Phosphorus toxicity in Subterranean clover and oats grown on Muchea sand, and the modifying effects of lime and nitrate-nitrogen

1952 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 227 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Sodium Calcium ◽  
Phosphorus Toxicity ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

Phosphorus supplied as mono-sodium phosphate depressed the growth of subterranean clover and oats grown on Muchea sand in pot culture. In both plants the detrimental effects appeared at phosphorus levels equivalent to about 2-4 cwt. per acre superphosphate, provided both nitrogen and lime were in very short supply. Adequate nitrogen, as sodium nitrate, invariably overcame the toxic effects of phosphorus within the range of levels examined. With the clover, nodulation was usually poor, but some evidence is presented in which "heavy" inoculation with Rhizobium markedly increased nodulation and alleviated the toxic effects. Nodule numbers in the clover were increased by addition of lime and in most instances the beneficial effects resulted from enhanced nitrogen supply. Lime was advantageous to the growth of oats, also, wherever applied nitrogen was low. Possible explanations of this are suggested. Phosphorus toxicity symptoms are described for both plants and the relation to percentage total phosphorus in the leaves is discussed. Figures in excess of 1.4 per cent. and 3 per cent. total phosphorus were found in affected leaves of subterranean clover and oats respectively. Identical symptoms were observed in clover with the mono- and dibasic phosphates of sodium, calcium, and potassium.

Phosphorus status of subterranean clover: a rapid and simple leaf test

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (119) ◽  
pp. 428 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Bouma ◽  
EJ Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Molybdenum Blue ◽  
Phosphorus Status ◽  
Extractable Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

A simple and rapid method is presented for the assessment of the phosphorus status of subterranean clover. The method rests on extracting fresh leaf tissue (400 mg) with five drops 10 N H2SO4 and measuring phosphorus in the filtered extract by a molybdenum blue colour method, visually or calorimetrically. No special skills or equipment are required and the method is therefore potentially suitable for use by advisers and farmers. Two standard blue colours would be sufficient for a visual separation between non-deficient, moderately deficient or severely deficient plants. The method was tested in early spring with leaf samples obtained from two field experiments (five phosphorus levels), a sand culture experiment, and a pot experiment with phosphorus deficient soil (five phosphorus levels in each). Close relations were obtained between relative yields (yields as a percentage of the maximum in each experiment) and extractable phosphorus (R2 = 0.93). The curve fitted to the relation had a clearly defined inflexion point, indicating a critical value of 150 ppm extractable phosphorus at 90% of the fitted asymptote for relative yield. The relation for total phosphorus and yields was not as close (R2=0.77) and the critical value not clearly defined. Extractable phosphorus was closely related to total phosphorus below the critical value for extractable phosphorus, but not above this value. Likely physiological are discussed.

Spatial and Temporal Water Quality Trends in Severn Sound, Georgian Bay, since the Introduction of Phosphorus Control Guidelines: Nutrients and Phytoplankton, 1973 to 1991

1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.F. Gemza
Keyword(s):  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Soluble Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Euphotic Zone ◽  
Water Clarity ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plants ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

Abstract Severn Sound continues to exhibit signs of eutrophication despite initial identification of the problem in 1969 and the construction of several sewage treatment plants since then. In general, improvements in trophic state indicators have been marginal, suggesting that the sewage treatment plants have had limited success in controlling phosphorus concentrations. These discharges likely contributed to the increased total phosphorus levels and consequently the higher phytoplankton densities of the nearshore waters. Phytoplankton biovolumes were on average one order of magnitude higher than in the open waters of Lake Huron with mean summer biovolumes as high as 8.0 mm/L. Algal biovolumes were most dense in Penetang Bay, which experienced limited exchange with the main waters of the sound. No significant long-term trends were observed. Water clarity was declining significantly, however, at a rate of -0.60 to -0.78 m/year throughout the sound except in Sturgeon Bay. Total phosphorus levels were highly variable from year to year; however, concentrations from a 20-year perspective were declining in the open waters at a rate of 0.70 µg/L/year, but response was limited in nearshore areas. In Sturgeon Bay, mean annual euphotic zone total phosphorus as well as soluble reactive phosphorus levels declined by as much as 50% following the construction of a sewage treatment plant with tertiary treatment. Phytoplankton genera typical of eutrophic waters continued to dominate the algal assemblage but members indicative of mesotrophic conditions have become apparent in some areas of the sound.

Mechanism Analysis and Experimental Research on the Interception of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Pollutants by Gullies in Northern China

2011 ◽  
Vol 250-253 ◽  
pp. 3392-3396
Author(s):  
Yu Jia Song ◽  
Hui Qing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Mechanism Analysis ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Urban Sewage ◽  
Control Section ◽  
Nitrogen Pollutants

The discharge of urban sewage and agricultural non-point source pollutants is the main reason causing eutrophication in gullies in most cities of northern China. Based on a careful analysis on the ecological structure and ecological characteristics of a gully, this article preliminarily studies the interception and degradation mechanisms of nitrogen pollutants by the gully. Meanwhile, to take gullies in Changchun as the object of the study, this article carries out an experiment on the interception effect of nitrogen pollutants by gullies. This experiment respectively establishes a control section in the upper and lower reaches of a gully, and takes water samples four times in each section from May to August to determine total nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen and salinity. The result shows: the gully plays some role in the interception of pollutants; total phosphorus accounts for the largest interception in pollutants in the experimented gully section, with the relative interception rate of 27.46%, followed by ammonia nitrogen, with the interception rate of 21.80%, which is the result of the combined effects of aquatic plants, microorganisms and sediment in the gully.

Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.) VII. Effects of nitrogen supply

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biochanin A ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Carbon Substrates ◽  
Low Nitrogen ◽  
Practical Implications

In experiments with young plants of the Dwalganup strain of subterranean clover, nitrogen deficiency was associated with increased concentrations of isoflavones in the expanded leaves and cotyledons. In the first trifoliate leaves the concentration of total isoflavones (formononetin+genistein+ biochanin A) was approximately doubled at low nitrogen supply. Biochanin A was much less affected than the other two isoflavones. The increase in isoflavone contents of nitrogen-deficient leaves was associated with decreased protein synthesis, but not always with increased sugar contents. The supply of carbon substrates for isoflavone synthesis may depend on starch as well as sugar contents. Practical implications of the results are considered briefly.

scholarly journals High-throughput sequencing analysis of the rhizosphere arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) community composition associated with Ferula sinkiangensis

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunfeng Luo ◽  
Zhongke Wang ◽  
Yaling He ◽  
Guifang Li ◽  
Xinhua Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Slope Position ◽  
Soil Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Ferula Sinkiangensis ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Ferula sinkiangensis is an increasingly endangered medicinal plant. Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) are symbiotic microorganisms that live in the soil wherein they enhance nutrient uptake, stress resistance, and pathogen defense in host plants. While such AMF have the potential to contribute to the cultivation of Ferula sinkiangensis, the composition of AMF communities associated with Ferula sinkiangensis and the relationship between these fungi and other pertinent abiotic factors still remains to be clarified. Results Herein, we collected rhizosphere and surrounding soil samples at a range of depths (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm) and a range of slope positions (bottom, middle, top). These samples were then subjected to analyses of soil physicochemical properties and high-throughput sequencing (Illumina MiSeq). We determined that Glomus and Diversispora species were highly enriched in all samples. We further found that AMF diversity and richness varied significantly as a function of slope position, with this variation primarily being tied to differences in relative Glomus and Diversispora abundance. In contrast, no significant relationship was observed between soil depth and overall AMF composition, although some AMF species were found to be sensitive to soil depth. Many factors significantly affected AMF community composition, including organic matter content, total nitrogen, total potassium, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available potassium, total dissolvable salt levels, pH, soil water content, and slope position. We further determined that Shannon diversity index values in these communities were positively correlated with total phosphorus, nitrate-nitrogen levels, and pH values (P < 0.05), whereas total phosphorus, total dissolvable salt levels, and pH were positively correlated with Chao1 values (P < 0.05). Conclusion In summary, our data revealed that Glomus and Diversispora are key AMF genera found within Ferula sinkiangensis rhizosphere soil. These fungi are closely associated with specific environmental and soil physicochemical properties, and these soil sample properties also differed significantly as a function of slope position (P < 0.05). Together, our results provide new insights regarding the relationship between AMF species and Ferula sinkiangensis, offering a theoretical basis for further studies of their development.

Runoff characteristics of nutrients in the forest streams in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Umemoto ◽  
Y. Komai ◽  
T. Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Stream Flows ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hyogo Prefecture ◽  
Forest Streams ◽  
Precipitation Events

Nutrients and other pollutant runoffs from streams in artificial forest areas in central Hyogo Prefecture in southwest Japan have been investigated to estimate pollutant loads since 1995. The orthophosphate and ammonium nitrogen contents were usually low and constant during the investigation. When the flowrates of the streams were normal, the concentrations of suspended solids, CODMn, TOC and total phosphorus were very low, and did not change much. However, when stream flows were increased by rainstorms or other precipitation, higher concentrations of these parameters occurred. Otherwise, the average concentrations of nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen were 0.26 mg/l and 0.31 mg/l, respectively, and they were often increased by precipitation events. They changed at the same time because the ratio of nitrate nitrogen per total nitrogen was high, about 80%. The fluctuation of concentrations of total phosphorus was similar to SS concentrations, which suggested that phosphorus was discharged in the types of suspended solids from forest areas. The specific loads of the nutrients and some other pollutants did not differ among the three watersheds investigated. However, the difference among them between fine days and rainy days was fairly large. It was presumed that pollutant runoff from forest areas is strongly dependent on precipitation events.

A study of the phosphorus responses of a wide range of accessions from the genus Stylosanthes

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 847 ◽  
Author(s):  
RK Jones
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Numerical Classification ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Severe Deficiency ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Phosphorus Toxicity ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

The effects of a wide range of phosphorus levels on the growth and uptake of phosphorus by 30 accessions of the legume genus Stylosanthes, representing seven species, were compared in a glasshouse experiment. The basic data from the experiment were subjected to a numerical classification, and accessions with similar patterns of response were grouped to simplify description and interpretation of the results. Differences in growth and phosphorus uptake under conditions of severe deficiency were fairly small, but there were appreciable differences between groups in the dry matter produced per unit phosphorus absorbed. With progressive improvement in the supply of phosphorus, large differences developed between the groups in growth and phosphorus uptake. One group, in which nodulation was partially or completely ineffective, responded poorly in growth and phosphorus uptake to additions of phosphorus. Other groups, however, were effectively nodulated, and appeared to differ considerably in their inherent growth rates and hence in their uptake of phosphorus during the 55 days of the experiment. At moderately high levels of applied phosphorus (equivalent to between 96 and 192 kg P/ha) accessions in several groups developed foliar symptoms resembling 'phosphorus toxicity', had depressed yields of dry matter, and accumulated phosphorus in their tops to high concentrations.

Studies on competition for sulfur between subterranean clover and annual ryegrass. III. Effects of plant density and nitrogen supply

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Gilbert ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Competitive Situation ◽  
Lateral Branches

The effects of plant density and supplies of nitrogen and sulfur on competition for sulfur between subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Trikkala) and ryegrass (Lolium rigidum cv. Wimmera) were studied in a glasshouse experiment over a period of 40 days. Irrespective of the density or proportion of each species in the mixture, changes in the supply of nitrogen and sulfur did not cause interspecific competition for sulfur. For subterranean clover, sulfur application increased the number of lateral branches, petiole length and shoot yield. Sulfur application had similar effects on ryegrass, but only at the high level of nitrogen supply. Nitrogen application increased leaf length and tiller number of ryegrass, and increased yield and sulfur content of shoots of both species. In swards where both species were in equal proportions, increasing the overall density from 10 to 30 plants/pot (i.e. from 497 to 1490 plants/m2) did not affect botanical composition or result in interspecific competition, but increased the degree of intraspecific competition. As density increased, the number of branches (tillers), the yield and the sulfur content per plant of each species decreased. Increasing plant density increased the average length of subterranean clover petioles, but had no effect on the average length of ryegrass leaves. When the ryegrass density in mixed swards was low, increasing the density of subterranean clover plants resulted in interspecific competition to the detriment of ryegrass. This competitive situation was considered to be due to competition for light, as it was not alleviated by the addition of sulfur and nitrogen.

Effects of lime on the botanical composition of pasture over nine years in a field experiment on the south-western slopes of New South Wales

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Li ◽  
K. R. Helyar ◽  
C. M. Evans ◽  
M. C. Wilson ◽  
L. J. C. Castleman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Plant Succession ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Eastern Australia

Two permanent pastures (annual pasture v. perennial pasture) were established in 1992 as part of the long-term field experiment, MASTER — Managing Acid Soils Through Efficient Rotations. The primary objective of the experiment was to develop an agricultural system that is economically viable and environmentally sustainable on the highly acidic soils in south-eastern Australia. This paper reports on the effects of lime on the botanical composition changes of annual and perennial pastures over 9 years. In general, lime increased the proportion of the desirable species, such as phalaris (Phalaris aquatica) in perennial pasture and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) in annual pastures, and decreased the proportion of the undesirable species, such as Vulpia spp., in both annual and perennial pastures, ultimately improving the quality of feed-on-offer to animals. As a result, the limed pastures carried 24% more sheep than the unlimed pastures, while maintaining individual animal performance similar for both limed and unlimed pastures. The phalaris-based perennial pasture was more stable in terms of maintaining the sown species than the annual pasture. Lime improved the persistence of phalaris and the longevity of the phalaris-based pasture should be at least 10 years. Lime changed the direction of plant succession of annual pastures. Without lime, Vulpia spp. gradually became more dominant while ryegrass and subterranean clover became less dominant in annual pastures. With lime, barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) gradually invaded the sward at the expense of ryegrass, thus reducing the benefits of lime, but this effect was less for the perennial pastures than for annual pastures. Liming perennial pastures should be more beneficial than liming annual pastures because of the beneficial effects on pasture composition. In addition, previously published work reported that liming perennial pastures improved sustainability through better use of water and nitrogen.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document