The effect of endophyte on the performance of irrigated perennial ryegrasses in subtropical Australia

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 567 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Lowe ◽  
T. M. Bowdler ◽  
D. E. Hume ◽  
N. D. Casey ◽  
B. A. Tapper
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
First Year ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Dead Material ◽  
Lolitrem B ◽  
Rust Susceptibility ◽  
Dead Tissue

The effect of fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) infection on the performance of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) growing under irrigation in a subtropical environment was investigated. Seed of 4 cultivars, infected with standard (common toxic or wild-type) endophyte or the novel endophyte AR1, or free of endophyte (Nil), was sown in pure swards, which were fertilised with 50 kg N/ha.month. Seasonal and total yield, persistence, and rust susceptibility were assessed over 3 years, along with details of the presence of endophyte and alkaloids in plant shoots. Endophyte occurrence in tillers in both the standard and AR1 treatments was above 95% for Bronsyn and Impact throughout and rose to that level in Samson by the end of the second year. Meridian AR1 only reached 93% while, in the standard treatment, the endophyte had mostly died before sowing. Nil endophyte treatments carried an average of ~0.6% infection throughout. Infection of the standard endophyte was associated with increased dry matter (DM) yields in all 3 years compared with no endophyte. AR1 also significantly increased yields in the second and third years. Over the full 3 years, standard and AR1 increased yields by 18% and 11%, respectively. Infection with both endophytes was associated with increased yields in all 4 seasons, the effects increasing in intensity over time. There was 27% better persistence in standard infected plants compared with Nil at the end of the first year, increasing to 198% by the end of the experiment, while for AR1 the improvements were 20 and 134%, respectively. The effect of endophyte on crown rust (Puccinia coronata) infection was inconsistent, with endophyte increasing rust damage on one occasion and reducing it on another. Cultivar differences in rust infection were greater than endophyte effects. Plants infected with the AR1 endophyte had no detectable ergovaline or lolitrem B in leaf, pseudostem, or dead tissue. In standard infected plants, ergovaline and lolitrem B were highest in pseudostem and considerably lower in leaf. Dead tissue had very low or no detectable ergovaline but high lolitrem B concentrations. Peramine concentration was high and at similar levels in leaf and pseudostem, but not detectable in dead material. Concentration was similar in both AR1 and standard infected plants. Endophyte presence appeared to have a similar effect in the subtropics as has been demonstrated in temperate areas, in terms of improving yields and persistence and increasing tolerance of plants to stress factors.

EFFECTS OF INORGANIC NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS ON SELECTED SITES OF NATIVE GRASSLAND IN WESTERN CANADA

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Kilcher ◽  
S. Smoliak ◽  
W. A. Hubbard ◽  
A. Johnston ◽  
A. T. H. Gross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
First Year ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Native Grass ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Native Grassland ◽  
Better Than

N, P, and N + P at 60, 26, and 60 + 26 lb per acre were applied on native grass sites during three successive years at seven, locations in Western Canada. Single applications of the N fertilizer resulted in 3- or 4-year total yield increases of 300 to 600 lb per acre at six locations. At Summerland the 3-year increase was nearly 1400 lb. Phosphorus fertilizer by itself provided very little yield increase. N + P gave yield increases that were only slightly better than those from N alone.Residual responses to fertilizer were important, especially in the 12- to 16-in. rainfall locations. Only about one-third of the total yield increase occurred in the first year, with the remainder coming in the subsequent seasons.Weeds, where present, showed a marked response to fertilizer N in the first season; in subsequent years the response largely disappeared.

scholarly journals Academic stress on muslim students in indonesia: Study on online learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 224-239
Author(s):  
Herdian Herdian ◽  
Itsna Nurrahma Mildaeni
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Time Management ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Academic Stress ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
First Year ◽  
Stress Tests ◽  
Muslim Students ◽  
Offline Learning

The pandemic period causes all systems in life to change a lot, one of which is education. Online learning is a solution to the difficulty of offline learning in schools. This study examines academic stress during online learning among first-year Muslim students in Indonesia. This study's participants were 731 first-year Muslim students who had never done offline learning at the target campus. Data collection used the academic stress scale from Lin & Chen (2009) with seven stress sources. The results showed teachers' stress, stress results, stress tests, studying in groups stress, peer stress, time management stress, and self-inflicted stress were at moderate and high levels. Meanwhile, the highest percentage of academic stress factors was obtained from teachers' stress. We also present a detailed examination of demographic data by cross-tabulating and discussing these findings' theoretical and practical implications.

scholarly journals Fungal Endophyte Colonization Patterns Alter Over Time in the Novel Association Between Lolium perenne and Epichloë Endophyte AR37

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavia Pilar Forte ◽  
Jan Schmid ◽  
Paul P. Dijkwel ◽  
Istvan Nagy ◽  
David E. Hume ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Association ◽  
Colonization Patterns ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Epichloë Endophyte

scholarly journals Comparison of Post-Creation Procedures and Costs between Surgical and an Endovascular Approach to Arteriovenous Fistula Creation

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. S8-S14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuo Yang ◽  
Charmaine Lok ◽  
Renee Arnold ◽  
Dheeraj Rajan ◽  
Marc Glickman
Keyword(s):  
Event Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Arteriovenous Graft ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Arteriovenous Fistulas ◽  
Procedural Information ◽  
Endovascular Approach ◽  
Event Rates ◽  
Baseline Demographic

Introduction Due to early and late failures that may occur with surgically created hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas (SAVF), post-creation procedures are commonly required to facilitate AVF maturation and maintain patency. This study compared AVF post-creation procedures and their associated costs in patients with SAVF to patients with a new endovascularly created AVF (endoAVF). Methods A 5% random sample from Medicare Standard Analytical Files was abstracted to determine post- creation procedures and associated costs for SAVF created from 2011 to 2013. Medicare enrollment during the 6 months prior to and after the AVF creation was required. Patients’ follow-up inpatient, outpatient, and physician claims were used to identify post-creation procedures and to estimate average procedure costs. Comparative procedural information on endoAVF was obtained from the Novel Endovascular Access Trial (NEAT). Results Of 3764 Medicare SAVF patients, 60 successfully matched to endoAVF patients using 1:1 propensity score matching of baseline demographic and clinical characteristics. The total post-creation procedural event rate within 1 year was lower for endoAVF patients (0.59 per patient-year) compared to the matched SAVF cohort (3.43 per patient-year; p<0.05). In the endoAVF cohort, event rates of angioplasty, thrombectomy, revision, catheter placement, subsequent arteriovenous graft (AVG), new SAVF, and vascular access-related infection were all significantly lower than in the SAVF cohort. The average first year cost per patient-year associated with post-creation procedures was estimated at US$11,240 USD lower for endoAVF than for SAVF. Conclusions Compared to patients with SAVF, patients with endoAVF required fewer post-creation procedures and had lower associated mean costs within the first year.

scholarly journals MÉNIE MURIEL DOWIE'S A GIRL IN THE KARPATHIANS (1891): GIRLHOOD AND THE SPIRIT OF ADVENTURE

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-856
Author(s):  
Beth Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
New Woman ◽  
First Year ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Literary Celebrity ◽  
Literary Reputation ◽  
Independent Travel ◽  
Review Of Reviews ◽  
The New Woman ◽  
German Edition

Although she did not feature in W. T. Stead's influential 1894 essay “The Novel of the Modern Woman,” Ménie Muriel Dowie (1867–1945) was firmly established as one of the pre-eminent New Woman writers after the publication of Gallia in 1895. A controversial novel in which “the eugenic project is overt,” Gallia has been of some interest to scholars of the New Woman novel (Ledger 70). Despite this, Dowie remains one of the more obscure of the New Woman writers and her work beyond Gallia is seldom discussed. However, one hundred years after its first publication, Gallia was reprinted by Everyman in 1995. Helen Small's introduction to this edition also contains the fullest account of Dowie's life to date, in which the author is shown to be “every bit as defiant of convention as the heroine of her first novel” (xxvi). But, as Small points out in this introduction, it was her 1891 book A Girl in the Karpathians, a vivacious account of a summer of intrepid independent travel undertaken in 1890 when Dowie was twenty-two years old and unmarried, as opposed to Gallia that first established Dowie's considerable contemporary literary reputation. A Girl in the Karpathians enjoyed enthusiastic reviews and impressive sales. The Review of Reviews deemed it “[t]he most noticed, and in some respects most noticeable, book of the month” (“The New Books of the Month” 627). In the first year alone, the book went through five English, four American, and one German edition, and its author quickly became something of a literary celebrity (Small xxviii). According to John Sutherland, Dowie proudly claimed that the book received four hundred reviews, all unanimous in their praise (195).

scholarly journals Evaluation of several lolitrem-free endophyte/perennial ryegrass combinations

1991 ◽  
pp. 215-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.R. Fletcher ◽  
A.J. Popay ◽  
B.A. Tapper
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Feeding Deterrent ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Affected Animal ◽  
Lolitrem B

The fungal endophyte Acremonium lolii, in association with its ryegrass host, produces both peramine, a feeding deterrent to Argentine stem weevil,andlolitrem B,a neurotoxin causing ryegrass staggers. Endophyte strains vary in the ratio of production of these alkaloids in the ryegrass. In field evaluations of several endophyte/ryegrass - combinations, 'Endosafe', a zero lolitrem B, high peramine strain protected its host against Argentine stem weevil attack and did not cause ryegrass staggers in lambs grazing three of four ryegrass cultivars. Lambs on the endophyte-free and Endosafe combinations had the highest liveweight gains and while endophyte-free ryegrass did not cause ryegrass staggers it suffered significant stem weevil damage. Ryegrasses with their 'wild-type' endophyte and a high lolitrem B strain 'Waiau', had only minor stem weevil damage but caused severe ryegrass staggers and weight loss in lambs. Ryegrass with the no lolitrem B, low peramine strain, 'IOOA', suffered some stem weevil damage and although not causing ryegrass staggers, did cause weight loss in lambs. Ryegrass/endophyte metabolites in addition to lolitrem B may have affected animal performance on endophyte-infected ryegrass. Keywords endophytc, Endosafe, perennial ryegrass,ryegrass staggers, Argentine stem weevil, liveweight gains, peramine, lolitrem B

scholarly journals Productivity potential of the Melba apple variety on rootstocks of different growth strengths

2021 ◽  
pp. 114-117
Author(s):  
E. N. Ivanenko ◽  
T. V. Menshutina ◽  
M. G. Kostenko
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
First Year ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
Apple Variety ◽  
The North ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
Productivity Indicators ◽  
Productivity Potential

The article presents the results of a five-year study of the yield of the Melba apple variety on dwarf, semi-dwarf and medium-sized rootstocks selected by the North Caucasus Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture, Viticulture, and Winemaking (SKFNCSVV). The aim of the research is to study the influence of rootstocks of different growth strengths on the productivity potential of the Melba apple variety in the natural and climatic conditions of the Astrakhan region. The research revealed the influence of the rootstock genotype on the main productivity indicators: perishability, yield, frequency of fruiting, stability of productivity, marketable qualities of fruits. The early fruitfulness of the variety was most affected by the dwarf subspecies SK 3, SK 7 and semi-dwarf SK 2, on which 60–100% of the trees bloomed in the first year of growth in the garden. Among the studied combinations, the highest rates of crop growth in the Melba variety were noted on the dwarf rootstock SK 3 and semi-dwarf SK 2, in combination with which the variety was characterized by maximum values of average (19.4–16.3 t/ha) and total yield (97.2–81.6 t/ha), with the values of these indicators on the control variants 16.0–10.6 t/ha and 80.2–53.1 t/ha respectively. Low indicators of the periodicity index were noted on the dwarf rootstock SK 3 (15.6) and semi-dwarf rootstock: control M 26 (23.0), SK 2 (20.0), SK 5 (27.5), high index of productivity stability (0.75–0.86) – on rootstocks SK 3, SK 2 and SK 5. In the arid conditions of the Astrakhan region, the zoned variety Melba is recommended to be grown in an intensive garden on rootstocks SK 3 and SK 2, which ensure regular and stable yields.

scholarly journals Effects on Soybean Growth and Yield of Wheat-Soybean Intercropping System

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1498-1510
Author(s):  
Fernando Ross ◽  
Pablo Eduardo Abbate
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Planting Pattern ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Sole Crop ◽  
Relay Intercropping ◽  
Narrow Row

It has been demonstrated that soybean (Glycine max) produces lower yields at relay intercropping with wheat (Triticum aestivum) than if it is sown as a sole crop. However, most studies considered wider or irregular soybean row spacing, compromising its capacity to recover after wheat harvest. This work studied the stress effects in relay soybean intercropping and suggests narrowing row spacing to improve soybean performance. The aims were (i) to compare growth and yield of two planting patterns and (ii) to separate the effect of water stress (WS) from the effects of other stress factors (OSF) induced by wheat on intercropping soybean. WS was evaluated comparing above-ground dry and grain yield of irrigated and non irrigated intercropping soybean, and OSF was evaluated comparing intercropping soybean with another treatment in which wheat straw (aerial biomass) was eliminated at soybean emergence, both irrigated treatments. In wheat, similar yields were obtained in treatments with an intercropping planting pattern with two rows for wheat and one for soybean (2:1) compared to three rows for wheat and one row for soybean (3:1). However, intercropping soybean at narrow row spacing (52 cm; 2:1) improve yielded 23% more than intercropping at 70 cm (3:1). During wheat-soybean coexistence, OSF prevailed on soybean and this effect persisted in later stages. After wheat harvest, OSF reduced the amount of light interception from R1 to R5 and depressed the crop growth rate (CGR) in 34%. However, in this period, WS also affected the radiation use efficiencies (RUE) which explained the greater fraction (66%) of the total stress induced by wheat in soybean CGR. Intercrop soybean yielded 182 g m-2 less compared to the unstressed sole crop control. Considering the wheat effects on soybean growth, 63% (116.5 g m-2) of the total yield lost were due to WS. Therefore, most of the performance of relay intercropping soybean was linked with water disponibility since early stages. However, at optimum water condition wheat competition by light and resources also affected soybean yield (OSF: 37%).

scholarly journals Vicente Blasco Ibanez and the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: The Civil War of Europeans as a Cultural War

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Jose Mauricio Saldanha Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
First Year ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
The Novel ◽  
German Empire ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Four Horsemen ◽  
Cultural Tensions ◽  
German Reich

The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, a novel about the Great War, was written in 1916 by the Spanish author Vicente Blasco Ibáñez. Ibáñez was a liberal intellectual and opponent to German militarism and the House of Austria, which had been intolerant and retrograde during its rule of Spain in the seventeenth century. This study explores the imperialist, militarist and cultural tensions of the war through Ibáñez’s novel. The formation of blocks of alliances and the capture of rich territories, according to Lenin, translated into the juxtaposition of the German Reich—represented historically by old Germania and the current German Empire fighting for European supremacy—with the Latinity of Ancient Rome and the contemporary French Republic. This cultural and ideological struggle is reflected in the novel’s characters and dialogue. Ibáñez suggests that the 1914 confrontation arose from the Franco-Prussian war of 1870. In the novel, the conflict is typified in two opposing novelistic characters, a German and a Frenchman, who immigrate to Argentina to escape war and poverty. Both return to their countries of origin rich and related to each other, having married the daughters of a rich landlord, Madariaga, although his sons have become cousins and nephews and they face each other from opposite sides of the battlefield. World War I is an irresistible force the magnitude of which draws together all the characters, Ibáñez was absorbed in narrating the first year of the war, when France suffered bitter defeats, and writing about this ongoing event led to his success in the USA, where he maintained the appreciation of the public by quickly creating a film version of the novel.

Time application of superphosphate and the yield of pasture on an acid soil.

1961 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
KD McLachlan
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soil ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
First Year ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Relative Ability ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Earlier Application

Superphosphate was applied in summer (December) or in autumn (March) to an existing mixed pasture of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and phalaris (Phalaris tuberosa L.), growing on apodsolic soil of p H 5.8. Time of application effects were recorded at the lowest level of applied phosphate. The main effect was on the botanical composition of the pasture. The summer application favoured clover, the autumn one grass. This effect is explained as a change in the relative ability of the species to compete for superphosphate. These results suggest how time and rate of application of superphosphate may be used to manage pasture composition. In the first year, when clover growth was encouraged, the earlier application also increased the total yield of pasture. In the second and third years, changes in the yield of grass were offset by changes ill the yield of clover and the effect of time of application on total pasture yield was not significant.

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