The role of seed in the determination of yield of grain crops

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Egli
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Seed Growth ◽  
Seed Fill

The seed is the harvested organ in grain crops and, consequently, the accumulation of dry matter by the seed is an important component of the yield production process. The growth of individual seeds, usually characterised by the rate and duration of growth, is, at least partially, controlled by the seed itself. It is this control that gives the seed a significant role in the yield production process. Genetic variation in seed growth rate, which is substantial, is not related to yield, but variation related to environmental conditions during seed filling often is. Genetic and environmental variation in seed-fill duration is usually directly related to yield. Much is now known about the regulation of seed growth and this knowledge, if applied, may help answer some of the important questions still facing crop scientists as they try to increase yields in the future.

A water deficit during pod development in lentils reduces flower and pod numbers but not seed size

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 427 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Shrestha ◽  
N.C. Turner ◽  
K. H. M. Siddique ◽  
D. W. Turner ◽  
J. Speijers
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Seed Growth ◽  
Pod Development ◽  
Seed Fill

An experiment was conducted under controlled conditions in a glasshouse to determine the sensitivity of reproductive development of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) genotypes of different origins to water deficit. The 3 genotypes were Cassab (West Asia), Simal (South Asia), and ILL 7979 a crossbred between a West Asian genotype and a South Asian genotype. Two watering treatments, a well-watered control and a water-deficit treatment, were imposed from the beginning of podding. Leaf water relations, total dry matter production, leaf area, and number of flowers, pods, and seeds were measured from podding to maturity. In the well-watered plants the leaf water potential (ψleaf) before sunrise ranged from −0.6 to −0.8 MPa. When subjected to water deficit, ψleaf fell to about −3.0 MPa. Genotypes did not show variation in vegetative growth or seed yield under either well-watered or water-deficit conditions, but they differed significantly in the number of flowers, fruiting nodes, pods, and seeds, and harvest index (HI). Seed size in Cassab was 61% larger than ILL 7979 and 105% larger than Simal. The small-seeded genotypes produced the highest number of fruiting nodes and hence a greater number of flowers, pods, and seeds. Seed size was positively correlated with seed growth rate (r = 0.77**) and seed fill duration (r = 0.45*). The water deficit reduced plant height by about 20%, leaf area by 48–81%, and total dry matter by about 60% compared with well-watered plants. The water deficit reduced flower number by 35–46% and increased seed abortion (empty pods) by 17–46%. The water deficit had no effect on the maximum seed growth rate, seed fill duration, or final seed size in any of the 3 genotypes. Therefore, the 70% reduction in seed yield induced by the water deficit was primarily due to a reduction in pod and seed numbers (by 59–70%) rather than individual seed growth rate and seed size.

scholarly journals Determination of Climate and Social Community Factors in Coronavirus Disease-19 Spread Distribution

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (E) ◽  
pp. 1434-1442
Author(s):  
Faradiba Faradiba ◽  
Lodewik Zet
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Social Community ◽  
Community Factors ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
The Government ◽  
Automatic Interaction Detector

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) is very shocking to the world. Until mid-2020, this virus has not yet found a vaccine that can be produced and can be applied en mass across the country. The spread of COVID-19 differs between regions which implie that regional characteristics have an influence on the rate of growth. Regional and social climate factors are thought to have a role in the growth rate of COVID-19. AIM: This study aims to find the role of climate and social society on the spread of COVID-19. METHODS: This research uses OLS regression analysis method, and then continued with Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detector analysis to find the segmentation of the role of climate and social factors on the daily growth rate of COVID-19 in positive and deceased patients. RESULTS: The results of this study state that all independent variables of the study have a significant effect on the spread of COVID-19, with R-squared values in positive and deceased patients, respectively 61.1% and 70.0%. Strategic steps are needed to carry out policies that are targeted, effective and efficient. CONCLUSION: The results of this study can be a reference for the government in determining policies to reduce the growth rate of COVID-19, by focusing on areas that have poor sanitary environment and area are on Java Island.

Introduction.

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Dennis B. Egli
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Unified Model ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Production Agriculture

Abstract This chapter focuses on crop management as the foundation of production agriculture. It provides information needed to construct a unified model of the yield production process that applies to all grain crops.

The Genesis of Form in Casuarinaceae

1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Williams ◽  
RA Metcalf
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Rates Of Growth

The growth and development of the shoot apex of Casuarina distyla, in which the leaves commonly occur in whorls of 6-8 members, is described. The mature apex of C. torulosa, a species with only four leaves per whorl, is also described. Stages in the development of the apex of C. distyla are illustrated with three-dimensional scale drawings. The fused stem-and-leaf nature of the vegetative axis is recognized and the growth of the blade, tube and buttress portions of the axes is presented in units of length and volume. Stages in the development of axillary buds are illustrated with three-dimensional scale drawings. Phyllotactic parameters for whorled systems of phyllotaxis in Nerium and Casuarina are presented along with those for decussate systems in Eucalyptus. The role of physical constraint in the genesis of form and the determination of rates of growth in shoot apices are discussed and it is suggested that rapid maturation of tissues may contribute to the continuous fall in the relative growth rate of the leaves.

scholarly journals The Role of Deep Roots in Sorghum Yield Production under Drought Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
Xiaofei Chen ◽  
Qi Wu ◽  
Yue Gao ◽  
Jiao Zhang ◽  
Yitao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Filling Stage ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
Drought Conditions

Root function plays a vital role in maintaining crop production. However, the role of deep roots in yield production and their effects on photosynthetic performance in sorghum remain unclear. This study aimed to provide theoretical supports for establishing highly efficient root systems of sorghum to achieve more yield under certain conditions. In this study, two sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) cultivars, Jiza127 and Jiza305, were cultivated in soil columns as experimental materials. Three treatments (no roots removed, CK; roots removed at 30 cm underground, R30; roots removed at 60 cm underground, R60) were carried out under drought conditions during the filling stage. The root bleeding intensity, endogenous substances in the root bleeding sap, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation, and yield were measured. The results showed that R30 and R60 significantly reduced yield in both sorghum cultivars, and the effect of R30 on yield was greater than that of R60. The contributions of roots below 30 cm to the yield of both sorghum hybrids were notably higher than those below 60 cm. R30 significantly reduced the dry matter weights (DMWs) of leaves, stems, sheaths, and panicles. R60 significantly reduced the DMW of panicles but had no significant effect on the DMWs of leaves and stems. R30 significantly reduced the photosynthetic level and PSII reaction center activity; however, the effect of R60 was not significant. Although both R30 and R60 significantly reduced root activity and the soluble sugar, amino acid, gibberellin (GA3), and abscisic acid (ABA) contents of the root bleeding sap, some of the above indicators in R60 were significantly higher than those in R30 during the filling stage, indicating that the deeper roots (below 30 cm) had a critical regulatory effect on the physiological processes of the aerial parts in sorghum, which resulted in a stronger effect on yield, especially under drought conditions. In brief, the deep roots of sorghum played a key role in yield production, but the roots in different soil depths regulated yield production in different ways. Our results indicate that deep roots of sorghum deserve consideration as a potential trait for yield improvement especially under drought conditions.

ROLE OF GENETIC VARIATION AT THE FIBRINOGEN LOCUS IN DETERMINATION OF PLASMA FIBRINOGEN CONCENTRATIONS

The Lancet ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 329 (8548) ◽  
pp. 1452-1455 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.E. Humphries ◽  
M. Dubowitz ◽  
M. Cook ◽  
Y. Stirling ◽  
T.W. Meade
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Plasma Fibrinogen

The role of silicon in forages: A quantitative X-Ray study

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 416-417
Author(s):  
Janet H. Woodward ◽  
D. E. Akin
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Acetate Buffer ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Sodium Acetate Buffer ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Percent Composition

Silicon (Si) is distributed throughout plant tissues, but its role in forages has not been clarified. Although Si has been suggested as an antiquality factor which limits the digestibility of structural carbohydrates, other research indicates that its presence in plants does not affect digestibility. We employed x-ray microanalysis to evaluate Si as an antiquality factor at specific sites of two cultivars of bermuda grass (Cynodon dactvlon (L.) Pers.). “Coastal” and “Tifton-78” were chosen for this study because previous work in our lab has shown that, although these two grasses are similar ultrastructurally, they differ in in vitro dry matter digestibility and in percent composition of Si.Two millimeter leaf sections of Tifton-7 8 (Tift-7 8) and Coastal (CBG) were incubated for 72 hr in 2.5% (w/v) cellulase in 0.05 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0. For controls, sections were incubated in the sodium acetate buffer or were not treated.

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