Sweat glands in Zebu (Bos indicus L.) and European (B. taurus L.) cattle. I. Size of individual glands, the denseness of their population, and their depth below the skin surface

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 482 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Nay ◽  
RH Hayman
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Skin Biopsy ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Biopsy Specimens ◽  
European Cattle

Number of sweat glands per unit area of skin, their size, and their depth below the epidermis were compared in skin biopsy specimens obtained from the midside region of two Zebu and three European breeds of dairy cattle. Within Zebu breeds, comparisons were made between sweat glands from the midside and the dewlap. Zebus were found to have much larger and more numerous sweat glands than European animals. Within Zebus, sweat glands were slightly larger, and much more numerous, on the midside than on the dewlap. They are much closer to the skin surface in Zebu cattle than in European. In Zebus sweat glands are longer and of greater diameter than in European cattle. In appearance they are sac-like, with few convolutions, whereas sweat glands in European cattle are rarely sac-like, and quite convoluted.

Some skin characters in five breeds of European (Bos taurus) dairy cattle

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 294 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Nay ◽  
RH Hayman
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Layer Depth ◽  
Gland Volume

Observations were made of a number of skin characters in five breeds of European (Bos taurus L.) dairy cattle. Skin samples were taken from the cattle in January and July. There were differences between breeds in sweat gland volume and length! diameter ratio, in skin and papillary layer thickness, in the ratio skin thickness/papillary layer thickness, and in the degree of shrinkage in transverse sections cut from the papillary layer. There were no differences between breeds in density of follicle population (and hence sweat glands) per unit area of skin. Sweat gland volume, skin thickness, and papillary layer thickness were larger in winter than in summer, but there were no such differences for sweat gland length/ diameter ratio, the ratio skin thickness/papillary layer thickness, and follicle population density. The only significant overall correlations between characters were those between sweat gland volume and sweat gland length/diameter ratio, and sweat gland volume and papillary layer depth.

Sweat gland measurements in some tropical and temperate breeds of cattle in Nigeria

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Amakiri
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Gland Volume ◽  
White Fulani ◽  
Friesian Cattle

SUMMARYMuturu (Bos taunts) cattle had a higher density of sweat glands in the skin (2208/cm2) than N'Dama (Bos taurus) (1776/cm2) and White Fulani (Bos indicus) (1584/cm2) cattle. Mean gland volume was 10·46,4·95 and 3·06 × 106 μ3 and length/diameter ratio (shape) of the glands was 3·97, 3·85 and 3·15 in N'Dama, Muturu and White Fulani cattle respectively.Results of similar studies with German Friesian cattle in the same environment gave a gland count of 1968/cm2, a mean gland volume of 14·1 × 106 μm3 and a length/diameter ratio of 5·73.Sweat gland measurements were generally higher for Friesian cattle than for zebu cattle and cattle of indigenous Bos taurus breeds.Regional differences in the parameters were generally significant. The relevance of the results to the adaptability of the various breeds of cattle to the tropical environment are discussed.

scholarly journals The Sweat Glands and Hair Follicles of European Cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Mcewan Jenkinson ◽  
T Nay
Keyword(s):  
Hair Follicle ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
European Cattle

Measurements were made on the skins of 1363 cattle from different European breeds. The mean values of these measurements have been tabulated for each breed and the skin types present in each breed or group of breeds have been determined using sweat gland shape (LID) and hair follicle depth (FrY) as the principal bases of comparison.

Studies in fleece-rot of sheep.

1953 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 430 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Hayman
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Similar Condition ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Field Station ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Sufficient Intensity ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Occasions of unduly heavy and prolonged rainfall during the period April 1946 – July 1951 resulted in the occurrence of fleece-rot in sheep of the Field Station flock in each of the six years. Data obtained from periodic examinations of the flock have been related to the nature of climatic conditions associated with outbreaks of the disease. They show that when rain occurs in falls of sufficient intensity and frequency to wet sheep to the skin for a period of a week or more, fleece-rot may be expected to develop in some of them. The longer the period for which the sheep are kept wet, the greater the number in a flock which will be affected. Fleece-rot was experimentally induced in four out of five Merino sheep known to be susceptible to the condition, whereas five animals known to be resistant were unaffected by the same treatment. Microscopic examination of skin sections taken from naturally occurring cases revealed the presence of a dermatitis. A similar condition was observed in skin sections from the animals in which fleece-rot was experimentally induced. Young sheep were found to be more susceptible than old. There was no association between degree of wrinkling and susceptibility or between 'grip' and susceptibility. When subjectively-appraised attributes of the fleece were related to the occurrence of fleece-rot, confusing results were obtained. However, when measured fleece data, obtained from a group of Merino sheep which had been under observation for four consecutive years, were considered, it was found that those for clean-scoured yield, wax and suint ratio, and density of fibre population per unit area of skin surface, were related to resistance or susceptibility. Nevertheless, a number of animals were found which were susceptible or resistant to the disease despite the nature of their fleece attributes. Differences in susceptibility were found between families of Merino sheep. These are associated with between-family differences for the fleece attributes found to be important in fleece-rot reaction.

Hebb-Type Dynamics is Sufficient to Account for the Inverse Magnification Rule in Cortical Somatotopy

1990 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil A. Grajski ◽  
Michael M. Merzenich
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Receptive Field ◽  
Cortical Neuron ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Field Size ◽  
Synaptic Modification ◽  
Somatotopic Map ◽  
Cortical Magnification

The inverse magnification rule in cortical somatotopy is the experimentally derived inverse relationship between cortical magnification (area of somatotopic map representing a unit area of skin surface) and receptive field size (area of restricted skin surface driving a cortical neuron). We show by computer simulation of a simple, multilayer model that Hebb-type synaptic modification subject to competitive constraints is sufficient to account for the inverse magnification rule.

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