The control of molybdenum deficiency in subterranean clover by pre-soaking the seed in sodium molybdate solution

1951 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
CM Donald ◽  
D Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Sodium Molybdate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Direct Application ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Test Plant ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Pot Culture

Pre-soaking seed in a sodium molybdate solution was compared with the direct application of sodium molybdate to the soil as a means of preventing deficiency of molybdenum. Subterranean clover, which was used as the test plant, was grown in a molybdenum deficient soil in pot culture for this study. Pre-soaking in 0.1 per cent. or 1 per cent. sodium molybdate was fully effective in promoting normal growth. The soil and seed treatments were equally effective in promoting yield response at all levels of application examined. At levels of application in excess of the requirements for maximum yield, pre-soaking gave a higher molybdenum content of the tops than did equivalent soil applications. At all levels of application, pre-soaking gave a higher nitrogen content than that resulting from the soil application of molybdenum.

Studies of seed pelleting as an aid to legume inoculation. 5. Effects of incorporation of molybdenum compounds in the seed pellet on inoculant survival, seedling nodulation and plant growth of lucerne and subterranean clover

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (102) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
RR Gault ◽  
J Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Sodium Molybdate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Ammonium Molybdate ◽  
Molybdic Acid ◽  
Molybdenum Disulphide

Four molybdenum compounds were mixed with lime and applied as coatings to inoculated seed of lucerne (Hunter River) and subterranean clover (Mount Barker). The seed was sown immediately in molybdenum-deficient soil in the field or stored for periods up to 84 days before sowing. As storage time lengthened, the survival of both lucerne and clover rhizobia was adversely affected by sodium molybdate but not by molybdic acid, ammonium molybdate or molybdenum disulphide. This effect was reflected in poorer nodulation in the sodium molybdate treatments. Nitrogen fixation, using foliage nitrogen content as an index, was always higher in the molybdenum treatments than in the no-molybdenum controls. Both species appeared able to extract molybdenum from molybdenum disulphide. Otherwise, there were no treatment differences in plant growth, but there was a significant relationship between the proportion of seedlings nodulated by the inoculant strains and the amount of nitrogen fixation. It is concluded that seed-applied molybdenum would benefit pasture establishment in some circumstances and would not interfere with inoculant survival or seedling nodulation provided that sodium molybdate was not used for the purpose.

Comparison of the phosphate requirements of burr medic and yellow serradella with subterranean clover in the low rainfall wheatbelt of Western Australia

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
BH Paynter
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Absolute Maximum ◽  
Absolute Yield ◽  
Burr Medic ◽  
Internal Efficiency

Burr medic (Medicago polymorpha) and yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus) were compared with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) in their response to freshly topdressed phosphate in the low rainfall wheatbelt of Western Australia. Species were compared on the amount of applied phosphorus (P) required for 90% maximum yield and the ratio of their curvature coefficients from the Mitscherlich relationship between P applied and absolute yield. On marginally acidic, medium-textured soils, burr medic had a higher external shoot requirement for applied P than subterranean clover. Relative differences between the species were affected by season, initial concentration of bicarbonate-extractable P in the soil (0-10 cm), and timing of plant harvest during the growing season. Burr medic generally achieved a higher absolute maximum yield at each harvest, a larger absolute yield response, and a larger percentage response to applied P than subterranean clover. There was no difference between burr medic and subterranean clover with respect to the internal efficiency of P use for shoot production. For seed production, the external requirements of burr medic and subterranean clover for applied P were similar according to the criterion of P required at 90% maximum yield, but burr medic had a higher requirement if curvature coefficient was the criterion for comparison. Burr medic also had a higher internal efficiency of P use for seed production than subterranean clover. On an acidic, light-textured soil, yellow serradella had a lower requirement for applied P than subterranean clover, according to both criteria for all harvests in 2 separate years.

The effect of sodium molybdate mixed in the lime seed pellet on nodulation, nitrogen content, and growth of subterranean clover

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (39) ◽  
pp. 432 ◽  
Author(s):  
JW Gartrell
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sodium Molybdate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Combined Nitrogen ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Clover Seed ◽  
Ground Limestone

Sodium molybdate at l 1/2 oz, 3 oz, and 6 oz mixed with 6 lb ground limestone and pelleted onto 12 lb of Trifolium subterraneum cv. Geraldton inoculated with peat culture markedly reduced clover nodulation, growth, and combined nitrogen production compared with nil sodium molybdate. Mixtures of sodium molybdate l 1/2 oz, 3 oz, and 6 oz with l80 lb superphosphate drilled at 180 lb an acre with 12 lb an acre clover seed inoculated and pelleted with 6 lb ground limestone had no effect on nodulation, increased dry matter production by 70 per cent, and increased nitrogen per acre in tops by 110 per cent compared with nil sodium molybdate. The differences persisted into the second growing season.

Effects of phosphorus fertiliser and rate of stocking on the seasonal pasture production of perennial ryegrass-subterranean clover pasture

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. D. Cayley ◽  
M. C. Hannah ◽  
G. A. Kearney ◽  
S. G. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Constant Growth Rate ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Stocking Rates

The response of pastures based on Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium subterraneum L. to single superphosphate was assessed at Hamilton, Victoria, by measuring the growth of pastures during winter, spring, and summer over 7 years from 1979 to 1987. The seasons were defined by the pattern of pasture production, rather than by calendar months. Winter was the period of constant growth rate following the autumn rain; spring was the period of accelerating growth rate until growth rate changed abruptly following the onset of dry summer weather. Pastures were grazed with sheep at a low, medium, or high grazing pressure, corresponding generally to stocking rates of 10, 14, or 18 sheep/ha. At each level of grazing pressure, single superphosphate was applied at 5 rates from 1979 to 1982; the highest rate, expressed as elemental phosphorus (P), was reduced from 100 to 40 kg/ha during this time. In addition there was an unfertilised treatment. In 1984, fertiliser was applied at 6 rates from 4 to 40 kg P/ha. No fertiliser was applied in the remaining years, including 1983. Pasture production was measured from 1979 to 1982 and from 1985 to 1987. Total pasture dry matter (DM) accumulation per year at the highest stocking rate was less than the other treatments in 4 of the years. Averaged over all years and fertiliser treatments, the annual net production was 10·1, 10·1, and 9·0 t DM/ha (P < 0·05) for plots grazed at low, medium, and high stocking rates, respectively. The amount of fertiliser required to reach a given proportion of maximum yield response did not vary between winter and spring in any year, but the greater potential yield in spring (P < 0 ·001) meant that as more fertiliser was applied, the disparity between pasture grown in winter and pasture grown in spring increased. Differences in this disparity between extreme levels of P ranged from 1·4 t DM/ha in a drought to about 7 t DM/ha in a good season. The implications for managing farms when pastures are fertilised at higher rates than currently practised by district farmers are that systems of animal production with a requirement for plentiful good quality pasture in spring, such as ewes lambing in spring, should be used. The benefit of spring lambing over autumn lambing was supported when the 2 systems were compared over 26 years using the GrassGro decision support system. Well fertilised pasture systems will also allow more scope for conserving pasture as hay or silage, and increase opportunities for diversification in the farming enterprise, such as spring-growing crops.

The comparative applied phosphate requirements of eight annual pasture species

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 809 ◽  
Author(s):  
PG Ozanne ◽  
J Keay ◽  
EF Biddiscombe
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Full Flowering ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Phosphorus Requirement ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

The effects of a wide range of applied phosphate levels were compared on eight annual pasture species. Marked differences were found between species in response by tops, roots, or whole plant, and in top/root ratio. Different forms of yield response curve were given by the non-legumes, the clovers, and the lupin. At an early growth stage cape-weed, the three clovers, and erodium were highest in phosphorus requirement for near-maximum yield. At the full flowering stage, species ranked in the following decreasing order of requirement: cupped clover > rose clover > subterranean clover > lupin > erodium = cape-weed > Wimmera ryegrass = silver grass. Yields and phosphorus concentrations are compared in relation to applied phosphorus levels. In the early vegetative stage, all species needed at least 0.7% phosphorus in the tops for maximum yield, but by flowering this requirement had fallen to very much lower levels. It is suggested that differences between the species in response to applied phosphate are large enough to influence strongly the botanical composition of pasture and its fertilizer requirements.

Corrigendum to: Effects of phosphorus fertiliser and rate of stocking on the seasonal pasture production of perennial ryegrass-subterranean clover pasture

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1383
Author(s):  
J. W. D. Cayley ◽  
M. C. Hannah ◽  
G. A. Kearney ◽  
S. G. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Constant Growth Rate ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Stocking Rates

The response of pastures based on Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium subterraneum L. to single superphosphate was assessed at Hamilton, Victoria, by measuring the growth of pastures during winter, spring, and summer over 7 years from 1979 to 1987. The seasons were defined by the pattern of pasture production, rather than by calendar months. Winter was the period of constant growth rate following the autumn rain; spring was the period of accelerating growth rate until growth rate changed abruptly following the onset of dry summer weather. Pastures were grazed with sheep at a low, medium, or high grazing pressure, corresponding generally to stocking rates of 10, 14, or 18 sheep/ha. At each level of grazing pressure, single superphosphate was applied at 5 rates from 1979 to 1982; the highest rate, expressed as elemental phosphorus (P), was reduced from 100 to 40 kg/ha during this time. In addition there was an unfertilised treatment. In 1984, fertiliser was applied at 6 rates from 4 to 40 kg P/ha. No fertiliser was applied in the remaining years, including 1983. Pasture production was measured from 1979 to 1982 and from 1985 to 1987. Total pasture dry matter (DM) accumulation per year at the highest stocking rate was less than the other treatments in 4 of the years. Averaged over all years and fertiliser treatments, the annual net production was 10·1, 10·1, and 9·0 t DM/ha (P < 0·05) for plots grazed at low, medium, and high stocking rates, respectively. The amount of fertiliser required to reach a given proportion of maximum yield response did not vary between winter and spring in any year, but the greater potential yield in spring (P < 0 ·001) meant that as more fertiliser was applied, the disparity between pasture grown in winter and pasture grown in spring increased. Differences in this disparity between extreme levels of P ranged from 1·4 t DM/ha in a drought to about 7 t DM/ha in a good season. The implications for managing farms when pastures are fertilised at higher rates than currently practised by district farmers are that systems of animal production with a requirement for plentiful good quality pasture in spring, such as ewes lambing in spring, should be used. The benefit of spring lambing over autumn lambing was supported when the 2 systems were compared over 26 years using the GrassGro decision support system. Well fertilised pasture systems will also allow more scope for conserving pasture as hay or silage, and increase opportunities for diversification in the farming enterprise, such as spring-growing crops.

Effect of application of bauxite residue (red mud) to very sandy soils on subterranean clover yield and P response

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 979 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Summers ◽  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
M. F. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Bauxite Residue ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Lime Treatment ◽  
Pasture Production

Bauxite residue (red mud) is the byproduct from treatment of crushed bauxite with caustic soda to produce alumina. When dried the residue is alkaline and has a high capacity to retain phosphorus (P). The residue is added to pastures on acidic sandy soils to increase the capacity of the soils to retain P so as to reduce leaching of P into waterways and so reduce eutrophication of the waterways. This paper examines how red mud influences the effectiveness of P from single superphosphate for producing subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) dry herbage, in the year of application and in the years after application (residual value). Red mud was applied at 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 40 t/ha and the P was applied at 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 kg P/ha. In the year of application and the year after application of red mud, dry matter yields were doubled on the soil treated with 20 t/ha of red mud compared with the untreated control. Improvements in production were initially greater in the red mud treatments than in the lime treatment (2 t lime/ha). Red mud increased the maximum yield plateau for P applied in current and previous years. When P was applied to freshly applied red mud, more P needed to be applied to produce the same yield as the amount of red mud applied increased. Red mud increased soil pH, and the increases in yield are attributed to removing low soil pH as a constraint to pasture production. This initial need for higher amounts of fertiliser P when increasing amounts of red mud were applied may be due to increased P sorption caused by increased precipitation of applied P when the fertiliser was in close contact with the freshly alkaline red mud. When P was freshly applied to red mud that had been applied to the soil 12 months ago, yield response and P content increased. This was attributed to the reduction in sorption of P due to red mud being neutralised by the soil and because sorption of P already present in the soil reduced the capacity of the red mud to sorb freshly applied fertiliser P. Residues of P in the soil and pH were also increased with application of red mud. In the years after application of red mud and lime, relative to P applied to nil red mud and nil lime treatment, the effectiveness of fertiliser P applied to the red mud and lime treatments increased. This was so as determined using plant yield, P concentration in plant tissue, and soil P test.

THESIS SUMMARY STUDIES OF ALFALFA MOSAIC VIRUS AND SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER RED LEAF VIRUS

1979 ◽  
pp. 163-164
Author(s):  
P.B. Teh
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Test Plant ◽  
Transmission Frequency ◽  
Virus Source ◽  
Leaf Virus

AMV was shown to be transmitted by sap, aphids and through lucerne seed, but not by Cuscuta. Virus source and test plant influenced transmission frequency. Sap-inoculation tests showed that 20 species of plants were susceptible to this virus. Thirteen species of plants from the fields where AMV had been detected were tested but only three were found to be infected with the virus.

The influence of seed size and depth of sowing on pre-emergence and early vegetative growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Pot Culture

Changes in the pre-emergence distribution of dry matter in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) variety Bacchus Marsh were followed at 21°C, using three sizes of seed and three depths of sowing, ½, 1¼, and 2 in. Decreasing seed size and increasing depth of sowing both reduce the weight of the cotyledons a t emergence. Seed of the three sizes were sown a t three depths in pot culture a t staggered intervals so that emergence was simultaneous. Dry weight in the early vegetative stage was proportional to seed size, and total leaf area and leaf numbers showed similar trends. Plants of each seed size grew at the same relative rate. No effect of depth of sowing could be detected, and this was shown to be due to the cotyledon area a t emergence being constant for any given seed size, regardless of varying depth of sowing and hence of cotyledon weight. It was concluded that seed size in a plant having epigeal germination and without endosperm is of importance: firstly, in limiting the maximum hypocotyl elongation and hence depth of sowing, and secondly, in determining cotyledon area. Cotyledon area in turn influences seedling growth, which is not affected by cotyledon weight. Once emergence has taken place, cotyledonary reserves are of no further significance in the growth of the plants.

Soil and tissue tests to predict pasture yield responses to applications of potassium fertiliser in high-rainfall areas of south-western Australia

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
W. J. Cox ◽  
B. J. Codling
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Yield Responses

Dairy and beef pastures in the high (>800 mm annual average) rainfall areas of south-western Australia, based on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), grow on acidic to neutral deep (>40 cm) sands, up to 40 cm sand over loam or clay, or where loam or clay occur at the surface. Potassium deficiency is common, particularly for the sandy soils, requiring regular applications of fertiliser potassium for profitable pasture production. A large study was undertaken to assess 6 soil-test procedures, and tissue testing of dried herbage, as predictors of when fertiliser potassium was required for these pastures. The 100 field experiments, each conducted for 1 year, measured dried-herbage production separately for clover and ryegrass in response to applied fertiliser potassium (potassium chloride). Significant (P<0.05) increases in yield to applied potassium (yield response) were obtained in 42 experiments for clover and 6 experiments for ryegrass, indicating that grass roots were more able to access potassium from the soil than clover roots. When percentage of the maximum (relative) yield was related to soil-test potassium values for the top 10 cm of soil, the best relationships were obtained for the exchangeable (1 mol/L NH4Cl) and Colwell (0.5 mol/L NaHCO3-extracted) soil-test procedures for potassium. Both procedures accounted for about 42% of the variation for clover, 15% for ryegrass, and 32% for clover + grass. The Colwell procedure for the top 10 cm of soil is now the standard soil-test method for potassium used in Western Australia. No increases in clover yields to applied potassium were obtained for Colwell potassium at >100 mg/kg soil. There was always a clover-yield increase to applied potassium for Colwell potassium at <30 mg/kg soil. Corresponding potassium concentrations for ryegrass were >50 and <30 mg/kg soil. At potassium concentrations 30–100 mg/kg soil for clover and 30–50 mg/kg soil for ryegrass, the Colwell procedure did not reliably predict yield response, because from nil to large yield responses to applied potassium occurred. The Colwell procedure appears to extract the most labile potassium in the soil, including soluble potassium in soil solution and potassium balancing negative charge sites on soil constituents. In some soils, Colwell potassium was low indicating deficiency, yet plant roots may have accessed potassum deeper in the soil profile. Where the Colwell procedure does not reliably predict soil potassium status, tissue testing may help. The relationship between relative yield and tissue-test potassium varied markedly for different harvests in each year of the experiments, and for different experiments. For clover, the concentration of potassium in dried herbage that was related to 90% of the maximum, potassium non-limiting yield (critical potassium) was at the concentration of about 15 g/kg dried herbage for plants up to 8 weeks old, and at <10 g/kg dried herbage for plants older than 10–12 weeks. For ryegrass, there were insufficient data to provide reliable estimates of critical potassium.

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