A study of heat tolerance of grade Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cows during early lactation.

1953 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 224 ◽  
Author(s):  
KW Robinson ◽  
GH Klemm
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Temperature Pulse ◽  
Evaporative Loss

Four grade Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cows, aged 3 years, were exposed for 7 hr. twice a week to each of several atmospheres having dry-bulb temperatures ranging from 86° to 108.5°F. and absolute humidities ranging from 8 to 16 g./cu. ft. The following reactions were studied: rectal temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, evaporative loss, skin temperature, and behaviour. Average 9 a.m. ante-room rectal temperature reading was 101.5 ± 1.29°F. Dry-bulb temperatures of 95°F. and above caused a noticeable rise in rectal temperature and rise in body temperature paralleled rise in humidity. Humidity had a greater effect on the animal than dry-bulb temperature. Pulse rate was essentially unaffected by rise in temperature. Environmental conditions markedly influenced respiratory rate. On exposure to heat, the rate increased considerably before any rise in rectal temperature was apparent. When dry-bulb temperature increased, there was a parallel rise of evaporative loss with rise in respiratory rate. Humidity had little effect on water loss. Comparisons of the reactions of Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cows were made with four Jersey cows of similar age and lactation, exposed to atmospheric conditions similar to those observed by Riek and Lee two years previously. The following points were brought out: (i) The heat tolerance is greater in Jerseys with all combinations of dry- and wet-bulb temperatures. (ii) There is no significant change in pulse rate with breed. (iii) Respiratory rates are similar in the two breeds until the highest temperatures are reached, when that of the Illawarra Shorthorn increases above that of the Jersey. (iv) A greater increase in water loss occurs in the Jersey. (v) There is a larger body temperature-skin temperature gradient in the IIIawarra Shorthorn.

The heat tolerance of two breeds of calves from 1 to 12 months of age.

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 350 ◽  
Author(s):  
GH Klemm ◽  
KW Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Similar Reaction ◽  
Temperature Pulse ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Evaporative Loss

Two grade Australian Illawarra Shorthorn bull calves and two Zebu- Hereford cross bull calves were exposed for 7 hr twice a week to each of several atmospheres having dry-bulb temperatures ranging from 86°F (30°C) to 108.5°F (42.5°C) and absolute humidities ranging from 6.5 to 16.6 gr moisture/cu.ft. dry air (vapour pressure 15-40 mm Hg). Such exposures were carried out a t different ages: 1-3 months, 6-8 months, and 12-13 months. The following reactions were studied: rectal temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, evaporative loss, skin temperature (Zebu-Hereford only), and behaviour. For air temperatures above 95°F the rise in rectal temperature was greater and equilibrium was reached more slowly in Illawarra Shorthorns than in the Zebu-Hereford. Increase in humidity at temperatures over 80°F produced more stress in the animals than increase of dry-bulb temperature. Pulse rates changed little during heat exposure, but there was a fall in rate with age under all circumstances. As the calves increased in age the panting rate decreased for a given hot environment (markedly so for the Zebu-Hereford crossbred). Evaporative loss increased as dry-bulb temperature was raised. The Zebu-Hereford showed a high transcutaneous water loss soon after birth with a continued increase up to 12 months. Skin evaporation was relatively small in the Illawarra Shorthorn at 1-2 months but increased a t 6-8 months, although it did not attain the high rate of the crossbred. In the Zebu-Hereford cross, sweat glands became active a t a skin temperature of approximately 96°F. With the onset of sweating a fall in skin temperature was observed. A comparison of the reactions of the Illawarra Shorthorn and the Zebu-Hereford crossbred with four Jersey calves aged 1-3 months, exposed to similar conditions by Riek and Lee, shows that the Zebu-Hereford has a better heat tolerance than either of the other breeds. Evidence is presented to indicate that this superiority of the Zebu crossbred is associated with at least two factors, ( a ) a better sweating mechanism and (b) decreased heat production. The Jersey and Illawarra Shorthorn calves have similar reaction values a t this age.

Studies on the adaptability of three breeds of sheep to a tropical environment modified by altitude IV. Role of the fleece in thermoregulation in German Merino ewes

1960 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-315
Author(s):  
R. B. Symington
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Diurnal Fluctuation ◽  
Body Temperature Regulation ◽  
Southern Rhodesia

The influence of fleece on thermoregulation in German Merino ewes was investigated in Rhodesia. Comparative heat tolerances of Persian Blackhead, indigenous Native and shorn and unshorn Merino ewes were obtained during the hottest month of the year in Northern Rhodesia. The main thermolytic responses in unshorn, partially shorn and completely shorn Merino ewes were measured at 7.0 a.m.; 10.0 a.m.; 1.0 p.m. and 4.0 p.m. during April in Southern Rhodesia.1. Unshorn Merino ewes showed more and shorn Merino ewes less effective body temperature regulation than Persian or Native ewes. High heat tolerance in unshorn Merinos was due primarily to insulation by the fleece and not to more efficient physiological thermolysis than in hair breeds. No ewe showed signs of undue thermal stress and feed intake was not affected by heat.2. Increases in rectal temperature and respiratory rate between 7.0 a.m. and 1.0 p.m. of Merinos in Southern Rhodesia were related inversely to fleece length. Body temperature did not differ significantly at 1.0 p.m. owing to differential rates of increase in respiratory rate.3. Magnitude of the diurnal fluctuation in skin temperature was also related inversely to fleece length. Partially shorn ewes, however, began with and maintained highest skin temperature through the heat of the day. In all groups skin temperature fell after 10.0 a.m. although ambient temperature continued to rise. This fall could not be attributed to sweating since moisture secretion declined simultaneously.

Acclimatization of calves to a hot humid environment

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bianca
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Humid Environment ◽  
Physiological Reactions

1. Three calves were exposed in a climatic room to an environment of 40° C. dry-bulb and 38° C. wet-bulb temperature for up to 110 min. each day for 1-2 weeks.2. These exposures produced progressive changes in the physiological reactions of the animals to heat:(a) Rectal temperature and skin temperature (for a given time of exposure) declined. In consequence there was a marked increase in the tolerance time, i.e. in the time for which the animals could withstand the hot environment before reaching a rectal temperature of 42° C.(b) Respiratory rate rose earlier and assumed higher levels (for given levels of body temperature).(c) Heart rate decreased markedly.3. These changes are discussed in relation to heat loss and heat production and have been interpreted as reflecting chiefly a reduction in the metabolic heat production of the animals.

Body temperature, respiration and pulse rate in Corriedale, Marwari and Magra sheep in the Rajasthan desert

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Mittal ◽  
P. K. Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Western India ◽  
Cross Breeding ◽  
Desert Areas ◽  
Free Grazing ◽  
North Western ◽  
Local Stock

SUMMARYDuring summer the morning (08.00 h) to afternoon (15.00 h) increases in rectal temperature, respiratory rate and pulse rate of free grazing Marwari and Magra sheep (rams) of the desert areas of north-western India were compared with those of Corriedale rams, which are being imported into India to improve the productivity of local stock through cross-breeding. Basal (morning) values for all three measurements were similar in the three breeds. While the afternoon values in respect of all three characters were significantly higher than the morning values in all the breeds, the increases were greatest in the Corriedales.

360. Reactions to hot atmospheres of Jersey cows in milk

1948 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Riek ◽  
Douglas H. K. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Blood Calcium ◽  
Erythro Cyte ◽  
Evaporative Loss ◽  
Jersey Cows

Four grade Jersey cows were exposed for 7 hr. twice a week to each of several atmospheres having dry-bulb temperatures ranging from 85 to 110° F. and absolute humidities ranging from 6 to 16 gr./cu.ft. The following reactions were studied: rectal temperature; pulse rate; respiratory rate; respiratory volume; evaporative loss; calcium, phosphate and erythro-cyte composition of the blood; milk volume and butterfat content; behaviour.Rectal temperature rose to higher values with less ready establishment of equilibrium the hotter the condition, but exceeded 107° F. only in the hottest atmosphere. (Dry-bulb temperature 110° F., absolute humidity 16 gr./cu.ft.)Respiratory rate was similarly and markedly affected. In both cases, humidity had a marked effect as well as temperature, an increment of 0–4 gr./cu.ft. (approx. 4%) in humidity having the same effect as 1° F. rise in air temperature. The highest average respiratory rate was 200/min. Respiratory minute volume rose less than the rate, so that tidal volume was reduced.Pulse rate was essentially unaffected by a rise in temperature but tended to rise somewhat with humidity.Evaporative loss was markedly increased by temperature, much less so by humidity. Increased pulmonary ventilation was inadequate to account for the observed losses, which are attributed to sweat-gland activity.Behavioural changes included some licking, panting, salivation, mild agitation, cessation of rumination and refusal of water. Weakness and staggers did not occur under these conditions.Neither milk nor butterfat production was essentially affected by the exposures. Blood calcium and phosphate levels fell, but the erythrocyte count was unchanged.These findings provide basic data with which subsequent observations under varying conditions can be compared.

361. Reactions of Jersey calves to hot atmospheres

1948 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Riek ◽  
Douglas H. K. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Blood Calcium ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Unit Body Weight ◽  
Evaporative Loss ◽  
The Difference

Four grade Jersey calves were exposed for 7 hr. twice a week to each of several atmospheres having dry-bulb temperatures ranging from 85 to 110° F. and absolute humidities ranging from 6 to 16 gr./cu.ft. The following reactions were studied: rectal temperature; pulse rate; respiratory rate; respiratory volume; evaporative loss; calcium, phosphate, sugar and erythrocyte composition of the blood; behaviour.Rectal temperatures rose rapidly to a higher level than was shown by cows under similar conditions, but maintained a steady equilibrium thereafter, except under the most severe conditions.Respiratory rate responses resembled those of rectal temperature, the difference from those of cows being even more striking.Humidity had relatively less effect upon the rectal temperature and respiratory rate responses of calves than of cows.Pulse rate and tidal respiratory volumes were relatively unaffected, but minute respiratory volumes rose.Evaporative loss per unit body weight resembled that of cows, except that humidity again had less effect. Pulmonary ventilation was inadequate to account for the observed losses.Behavioural changes resembled those of the cows but weakness of the hind limbs was observed at rectal temperatures above 106° F. Blood calcium, phosphate, sugar and erythrocyte levels were not essentially affected.Possible explanations for the lower thermal tolerance of calves, as compared with cows, are considered.

scholarly journals Breed and seasonal variation in thermoregulatory paramters of some selected Nigerian indigenous cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 18-31
Author(s):  
H. Y. Abbaya ◽  
I. I. Adedibu ◽  
M. Kabir ◽  
A. O. Iyiola-Tunji
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Indigenous Cattle ◽  
Fréquence Cardiaque ◽  
Stress Thermique ◽  
Breed Differences

The study was conducted to evaluate breed differences in thermoregulatory parameters of four Nigerian indigenous breeds of cattle over two seasons (late rainy and late dry). Data on thermoregulatory parameters (rectal temperature, respiratory rate, pulse rate and Heat Tolerance Coefficient) of eighty (80) cattle, comprising 20 each of Bunaji, Rahaji, Bokoloji and Adamawa Gudali were obtained and subjected to analysis of variance of SAS software. In the pooled breed variation, breed influenced (p<0.05) all the parameters measured. Bunaji recorded the highest rectal temperature (37.92oC) in all the seasons of measurement. Respiratory rate and Heat tolerance coefficient were highest in Bokoloji while the least were in Bunaji and Adamawa Gudali. Season significantly (p<0.05) affected thermoregulatory parameters measured except (p>0.05) rectal temperature. The highest recorded values of respiratory rate (27.85 beat/min), Pulse rate (27.62breaths/min) and HTC (2.19) were in the late dry season. The effect of interaction between breed and season on thermoregulatory parameters significantly affected (p<0.05) all the thermoregulatory parameters measured. It was concluded that Bokoloji and Bunaji breeds of indigenous cattle are more reactive to Heat stress than Rahaji and Adamawa Gudali even though this could vary with seasons of the year as seen in the interaction between breed and season in this study.   L'étude a été menée pour évaluer les différences entre les races dans les paramètres thermorégulateurs de quatre races indigènes de bétail nigérianes sur deux saisons (pluvieuse tardive et sèche tardive). Des données sur les paramètres thermorégulateurs (température rectale, fréquence respiratoire, fréquence du pouls et coefficient de tolérance à la chaleur) de quatre-vingts (80) bovins, comprenant 20 de chacun de Bunaji, Rahaji, Bokoloji et Adamawa Gudali ont été obtenues et soumises à l'analyse de variance du logiciel 'SAS'. Dans la variation de race combinée, la race a influencé (p <0,05) tous les paramètres mesurés. Bunaji a enregistré la température rectale la plus élevée (37,920 ° C) de toutes les saisons de mesure. La fréquence respiratoire et le coefficient de tolérance à la chaleur étaient les plus élevés à Bokoloji tandis que les plus faibles étaient à Bunaji et à Adamawa Gudali. La saison a affecté significativement (p <0,05) les paramètres thermorégulateurs mesurés sauf (p> 0,05) la température rectale. Les valeurs les plus élevées enregistrées de la fréquence respiratoire étaient (27,85 battements / min), la fréquence cardiaque (27,62 respirations / min) et le 'HTC' (2,19) étaient à la fin de la saison sèche.L'effet de l'interaction entre la race et la saison sur les paramètres thermorégulateurs était significativement affecté (p <0,05) tous les paramètres thermorégulateurs mesurés. Il a été conclu que les races Bokoloji et Bunaji de bovins indigènes sont plus réactives au stress thermique que Rahaji et Adamawa Gudali, même si cela peut varier avec les saisons de l'année, comme le montre l'interaction entre la race et la saison dans cette étude.

A note on studies on heat tolerance in Awassi sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Juma ◽  
F. H. Gharib ◽  
J. Eliya
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Awassi Sheep

SUMMARYBody temperature and respiratory rate were investigated during the hottest months of the year in five docked and five undocked fattailed Awassi rams, together with the effect of month and docking on these physiological variables.Month had significant effects on both variables in the two groups. Diurnal variation in rectal temperature was significant in both groups.Docked rams maintained significantly lower rectal temperatures and respiratory rates than their controls.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF THE THERMAL STATE OF ATHLETES IN NATURAL HOT CLIMATE

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 896-899
Author(s):  
S. M. Rasinkin ◽  
Viktoriya V. Petrova ◽  
M. M. Bogomolova ◽  
E. P. Gorbaneva ◽  
A. G. Kamchatnikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Climate Indices ◽  
Hot Climate ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Average Skin ◽  
Average Body

The article presents results of a study of the thermal stability in athletes during specific activities in hot climate. This happened on a training camp at the sports center, located in the district Sredneakhtubinsky of the Volgograd region with the registration of climate indices. The study was conducted in July at an effective temperature +44,6° - +45,4°C. The study involved 6 athletes, representatives of athletics, sports category on the following candidate for master of sports. During the endurance, training (cross) in athletes showed a significant increase in the rectal temperature (RT), average skin temperature (AST), average body temperature (ABT) against the background of the gain in the heart rate. During the training as "repeated cuts", the increase in indices of the thermal state in athletes also persisted, but their values were significantly lower than on the cross. The comparison of the dynamics of indices of the thermal state with the level of sports skills of each athlete showed the following features: the smallest gain in the rectal temperature, average skin temperature and average body temperature observed in cross-country race was observed in sportsman, whose level of training coach the evaluated as a minimal in the group. The highest gain in indices of the thermal state at the cross happened in the athlete with an average fitness level. Optimal gain in such indices as RT, AST and ABT was observed in the most prepared athlete. There was revealed a high level of adaptationness of athletes to the exposure to high temperatures. This is confirmed by the data of the evaluation of dynamics of subjective evaluation of warmth sense modality in athletes during the study period.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document