Studies on resistance of sheep to infestation with Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. and on the immunological reactions of sheep exposed to infestation. III. The antibody response to infestation with Trichostrongylus spp.

1950 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Relative Resistance ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Immunological Reactions

In infestation of sheep with Trichostrongylus spp., both the intake of larvae and infestation with adult worms stimulated the production of antibodies. The character of the antibody response in infestation with Trichostrongylus spp. thus differed from that caused by Haemonchus contortus. Sera of sheep dying from infestation with Trichostrongylus spp. were negative to the complement fixation test. It was found that older sheep responded serologically earlier and more vigorously to infestation with Trichostrongylus spp. than did young sheep. Subsequent doses of larvae of Trichostrongylus spp. elicited a more rapid and grester serological response, even in young sheep, than an initial dose of larvae. Previous infestation with H. contortus did not result in resistance to Trichostrongylus spp., whereas previous infestation with Trichostrongylus spp. heightened the resistance of sheep to subsequent infestation with the same species. It is concluded that the relative resistance of older sheep to Trichostrongylus spp. is due, a t least in part, to an earlier immunological response which is strengthened by subsequent doses of larvae. When infective larvae of Trichostrongylus spp. were superimposed upon an existing infestation of the same species, the egg count declined ;apidly and the development of the superimposed larvae resisted Doses of infective larvae of Trichostrongylus spp. had no apparent effect on the egg counts of sheep infested with H. contortus.

Studies on resistance of sheep to infestation with Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. and on the immunological reactions of sheep exposed to infestation. II. The antibody response to infestation with Haemonchus contortus

1950 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Critical Studies ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Immunological Reactions ◽  
Free Environment

The serological reactions to infestation with H. contortus were studied in penned sheep. For critical studies, sheep born and reared in a worm-free environment were used. In infestation with H. contortus, the antibody response was stimulated by the administration of third-stage infective larvae and as the infestation developed the antibody response declined. Established infestation with mature H. contortus did not stimulate the formation of antibodies. The sera of sheep dying from infestation with H. contortus were negative to the complement fixation test. Ground, mature H. contortus given to sheep by mouth or injected into the rumen did not elicit any antibody response. Infective larvae of H. contortus, killed by heat and given to sheep by month, did not stimulate an antibody response. When heat-killed larvae mere injected into the rumen, a rise in titre at times took place, but it was usually transient. When a dose of infective larvae of H. contortus was superimposed upon an existing infestation of H. contortus or Trichostrongylus spp. either the existing infestation was eliminated or the egg output of the parasites was suppressed. This phenomenon was accompanied by a rise in serum titre. Elimination of the infestation of H. contortus or Trichostrongylus spp. was not usually followed by resistance to the development of the superimposed larvae. The injection into the rumen of heat-killed larvae of H. contortus did not have the same effect as the oral administration of live larvae. Efforts to protect sheep against infestation with either H. contortus or Trichostrongylus spp. by means of vaccines prepared from ground, infective larvae were unsuccessful. Evidence was obtained that the artificial stimulation of antibodies, by means of intravenous injections of formalinized, ground larvae, influenced the course of existing infestations with H. contortus.

Studies on resistance of sheep to infestation with Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. and on the immunological reactions of sheep exposed to infestation. I. The preparation of antigens for the complement fixation test and the reactivity of the biochemical fractions of H. contortus

1950 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Fixation Test ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Lipid Fractions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Free Material

All antigen was developed to detect circulating antibodies by means of the complement fixation test in sheep infested with Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. Extraction of worm material at 100°C. for 10 minutes was found to be the most satisfactory method for the preparation of antigens. Potent antigens were prepared from young adult H. contortus, from third-stage infective larvae, and from the eggs. Old mature adult H. contortus yielded antigens of low potency. No significant difference was found between the potency of antigens prepared from male and female adult H. contortus collected from the same sheep. Both adult Trichostrongylus spp. and third-stage infective larvae consistently yielded antigens of high potency. No significant difference was found in the results obtained with larval or adult H. contortus antigens, adjusted to the same potency and tested with natural H. contortus antisera. H. contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. absorbed the antiserum to each other. It was shown that a lipid was an essential constituent of the boiled antigen in the complement fixation reaction with natural antisera. Lipid-free antigens from H. contortus failed to react with natural antisera. The lipid was not antigenic when injected into rabbits. The carbohydrate fraction of H. contortus did not fix complement in the presence of natural antisera and was not antigenic when injected into rabbits. The lipid fraction of a variety of nematode parasites reacted with natural antisera to H. contortus infestation. Similar lipid fractions of two species of trematodes did not react with natural antisera to H. contortus infestation. Normal saline suspensions of the lipid-free material from a variety of helminths showed a greater degree of specificity when tested with artificially prepared antisera than did the lipid fractions.

scholarly journals Association of PPLO infection and antibody response in rats and mice

1961 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth M. Lemcke
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
High Titre ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
High Degree

By means of a complement-fixation test of the sera of laboratory rats and mice, the immunological response of these animals to both naturally occurring and induced PPLO infections was determined, and the presence and extent of infection in the animals determined by culture.PPLO antibodies specific for the infecting strain were demonstrable in rats and mice from which PPLO were isolated.The amount of serum antibody rises with the extent and severity of the infection. Thus, young rats with PPLO infections confined to the nasopharynx had little or no antibody whereas the oldest rats with consolidated lungs had the highest titres. In mice too, the sera of those with pneumonia had the highest titres.The comparatively low titres found in rat bronchiectasis together with the failure to isolate PPLO from the spleen and other organs, suggest that the chronic form of the disease remains localized. This is in contrast to infections with rat polyarthritis and related PPLO in which the organisms can be isolated from the lymph nodes and other organs and in which antibody is present in high titre.In view of the high degree of correlation between the presence of antibodies to PPLO in the blood and the presence of PPLO in the tissue of rats and mice, it is suggested that specific antibody found in man is a significant indicator of PPLO infection.

Studies on resistance of sheep to infestation with Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. and on the immunological reactions of sheep exposed to infestation. IV. The antibody response to natural infestation in grazing sheep and the 'self-cure' phenomenon

1950 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 427 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Oesophagostomum Columbianum ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Immunological Reactions ◽  
Natural Infestation ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
Antibody Levels

Weekly tests, over a period of eighteen months, of the sera of a flock of grazing sheep showed a relationship between the serum titres and the faecal egg counts. This relationship was particularly obvious during the summer months. When egg counts fell, the titres rose, and as the titres dropped, the egg counts usually rose again. This relationship between egg counts and serum titres was more striking in individual sheep than in the whole flock because all the sheep did not behave similarly at the same time. The antibody levels rose in individual sheep irrespective of whether the sheep were heavily or lightly infested at the time. There was no evidence that a permanent resistance to Haemonchus contortus was acquired under field conditions. Seven periods of "self-cure" occurred in the grazing flock during the period of observation. On each occasion, the majority of sheep which showed a drop in egg count also showed a rise in serum titre. This behaviour was strikingly similar to the result when infective larvae of H. contortus were superimposed upon an existing infestation of H. contortus or Trichostrongylus spp. in penned sheep. 'Self-cure' was produced in the field by giving naturally infested sheep large doses of infective larvae of H. contortus by mouth. A statistically significant fall in the faecal egg count of H. contortus and Trichostrongylus spp., but not of Oesophagostomum columbianum was produced by this means. The fact that 'self-cure' takes place in naturally grazing flocks during the summer months after rain indicated that the intake of large doses of infective larvae of H. contortus was the exciting cause of the phenomenon.

scholarly journals A COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST FOR POLIOMYELITIS

1955 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie J. Schmidt ◽  
Edwin H. Lennette ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Fixation Test ◽  
Dual Infections

A macroscopic (tube) complement fixation test for poliomyelitis, using infected tissue culture fluids, is described. The test was applied to 27 individuals with a clinical diagnosis of poliomyelitis. In 18 patients it was possible to make a laboratory diagnosis of poliomyelitis on the basis of a rise in complement-fixing antibody titer and in 4 others on the basis of a high stationary antibody titer. One individual gave a high and equal antibody response to two virus types, 3 others had no detectable antibody, and 1 appeared not to have poliomyelitis. Heterotypic reactions were encountered, but gave little difficulty in interpreting homologous responses. In those patients from whom a virus had been recovered, the serologic findings corresponded to the virus type recovered. The possible occurrence of dual infections with the viruses of poliomyelitis and Western equine and St. Louis encephalitis is discussed.

Immunological response of rabbits to Toxocara canis infection

Parasitology ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Large Dose ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Toxocara Canis ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Precipitin Reaction ◽  
Sublethal Doses ◽  
Constructive Criticism

Studies on immunological response of rabbits to Toxocara canis infection have been reported. It was observed that rabbits previously infected by two sublethal doses of 1200 infective ova each, with a 14-day interval between the two doses, acquired strong immunity to the effects of reinfestation induced by a large dose of infective ova, i.e. 100000. Post-mortem studies indicate that immunity is mainly directed against the migration of larvae to the lungs. The animals which resisted the effects of reinfestation showed an enhanced antibody response as shown by complement-fixation and agar-diffusion precipitin tests.The precipitin reaction in the sera of animals infected by oral and subcutaneous routes respectively was studied with three preparations of antigen, namely, saline extracts, boiled saline extracts of adult worms, and saline extracts of infective ova. It was observed that the extract of adult worms was deficient in a minimum of three antigenic components present in the extract of infective ova.It is a pleasure to thank Professor C. A. McGaughey for the facilities given for this study, Professor P. Seneviratna for his constructive criticism, and Messrs W. G. Senaratne and K. G. Karunaratne for technical assistance and the photo graphy respectively.

scholarly journals The development and evaluation of a μ-capture ELISA detecting chlamydia-specific Igm

1988 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Wreghitt ◽  
V. J. Robinson ◽  
E. O Caul ◽  
I. D. Paul ◽  
S. Gatley
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Capture Elisa ◽  
The Past ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Antibody Conjugate

SUMMARYA μ-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting chlamydia-specific IgM was developed by use of the heat stable, lipopolysaccharide group-specific antigen and an alkaline phosphatase-labelled anti-chlamydia group-specific monoclonal antibody conjugate. The test was used to study the serological response in chlamydial respiratory tract infection among patients with acute respiratory tract symptoms in Cambridgeshire during the past 7 years. Results were compared with those of the complement fixation test (CFT) in routine use as well as those of a whole inclusion indirect immunofluorescence (WIF) test for IgM. Correlation between results of the μ-capture ELISA and those of the WIF test was 87·5%.

Studies on the Serological Response in Sheep to Naturally Acquired Gastro-intestinal Nematodes. I. Preparation of Antigens and Evaluation of Serological Techniques

1956 ◽  
Vol 30 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 129-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. L. Soulsby
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Antibody Titre ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
High Antibody ◽  
Passive Haemagglutination ◽  
Haemagglutination Test ◽  
Antibody Titres

Antigens were prepared by low temperature methods to preserve “functional” antigen. These antigens showed marked cross reactivity and were satisfactory in complement fixation tests.The passive haemagglutination test using “functional” antigen gave titres which were higher than those obtained with the complement fixation test. High antibody titres were observed in sheep naturally infested with nematodes and a relationship between antibody titre and egg count was demonstrated.

scholarly journals The use of new antigens in the complement-fixation test for acute poliomyelitis

1960 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Golda Selzer
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Fixation Test ◽  
City Hospital ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Acute Poliomyelitis

A complement-fixation test for acute poliomyelitis using unheated antigens derived from suckling mouse brain infected with poliovirus Type 1 or Type 2 is described.The results of tests in 62 patients clinically diagnosed as cases of acute poliomyelitis in a recent epidemic and in 26 controls are recorded.The CF tests were positive in 100% of 53 cases with poliovirus Type 1 and/or Type 2 in stool. A positive result was obtained in 23 (76%) of 30 cases whose sera were examined in the first 7 days of illness.Negative tests of the initial serum samples were found in 15 (28·5%) of 53 cases, but all these became positive in titres of 40 or 80 on testing of convalescent serum.In 31 (69%) of 45 cases whose sera were re-tested between the 3rd and 4th weeks of illness the CF antibody levels rose, reaching titres of 80 or 160 in most instances. Of the remaining 14 cases only one dropped in insignificant degree (from titre 320 to 160) and the 13 stationary results had been positive in titres of 40–160 on initial tests most of which were performed in the 2nd week of illness.Homotypic CF antibody response without crossing was found in 37 (71%) of 52 cases with Type 1 or Type 2 virus in stool. In the cases of crossing the heterotypic antibody response was either transient, diminishing or stationary in all and in only low titre in most instances.In 26 control cases there were seven positive CF tests, but one of these was nonspecific, five were in lowest titres, and one case appeared to have had recent poliomyelitis infection.Heating the antigens did not broaden the reaction. It caused only slight loss of potency except in two cases in which the CF titre increased substantially.The antigenic preparation described appears to be superior to antigens of other origin in the diagnosis of acute poliomyelitis by complement-fixation tests, as positive tests are recognized earlier in the illness and the titres are higher. Homotypic results were obtained in all cases and no instance of false negative occurred in this series.I would like to thank the medical staff of the Cape Town City Hospital for Infectious Diseases for the trouble taken in collecting stools and paired sera, and Prof. Kipps for his interest in this work. I am indebted to Miss Karin Larssen for valuable technical assistance.

Immunological Studies on Experimental Infection of Pigs withAscaris suumGoeze, 1782 I. An Introduction with a Review of the Literature and the Demonstration of Complement-fixing Antibodies in the Serum

1961 ◽  
Vol 35 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 319-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. F. Taffs
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Antibody Concentration ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Pig Serum

1. An introduction to a study of immunity againstA. suumin the pig is given. A review of the literature on the life cycle, a note on terminology and a general discussion on immunity to helminths has also been included.2. By first removing the procomplementary activity of pig serum to guineapig complement with hydrochloric acid, it was possible to apply the complement fixation test to a study of the antibody response to experimental infection withA. suum.3. Using an alcoholic extract of uterus, oviducts and ovaries of the adult femaleAscarisworm as antigen, antibodies against this nematode were first detected in two experimentally infected pigs ten days after infection. A peak of antibody concentration from the thirteenth to the seventeenth day of infection was followed by a decline in the antibody content of the serum to the forty-first day; after which no antibody was detected.

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