Seedling blight. II. Soil in relation to seedling blight of opium poppy and peas

1950 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
HR Angell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Pythium Ultimum ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Microbial Antagonism ◽  
Conditioning Factor

Three steamed soils, limed and not limed, two hosts, and one isolate of Pythium ultimum were used in an experiment. The organism, isolated from peas germinating in limed Belanglo soil, was pathogenic to both hosts. The incidence of seedling blight of peas in the three reinfested soils varied significantly. On poppy, on two of the reinfested soils, it also varied significantly, but inversely to the incidence on peas. On peas in the first sowing it was not affected by liming the soil; on poppy it was significantly reduced. Seedling blight of both hosts was associated with one organism. The contrasting results could not be correlated with the uniform conditions of soil temperature, air temperature, and soil moisture; on any one soil or soil treatment they could not be ascribed to the prevailing uniform aeration, reaction, microflora, and microbial antagonism The only conditioning factor that was varied was the steamed soil, or steamed soil modified by adding lime. Differences in the incidence of disease were associated with variation of the conditioning factor and the host. Seedling blight of peas, resulting from natural reinfestation, occurred in earlier resowings in limed than in unlimed soils. Physiogenic seedling blight of poppy also occurred, causing total loss on one soil and smaller percentages of loss on the other soils.

scholarly journals Soil temperature study in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 93 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 149-171
Author(s):  
Jorge L. Lugo-Camacho ◽  
Miguel A. Muñoz ◽  
Juan Pérez-Bolívar ◽  
Gregory R. Brannon
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Soil Series ◽  
Soil Temperature Regime ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Annual Air Temperature

Soil temperature measurements from a climate monitoring network in Puerto Rico were evaluated and the difference between mean summer and mean winter soil temperature, known as isotivity value, was calculated. Air and soil temperature was collected from five weather stations of the USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service from sea level to 1,019 m above sea level and from different soil moisture regimes. Isotivity values ranged from 1.2 to 3.9° C with an average of 2.6° C. The 750-m elevation was identified as the limit between the isohyperthermic and isothermic soil temperature regimes in the perudic soil moisture regime in Puerto Rico. The greatest differences between mean annual soil temperature and mean annual air temperature were observed at Guánica, Combate and Guilarte (2.1 ° C) stations. The smallest differences were observed at Maricao (0.8° C) and Isabela (1.8° C) stations. The study also indicated that the mean annual soil temperature in Puerto Rico can be estimated by adding 1.8° C to the mean annual air temperature or by the equation y = -0.007x + 28.0° C. The equation indicates that 97 percent of the time the behavior of the mean annual soil temperature is a function of elevation. According to the updated soil temperature regime boundaries, eight soil series were established in the Soil Survey of San Germán Area. In an area under the isothermic soil temperature regime, four soil series were classified as Oxisols (Haploperox), two soil series as Inceptisols (Eutrudepts) and two soil series as Mollisols (Argiudolls). This is the first field recognition of the Haploperox soil great group in the United States and its territories.

Wildfire and Postfire Restoration Action Effects on Microclimate and Seedling Pine Tree Survivorship

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. Brown ◽  
Ivana Mali ◽  
Michael R.J. Forstner
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
High Severity ◽  
Postfire Management

Abstract Through modification of structural characteristics, ecological processes such as fire can affect microhabitat parameters, which in turn can influence community composition dynamics. The prevalence of high-severity forest fires is increasing in the southern and western United States, creating the necessity to better understand effects of high-severity fire, and subsequent postfire management actions, on forest ecosystems. In this study we used a recent high-severity wildfire in the Lost Pines ecoregion of Texas to assess effects of the wildfire and postfire clearcutting on six microclimate parameters: air temperature, absolute humidity, mean wind speed, maximum wind speed, soil temperature, and soil moisture. We also assessed differences between burned areas and burned and subsequently clearcut areas for short-term survivorship of loblolly pine Pinus taeda seedling trees. We found that during the summer months approximately 2 y after the wildfire, mean and maximum wind speed differed between unburned and burned areas, as well as burned and burned and subsequently clearcut areas. Our results indicated air temperature, absolute humidity, soil temperature, and soil moisture did not differ between unburned and burned areas, or burned and burned and subsequently clearcut areas, during the study period. We found that short-term survivorship of loblolly pine seedling trees was influenced primarily by soil type, but was also lower in clearcut habitat compared with habitat containing dead standing trees. Ultimately, however, the outcome of the reforestation initiative will likely depend primarily on whether or not the trees can survive drought conditions in the future, and this study indicates there is flexibility in postfire management options prior to reseeding. Further, concerns about negative wildfire effects on microclimate parameters important to the endangered Houston toad Bufo (Anaxyrus) houstonensis were not supported in this study.

COMPARISON OF LIGHTLY GRAZED AND UNGRAZED RANGE IN THE FESCUE GRASSLAND OF SOUTHWESTERN ALBERTA

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Harmful Effects

The influence of grazing on the vegetative cover of fescue grassland in southwestern Alberta was assessed by studying two adjoining sites, one lightly grazed, the other ungrazed. Percentage basal area, yield, water-intake rate, soil temperature, soil moisture, and amount of root material were compared on a paired plot basis.The data showed that light grazing resulted in the development of a richer flora dominated by Danthonia parryi. Protection from grazing appeared to simplify the flora with a trend toward a cover consisting largely of Festuca scabrella. There was little evidence of difference in productivity between the two sites. Cooler and moister conditions prevailed in the upper 12 inches of the soil profile of the ungrazed site as a result of heavy accumulation of mulch. Considerably more root material to a depth of 54 inches was present on the lightly grazed site. The harmful effects of herbage removal, shown by clipping studies, were not apparent in the field study under a light rate of grazing.

scholarly journals Specifics of soil temperature under winter wheat canopy

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Krčmáŕová ◽  
Hana Stredová ◽  
Radovan Pokorný ◽  
Tomáš Stdŕeda
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the course of soil temperature under the winter wheat canopy and to determine relationships between soil temperature, air temperature and partly soil moisture. In addition, the aim was to describe the dependence by means of regression equations usable for phytopathological prediction models, crop development, and yield models. The measurement of soil temperatures was performed at the experimental field station ˇZabˇcice (Europe, the Czech Republic, South Moravia). The soil in the first experimental plot is Gleyic Fluvisol with 49-58% of the content particles measuring < 0.01 mm, in the second experimental plot, the soil is Haplic Chernozem with 31-32% of the content particles measuring < 0.01 mm. The course of soil temperature and its specifics were determined under winter wheat canopy during the main growth season in the course of three years. Automatic soil temperature sensors were positioned at three depths (0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 m under soil surface), air temperature sensor in 0.05 m above soil surface. Results of the correlation analysis showed that the best interrelationships between these two variables were achieved after a 3-hour delay for the soil temperature at 0.05 m, 5-hour delay for 0.10 m, and 8-hour delay for 0.20 m. After the time correction, the determination coefficient reached values from 0.75 to 0.89 for the depth of 0.05 m, 0.61 to 0.82 for the depth of 0.10 m, and 0.33 to 0.70 for the depth of 0.20 m. When using multiple regression with quadratic spacing (modeling hourly soil temperature based on the hourly near surface air temperature and hourly soil moisture in the 0.10-0.40 m profile), the difference between the measured and the model soil temperatures at 0.05 m was −2.16 to 2.37 ◦ C. The regression equation paired with alternative agrometeorological instruments enables relatively accurate modeling of soil temperatures (R2 = 0.93).

scholarly journals PERANAN EKOLOGI DUSUNG DAN NON DUSUNG DAN KONTRIBUSINYA PADA KONSERVASI LINGKUNGAN DI DESA URENG KECAMATAN LEIHITU KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-48
Author(s):  
Napsiah Heluth ◽  
J. Matinahoru ◽  
Fransina Latumahina
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Soil Macrofauna ◽  
Organic C

The research study aims to determine the ecological conditions of dusung and non dusung, and the role of the contribution to environmental conservation in Ureng Village. The research method used was purposive sampling with observation parameters were microclimate (CO2 content, air temperature, humidity), vegetation conditions and soil conditions (soil temperature, soil moisture, soil pH, soil moisture content, soil macrofauna and organic C) . The results of  Paired of each parameter measured mostly show a smaller calculated t value compared to the t0.05 table value (1.8595) which means that the parameter is not a real difference, ie for the air humidity, t count = 0.27,; soil pH, t count = 0.6; soil macrofauna, t count = -0.66 and vegetation, t count = 1.01. As for the parameters of CO2; air temperature, soil temperature, , soil water content and organic C, t value of CO2 gives the value t count = - 16.06; air temperature = -5.11; soil temperature = -3.62; soil moisture, t count = 2,16; soil water content = 8.47, and C-Organic = 8.53; t count value which is greater than t table value which shows that there is a significant difference between CO2, air temperature, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil water content and C-Organic content in the dusung area which is greater than in the non-dusung area. From the results of the analysis it is known that dusung has a better role in environmental conservation when compared to non dusung which is indicated by the value of CO2 air temperature, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil water content and C-organic content.

scholarly journals Soil macrofauna diversity in andisol after eight years of Mount Sinabung eruption in Sumatra, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariani Sembiring ◽  
HIDAYATULAH MUNAWAROH ◽  
MUKHLIS MUKHLIS ◽  
BENNY HIDAYAT ◽  
TENGKU SABRINA
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Pitfall Trap ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil Macrofauna ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Hand Sorting

Abstract. Sembiring M, Munawaroh H, Mukhlis, Hidayat B, Sabrina T. 2021. Soil macrofauna diversity in andisol after eight years of Mount Sinabung eruption in Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3024-3030. The eruption of Mount Sinabung resulted in volcanic ash covering the soil of various thicknesses. That will affect the population and diversity of macrofauna in it. This research aimed to determine the Andisol soil macrofauna in Karo District with various thicknesses of volcanic ash covering from Mount Sinabung. This research was conducted in May 2019. Plots were placed in four locations, Location I: processed land (0 cm), Location II: Land covered by thin ash (?2 cm), Location III: Land covered by medium ash (2-5 cm), Location IV: Land covered by thick ash (?5 cm). Sampling was conducted by using the Pitfall trap, Monolith squared, and Hand sorting methods. The research results indicated that the thicker the volcanic ash covering the soil surface, it would reduce soil moisture, soil water content, organic C, and soil pH, but on the other hand, increase the soil temperature. A total of 20 species were able to live on the Andisols affected by the eruption of Mount Sinabung.

scholarly journals Potato Production in Wide Beds Compared to Conventional Rows

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 667c-667
Author(s):  
Charlotte Mundy ◽  
Nancy G. Creamer ◽  
Jane Frampton
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Initial Soil ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Regional growers have expressed an interest in the feasibility of producing potatoes on wide beds. Using wide beds decreases compaction and may increase water available to the crop due to the elimination of postplanting cultivation, or hilling, required in conventional rows. The middle row of wide beds may have cooler soil temperatures than the other rows in the bed. In addition, wide beds allowed for a planting density 1.5-times greater than conventional rows, which could significantly increase yields. Potatoes, `Atlantic', were planted mid-March into conventional rows on 38-inch centers and 6-foot 4-inch-wide beds, each bed with three rows. Plots were 50 feet long. Initial soil moisture contents in the middle of the bed, the outer rows of the bed and the conventional rows were not significantly different. Initial soil temperature data suggests that fluctuations in temperature are greatest in the conventional rows and least in the middle row of the wide beds. Soil temperature and soil moisture are reported. Marketable yields from wide beds are compared to marketable yields from conventional rows. Influence on potato size distribution and quality factors also are reported.

scholarly journals Specifics of soil temperature under winter oilseed rape canopy

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-218
Author(s):  
Jana Krčmářová ◽  
Tomáš Středa ◽  
Radovan Pokorný
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Winter Oilseed Rape ◽  
Determination Coefficient ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dwarf Variety

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the course of soil temperature under the winter oilseed rape canopy and to determine relationships between soil temperature, air temperature and partly soil moisture. In addition, the aim was to describe the dependence by means of regression equations usable for pests and pathogens prediction, crop development, and yields models. The measurement of soil and near the ground air temperatures was performed at the experimental field Žabiče (South Moravia, the Czech Republic). The course of temperature was determined under or in the winter oilseed rape canopy during spring growth season in the course of four years (2010 - 2012 and 2014). In all years, the standard varieties (Petrol, Sherpa) were grown, in 2014 the semi-dwarf variety PX104 was added. Automatic soil sensors were positioned at three depths (0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 m) under soil surface, air temperature sensors in 0.05 m above soil surfaces. The course of soil temperature differs significantly between standard (Sherpa and Petrol) and semi-dwarf (PX104) varieties. Results of the cross correlation analysis showed, that the best interrelationships between air and soil temperature were achieved in 2 hours delay for the soil temperature in 0.05 m, 4 hour delay for 0.10 m and 7 hour delay for 0.20 m for standard varieties. For semi-dwarf variety, this delay reached 6 hour for the soil temperature in 0.05 m, 7 hour delay for 0.10 m and 11 hour for 0.20 m. After the time correction, the determination coefficient (R2) reached values from 0.67 to 0.95 for 0.05 m, 0.50 to 0.84 for 0.10 m in variety Sherpa during all experimental years. For variety PX104 this coefficient reached values from 0.51 to 0.72 in 0.05 m depth and from 0.39 to 0.67 in 0.10 m depth in the year 2014. The determination coefficient in the 0.20 m depth was lower for both varieties; its values were from 0.15 to 0.65 in variety Sherpa. In variety PX104 the values of R2 from 0.23 to 0.57 were determined. When using multiple regressions with quadratic spacing (modelling of hourly soil temperature based on the hourly near surface air temperature and hourly soil moisture in the 0.10-0.40 m profile), the difference between the measured and modelled soil temperatures in the depth of 0.05 m was -3.92 to 3.99°C. The regression equation paired with alternative agrometeorological instruments enables relatively accurate modelling of soil temperatures (R2 = 0.95).

Seedling blight. 6. The effect of mixtures of unsterilized soils, and of reinfesting steamed soils, on seedling blight of poppies and peas

1952 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
HR Angell
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
General Character ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Conditioning Factor ◽  
Soil Inoculum ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Series Of Experiments

Soils of different seedling blight potential were used in various combinations in pot experiments to ascertain the effect of the mixtures on the incidence of seedling blight. The species of Pythium associated with seedling blight of peas and poppies were widely and well distributed throughout the soils, three of which had never before been sown to these or related crops. Four grams of each of three soils were added in turn as inoculum to 2.5 kg. of each of the other two soils. Stands of peas and poppies were generally unaffected by such small additions, but in one instance the stand of peas was reduced. Similar experiments were made with four unsteamed soils as inoculum, each added to the same four soils which had previously been steamed. The soil inoculum which caused seedling blight of peas on an unsteamed soil caused much greater reduction in stands of peas on all four steamed soils. Percentage stands of poppies were reduced in two soils. In another series of experiments, unsteamed soils of contrasting seedling blight potential each mixed in three proportions. The transition from good to poor stands of poppies was gradual, and tended to be directly proportional to the percentage of one of the component soils, whereas with peas the transition was abrupt, a high percentage of seedling blight being obtained by incorporating in the mixture the soil which had a high disease potential to peas. It appears that the stand of peas in the soil which was common to both mixtures was influenced principally by the pathogens, whereas the stand of poppies was influenced almost wholly by the conditioning factor, which was the general character of the soil itself.

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