Australian canola germplasm differs in nitrogen and sulfur efficiency

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Balint ◽  
Zdenko Rengel ◽  
David Allen
Keyword(s):  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Sulfur Supply ◽  
Utilisation Efficiency ◽  
Low Sulfur ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Eighty-four canola genotypes, including current commercial Australian genotypes, some older Australian genotypes, new breeding lines, and several genotypes from China, were screened for nitrogen and sulfur efficiency in the early growth stage. Plants were grown in a glasshouse using virgin brown Lancelin soil (Uc4.22) supplied with basal nutrients. The treatments were: (i) adequate nitrogen and sulfur, (ii) low nitrogen, and (iii) low sulfur. Canola shoots were harvested at 38 days after sowing when growth reduction and the nitrogen and sulfur deficiency symptoms were evident in most genotypes. The nitrogen or sulfur efficiency in canola genotypes was evaluated on the basis of: (1) growth at low nitrogen or sulfur supply, (2) growth at low relative to adequate nitrogen and sulfur supply, and (3) nitrogen or sulfur utilisation efficiency expressed as shoot dry weight per unit of nitrogen or sulfur content in shoots. Genotypic variation in growth and nitrogen or sulfur efficiency in canola germplasm was significant. Two genotypes (Chikuzen and 46C74) were ranked efficient and 2 inefficient (CBWA-005 and Beacon) in uptake and utilisation of nitrogen under all 3 criteria. In terms of sulfur efficiency, genotype Argentina was ranked efficient, whereas CBWA-003 and IB 1363 were classified inefficient under all 3 criteria. Two canola genotypes (Surpass 600 and 46C74) were both nitrogen- and sulfur-efficient in terms of relative growth at low v. adequate nutrition; their use in the breeding programs could be considered.

The effect of barley yellow dwarf virus on early plant growth in ryegrass (Lolium spp.)

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Eagling ◽  
RJ Sward ◽  
GM Halloran
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus

Measurements were made on the effect of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) infection on the early growth of four commercial cultivars of ryegrass (Lolium spp.) under two different temperatures (24�C and 16�C). At 24'C, BYDV infection was associated with reduced root dry weight (30-40%) in all cultivars; the effect of infection on shoot dry weight and leaf area was variable. At 16�C, the effect of BYDV infection was variable, being associated with increases in root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and leaf area in one cultivar (Grasslands Ariki) and decreases in another (Victorian). In two other cultivars, root dry weight, shoot dry weight and leaf area were not significantly affected (P>0.05) by infection with BYDV.At 24�C, the reductions in root dry weight associated with BYDV infection were not concomitant with reductions in the root relative growth rates. Up to at least 28 days after inoculation (46-50 days after germination) reductions in root dry weight were associated with both aphid-feeding damage and virus infection. Experiments with the cultivar Victorian, showed that shoot dry weight was not significantly affected (P>0.05) by feeding with viruliferous (BYDV) or non-viruliferous aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi L.). At 16�C, changes in root and shoot dry weight were associated with changes in the root and shoot relative growth rates.

Effects of nitrogen and lime on growth of Leucaena leucocephala cv. Cunningham on a red-yellow podzolic soil in south-eastern Queensland

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Sivasupiramaniam ◽  
R Akkasaeng ◽  
HM Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Field Application ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Field and glasshouse experiments were conducted on an acidic red-yellow podzolic soil of low nitrogen status from south-eastern Queensland to examine the use of nitrogen and lime in promoting leucaena growth. In the field, application of 25 kg nitrogen ha-l at planting increased shoot dry weight by 77, 88, 52 and 51% at weeks 5, 15, 32 and 52 respectively. Equivalent responses to lime (2.5 t ha-1) were 8, 3 1, 64 and 74% respectively. In the glasshouse, shoot, root and nodule dry weights were increased by nitrogen application rates of 50, 100 and 200 kg ha-1. Number, size and dry weight of nodules were suppressed at the highest rate (400 kg ha-1). Nitrogen concentration in youngest fully expanded leaves was increased to over 5% by nitrogen, and a critical nitrogen content of 4.5% (90% of maximum growth) is suggested. Inexplicably, lime application reduced shoot, root and nodule weights at high nitrogen applications. The apparent partial effectiveness of commercial leucaena Rhizobium and the implications of starter nitrogen and lime for leucaena establishment are discussed.

scholarly journals ASSESSING THE NITROGEN FIXATION ABILITIES OF NEWLY DEVELOPED PHASEOLUS VULGARIS LINES

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 662e-662
Author(s):  
Dyremple B. Marsh ◽  
Wayne McLaughlin ◽  
James S. Beaver
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Kidney Beans ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Red Kidney Bean ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Methods to improve the grain yield of red kidney bean without the addition of commercially fixed nitrogen will have significant benefits to farmers in Jamaica and other tropical regions. Red kidney beans provide a major portion of the dietary protein for most families in these regions. Our experimental objective was to evaluate the nitrogen fixing capabilities of several breeding lines of Phaseolus vulgaris when inoculated with Rhizobium strains isolated from Jamaican soils. Surface sterilized seeds of 11 Phaseolus lines were inoculated with inoculum prepared from 5 day old Rhizobium YEM mixture. Rhizobium used were T2 and B17 from Jamaica and UMR 1889. The greenhouse study was arranged as a completely randomized design. Bean lines 9056-101, 9056-98B, 8954-5 and 8954-4 showed improved nodulation and N2 fixation when inoculated with UMR 1899. The combination of breeding line 8954-5 and Rhizobium strain B17 produced the highest nodule number and shoot dry weight of 193 and 0.72 g, respectively. The Rhizobium strain B17showed some ability to compete successfully for nodule sites against known effective strains.

scholarly journals The growth analysis of soybean cultivars on the application of banana pseudo-stem bokashi in Samas Coastal Land, Yogyakarta

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Khavid Faozi ◽  
Prapto Yudono ◽  
Didik Indradewa ◽  
Azwar Ma'as
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sandy Land ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Cultivation Technology ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Coastal Land

A coastal sandy land is a potential land used for soybean cultivation. The success in developing soybeans in coastal sandy land depends on the suitability of cultivars used and the cultivation technology applied. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the growth of twelve soybean cultivars in coastal sandy land as affected by the application of banana pseudo-stem bokashi. The experiment was carried out in factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatment factors consisted of rates of bokashi (0, 20, 40, and 60 ton.ha-1) and 12 soybean cultivars (Anjasmoro, Argomulyo, Burangrang, Demas 1, Dena 1, Devon 1, Gamasugen 1, Gema, Gepak Ijo, Grobogan, Kaba, and Slamet). The net assimilation rate, relative growth rate, and root and shoot dry weight were affected by the bokashi rates, with varying responses according to the soybean cultivar. Demas 1 cultivar was the most adaptive cultivar in coastal sandy land based on its ability to accumulate dry matter of plants. The accumulation of dry matter of roots and shoots increased with bokashi application and the optimum rate were 42.83 ton.ha-1 and 45.56 ton.ha-1, respectively.

scholarly journals Detecting Salt Tolerance in Doubled Haploid Wheat Lines

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Al-Ashkar ◽  
Alderfasi ◽  
El-Hendawy ◽  
Al-Suhaibani ◽  
El-Kafafi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Doubled Haploid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Wheat Lines

Improving salt tolerance of genotypes requires a source of genetic variation and multiple accurate selection criteria for discriminating their salt tolerance. A combination of morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters and multivariate analysis was used to detect salt tolerance variation in 15 wheat lines developed by doubled haploid (DHL) technique. They were then compared with the salt-tolerant check cultivar Sakha 93. Salinity stress was investigated at three salinity levels (0, 100, and 200 mM NaCl) for 25 days. Considerable genetic variation was observed for all traits, as was high heritability (>60%) and genetic gain (>20%). Principal component analysis indicated the ability of nine traits (root number, root length, root dry weight, shoot length, shoot dry weight, specific root length, relative water content, membrane stability index, and catalase) to identify differences in salinity tolerance among lines. Three traits (shoot length, shoot dry weight, and catalase) were indicative of salt-tolerance, indicating their importance in improving and evaluating salt tolerant genotypes for breeding programs. The salinity tolerance membership index based on these three traits classified one new line (DHL21) and the check cultivar (Sakha 93) as highly salt-tolerant, DHL25, DHL26, DHL2, DHL11, and DHL5 as tolerant, and DHL23 and DHL12 as intermediate. Discriminant function analysis and MANOVA suggested differences among the five groups of tolerance. Among the donor genotypes, Sakha 93 remained the donor of choice for improving salinity tolerance during the seedling stage. The tolerated lines (DHL21, DHL25, DHL26, DHL2, DHL11, and DHL5) could be also recommended as useful and novel genetic resources for improving salinity tolerance of wheat in breeding programs.

Gibberellic acid induced growth acceleration in Populus hybrids

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 850-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Rood ◽  
G. Daicos ◽  
T. J. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Net Assimilation

Weekly applications of 0.4 mg gibberellic acid (GA) in 8 μL 95% ethanol micropipetted onto shoots of rooted cuttings increased Populuseuramericana (Dode) Guinier height growth by 54% and shoot dry weight by 25% after 21 days. Total leaf area increased by 21% as a result of more rapid leaf production and slightly larger leaf sizes. Root growth was unaffected by GA treatment. The observed GA-induced acceleration resulted from an increase in relative growth rate while mean net assimilation rate was unaffected. Owing to a substantial increase in the number and size of leaves, the leaf area ratio, representing the ratio of photosynthesizing to respiring material, increased. While direct micropipette application of GA promoted height growth and primary shoot dry weight accumulation, GA application through either foliar spray or soil drench also promoted the growth of secondary shoots. Application of GA to shoots was more effective in promoting shoot growth than application through the roots. Direct GA application also promoted the growth of P. alba L. × P. grandidentata Michx. and P. × canescens (Ait.) Smith × P. alba × P. grandidentata. Thus, GA can be used for hastening early growth of these trees under winter greenhouse conditions.

Genotypic differences in wheat for uptake and utilisation of P from iron phosphate

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 837 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. Osborne ◽  
Z. Rengel
Keyword(s):  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Iron Phosphate ◽  
Phosphorus Efficiency ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Phosphorus Use Efficiency ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
P Supply

Two glasshouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the genotypic variation amongst cereal genotypes in phosphorus uptake from relatively insoluble iron phosphate. Optimum rates of iron phosphate were established by growing 3 wheat and 1 triticale genotype on an infertile sand amended with iron phosphate. Shoot dry weight of all genotypes showed a classic Mitcherlich response with 95% maximum growth achieved with 174�mg P/kg soil. Two rates of FePO4 were selected representing a deficient and sufficient supply (26 and 339 mg P/kg soil, respectively). These rates were used to screen 99 wheat, 8 triticale, and 4 cereal rye genotypes for phosphorus-use efficiency. Phosphorus efficiency was rated by 4 criteria: shoot dry weight at deficient P supply, shoot weight at deficient supply relative to shoot weight at sufficient P supply, P uptake efficiency (amount of P taken up per unit of P supplied), and P utilisation efficiency (shoot weight per unit P in plant). No genotypes were rated as efficient under all 4 criteria. Only 2 genotypes were rated efficient (rye Bevy, rye PC00361) and one inefficient (Machete) under 3 criteria. Seven genotypes were rated as efficient on 2 indices (wheat Chinese 80-55, Westonia, and Wawht 2147; triticale Treat, AT48-94, and TX93-78-1; rye Bulgarian Pento), whereas 7 genotypes were rated as inefficient on 2 indices (Boricuta, Cadoux, Cunderdin, Insignia, Kalingri, Perenjori, and triticale Abacus). Significant genotypic variation was identified in cereals in the ability to take up and utilise P from poorly soluble Fe-P, although all genotypes were able to utilise this source of phosphorus to some degree.

Postemergence Herbicide Tolerance Variation in Peanut Germplasm

Weed Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 546-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon G. Leon ◽  
Barry L. Tillman
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Mini Core Collection ◽  
Selection Strategies ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Lower Tolerance

Although herbicide tolerance is not usually evaluated until the final stages of breeding programs, this trait is very important for grower adoption of new peanut cultivars. Understanding herbicide tolerance of breeding lines could help breeders develop selection strategies that maximize herbicide tolerance in new commercial cultivars. However, little is known about herbicide tolerance variability in peanut germplasm. Thirty-five randomly selected breeding lines from the peanut mini-core collection and cultivars ‘Florida-07’ and ‘Georgia-06G’ were evaluated for tolerance to 11 herbicides under greenhouse conditions. Variation among peanut lines in herbicide tolerance, measured as dry weight reductions (DWR), was similar across herbicides and was normally distributed. Florida-07 and Georgia-06G were in the lower two quartiles of injury and DWR among the evaluated peanut lines. Dose–response experiments showed that the most tolerant breeding lines had I50(the rate required to cause 50% injury) and GR50(the rate required to reduce dry weight 50%) values 0.4 to 2.5 times higher than the most susceptible lines, depending on the herbicide. A breeding line had a dicamba GR5013 times higher than the most susceptible line and 2.8 and 4.7 times higher than Florida-07 and Georgia-06G, respectively. The most tolerant lines were consistently tolerant to herbicides with different mechanisms of action, suggesting that nontarget site mechanisms are more likely to be responsible for the tolerance than target-site mutations. These results confirmed peanut-breeding programs would greatly benefit from screening breeding lines for tolerance to key herbicides and developing an herbicide-tolerance catalog. This information can be used when designing new crosses to reduce the risk of developing cultivars with low herbicide tolerance especially considering that one-half of the breeding lines exhibited lower tolerance than the commercial cultivars.

scholarly journals Identifying Yield-optimizing Environments for Two Cowpea Breeding Lines by Manipulating Photoperiod and Harvest Scenario

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 576-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy A. Ohler ◽  
Cary A. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Life Support ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Breeding Line ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Yield Parameters ◽  
Seed Harvest ◽  
Efficiency Rate

Photoperiod and harvest scenario of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) canopies were manipulated to optimize productivity for use in future controlled ecological life-support systems. Productivity was measured by edible yield rate (EYR: g·m-2·day-1), shoot harvest index (SHI: g edible biomass·[g total shoot dry weight]), and yield-efficiency rate (YER: g edible biomass·m-2·day-1per [g nonedible shoot dry weight]). Breeding lines `IT84S-2246' (S-2246) and `IT82D-889' (D-889) were grown in a greenhouse under 8-, 12-, or 24-h photoperiods. S-2246 was short-day and D-889 was day-neutral for flowering. Under each photoperiod, cowpeas were harvested either for leaves only, seeds only, or leaves plus seeds (mixed harvest). Photoperiod did not affect EYR of either breeding line for any harvest scenario tested. Averaged over both breeding lines, seed harvest gave the highest EYR at 6.7 g·m-2·day-1. The highest SHI (65%) and YER (94 mg·m-2·day-1·g-1) were achieved for leaf-only harvest of D-889 under an 8-h photoperiod. For leaf-only harvest of S-2246, both SHI and YER increased with increasing photoperiod, but declined for seed-only and mixed harvests. However, photoperiod had no effect on SHI or YER for D-889 for any harvest scenario. A second experiment utilized the short-day cowpea breeding line `IT89KD-288' (D-288) and the day-neutral breeding line `IT87D-941-1' (D-941) to compare yield parameters using photoperiod extension under differing lamp types. This experiment confirmed the photoperiod responses of D-889 and S-2246 to a mixed-harvest scenario and indicated that daylength extension with higher irradiance from high pressure sodium lamps further suppressed EYR, SHI, and YER of the short-day breeding line D-288.

Waterlogging affects the growth, development of tillers, and yield of wheat through a severe, but transient, N deficiency

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drew Robertson ◽  
Heping Zhang ◽  
Jairo A. Palta ◽  
Timothy Colmer ◽  
Neil C. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Application ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
N Deficiency ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Low Nitrogen ◽  
Final Harvest

Tiller production and survival are suppressed on soils prone to waterlogging. The tiller production and growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Wyalkatchem) was investigated in a glasshouse experiment during and after a transient waterlogging to examine its effect on grain yield. Wheat plants received either a high or low nitrogen (N) application at sowing and were waterlogged at 22 days after sowing for 14 days. Plants received a second either high or low N application after waterlogging was released. Waterlogging induced a transient N deficiency. The N concentration of the youngest expanded leaf on the mainstem and tillers declined markedly during waterlogging, but its recovery 14 days after the waterlogging was ended was independent of treatment, reaching a greater than the critical minimum concentration of 3.5%. The growth of primary tillers 1 and 2 was severely inhibited by waterlogging while the exsertion of new tillers was delayed by 9 days. Shoot dry weight of the waterlogged plants at final harvest was reduced by 37% compared with the non-waterlogged plants. During the recovery period, the waterlogged plants produced higher order tillers that produced late ears. As a result, the number of ears per plant was similar in plants in continuously drained or previously waterlogged soil. Waterlogging reduced the number of grains per ear on the mainstem and tillers, and consequently grain yield by 32%. High N application after waterlogging increased grain yield by ~20%, but high N applied at sowing had no effect on yield. This suggests that N application after waterlogging can reduce the detrimental effect of waterlogging on grain yields in areas prone to waterlogging.

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