated with the processing of emotionally determined information in patients with ischemic stroke, as well as finding the relationship between them are particularly relevant, mainly for the subsequent optimization of the therapeutic process. In order to identify the features of the emotional state and cognitive processes, a group of patients with ischemic stroke in the acute period in the amount of 25 people was examined. It was established that in patients with a lesion in the anterior cortex, depressive states in the acute period of stroke are more pronounced. Patients successfully reproduce emotionally significant words in comparison with neutral words; an interrelation between the level of anxiety and depression was found, which indicates that these states are comorbid. But, in turn, the relationship of the severity of anxiety and depression with the cognitive processes of recognition and reproduction, as well as differences in mnestic and gnostic activity in patients with different levels of anxiety and depression were not identified. After the treatment with Semax an improvement was noted.

Target Acquisition in Cluttered Environments

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (18) ◽  
pp. 1425-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah P. Birkmire ◽  
Robert Karsh ◽  
B. Diane Barnette ◽  
Ramakrishna Pillalamarri
Keyword(s):  
Target Acquisition ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Cluttered Environments ◽  
Video Images ◽  
Detection Probabilities ◽  
Visual Clutter ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

The relationship of human target acquisition times and detection probabilities to electronically measured visual clutter was investigated. Ninety computer-generated scenes simulating infrared imagery and containing different levels of clutter and zero, one, two, or three targets were produced. Targets were embedded in these scenes counterbalancing for range and position. Global and local clutter were measured using both statistical variance and probability of edge metrics. Thirty-three aviators, tankers, and infantry soldiers were shown still-video images of the 90 scenes and were instructed to search for targets. Analyses indicate differences between the aviators and tankers in search times and types of errors. Results of multiple regression analyses of global clutter, local clutter, range, target dimension, target complexity, number of targets, and experience on search times are given and discussed in terms search strategies.

THE ROLE OF EXOGENOUS FACTORS IN THE FOREST BIOTA FORMATION

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Курбанова ◽  
Saniya Kurbanova ◽  
Глушко ◽  
Sergey Glushko ◽  
Прохоренко ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Strategy ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Biological Component ◽  
Different Levels

Forest sites are formed in the interaction of heterogeneous components of biogeosystem. The increase or decrease of biological component in forest biogeosystems defines the different types of strategy with opposite characteristics, representing the different lines of adaptation (to the biological medium and abiotic environment). The manifestation of adaptive strategy requires appropriate tools, which are evolving on the basis of accumulated property (information capacity) and prevailing forest sites. Forest sites can be seen as an external “order” on the evolution of adaptations. Silvicultural properties of forest biological systems work enough in the interaction of different forms of matter (biological, abiotic), mapping out a hierarchy of biogeosystems. The information potential of forest biota interconnects different levels of systemic organization of forest biogeosystems. Further development of biogeocenology and the theory and ecosystems will allow to investigate the relationship of forest biota with exogenous forest-forming factors.

scholarly journals Interaction of the Nucleation Phenomena at Adjacent Sites in Nucleate Boiling

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sultan ◽  
R. L. Judd
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Heating Surface ◽  
Nucleate Boiling ◽  
Copper Surface ◽  
Nucleation Sites ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

The present investigation is an original study in nucleate pool boiling heat transfer combining theory and experiment in which water boiling at atmospheric pressure on a single copper surface at two different levels of heat and different levels of subcooling was studied. Cross spectral analysis of the signals generated by the emission of bubbles at adjacent nucleation sites was used to determine the relationship of the time elapsed between the start of bubble growth at the two neighbouring active sites with the distance separating them. The experimental results obtained indicated that for the lower level of heat flux at three different levels of subcooling, the elapsed time and distance were directly related. Theoretical predictions of a temperature disturbance propagating through the heating surface in the radial direction gave good agreement with the experimental findings, suggesting that this is the mechanism responsible for the activation of the surrounding nucleation sites.

Group Performance Related to Size and Initial Ability of Group Members

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 551-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morton Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Ability Levels ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Paper And Pencil ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

This study examined the relationship of group performance as a function of group size, where members within each group are of similar initial ability levels, but members in different groups are of different levels. 5 wk. later on the basis of a paper-and-pencil test, Ss were formed into groups composed of all high Ss, all medium Ss, and all low Ss, with size varying from 2 to 5 persons. Ss working as a group retook the same test. Results showed that groups with different initial levels have their own unique patterns of improvement as the size of the group increases.

scholarly journals Evidence for the Widespread Occurrence of Bacteria Implicated in Acute Oak Decline from Incidental Genetic Sampling

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1683
Author(s):  
Louise A. P. Gathercole ◽  
Gabriele Nocchi ◽  
Nathan Brown ◽  
Timothy L. R. Coker ◽  
William J. Plumb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oak Decline ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Bacterial Genomes ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Widespread Occurrence ◽  
Genetic Sampling ◽  
Stem Lesions ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Oak Leaves

Acute Oak Decline (AOD) is complex syndrome affecting Britain’s keystone native oak species, (Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea L. (Matt.) Liebl.), in some cases causing mortality within five years of symptom development. The most distinguishable symptom is weeping stem lesions, from which four species of bacteria have been isolated: Brenneria goodwinii, Gibbsiella quercinecans, Lonsdalea britannica and Rahnella victoriana. We do not yet know where else these bacteria exist, and little is known about the relationship of the wider oak leaf microbiome (phyllosphere) to acute oak decline. Here we investigate whether incidental evidence from a large oak genome re-sequencing dataset could be used to detect these bacteria in oak foliage, and whether bacterial incidence co-varied with AOD status or location. Oak leaves and buds were sampled from 421 trees at five sites in England. Whole genomic DNA from these samples was shot-gun sequenced with short reads. Non-oak reads were extracted from these data and queried to microbial databases. Reads uniquely matching AOD-associated bacterial genomes were found to be present on trees from all five sites and included trees with active lesions, trees with historic lesions and trees without AOD symptoms. The abundance of the AOD-associated bacteria did not differ between tree health categories but did differ among sites. We conclude that the AOD-associated bacteria may be members of the normal oak microbiome, whose presence on a tree is not sufficient to cause AOD symptoms.

scholarly journals Acquiring International Knowledge and Experience: Internationalization of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shankar CHELLIAH ◽  
Mohamed Zain Sulaiman
Keyword(s):  
Firm Size ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Firm Internationalization ◽  
International Knowledge ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

Purpose – This paper intends to understand the importance of acquiring international knowledge and experience and its relationship in the internationalization of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the Malaysian context. Within this scope, this study sets out to further the discussion by comparing the global orientation of SMEs in Malaysia with their different levels of firm size. In a nutshell, the study further understands the moderating effect of firm size between the relationship of international knowledge and experience, and internationalization of SMEs.   Design/Methodology/Approach – The study is based on literature review in the areas of SMEs internationalization, international knowledge and experience, and the firm size. The data was collected using a survey instrument among 300 internationalized enterprises located in the northern region of Malaysia.   Findings – The results suggest that those firms that acquire international knowledge and experience have no significant relationship with firm internationalization. However, when firm size is used as a moderating factor, acquiring international knowledge and experience shows some importance for internationalization of firms. Interestingly, international knowledge and experience are important for relatively smaller firms. In other words, firm size is significant when relatively smaller SMEs acquire international knowledge and experience. It poses some implications for managers and policy makers.   Originality/Value – This study explores the use of the index of internationalization to measure the internationalization of SMEs in Malaysia.   Keywords: International knowledge and experience, index of internationalization, firm size.

Mental Illness Among Formosan Aborigines As Compared with the Chinese in Taiwan

1962 ◽  
Vol 108 (453) ◽  
pp. 134-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsien Rin ◽  
Tsung-Yi Lin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Chinese Population ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

Following the socio-psychiatric surveys on the Chinese population in three communities from 1946 to 1948 (Lin, 1953), similar studies were carried out in Taiwan (Formosa) from 1949 to 1953 on four aboriginal tribes. The purpose of these studies was to investigate the characteristic features of mental disorders among the aborigines and the relationship of the occurrence of mental illness to their differential levels of social development. The present paper reports the main results of the comparative psychiatric surveys on 11,442 aborigines distributed among tribal groups of different levels of acculturation.

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