A review of the nutritional value of lupins for dairy cows

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. White ◽  
V. E. Staines ◽  
M. vH. Staines
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
The Mean

Australia is the world’s leading source of lupin grain, producing ~1 million tonnes annually, of which 30% is used by the domestic livestock industry and the rest is exported for use in animal diets, including dairy cows. The domestic dairy industry uses ~70 000 tonnes annually, mainly as a supplementary feed source in pasture-based systems. Although much published information exists on the nutritive value of lupins for dairy cows, it tends to be fragmented and, in some important instances, exists only in the form of reports or publications outside the mainstream scientific journals. This paper aims to present a critical assessment of the current knowledge regarding the nutritional value of lupins as a feed for dairy cows, and offers recommendations for future research. For cows grazing pasture or fed diets based on conserved pasture or cereal hay, the mean fractional response to lupin feeding was 0.53 kg milk/kg DM lupins, with a range of 0–0.97 kg/kg. The mean fractional forage substitution rate was 0.54 kg DM/kg lupins, and this appeared to be independent of the type of basal forage. In experiments using cows fed iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic total mixed rations, substituting oilseed protein such as soybean meal with cracked lupin grain had no significant effects on yield of milk, fat, and protein, but it reduced milk protein concentration and had mixed effects on fat concentration. There were no significant differences in milk yield or in fat or protein concentration when lupins were substituted for other pulse grains such as faba beans or peas. Treatment of lupin grain with heat or formaldehyde reduced lupin protein degradability in the rumen, but was not shown to have consistent benefits over untreated lupins in terms of increased milk yield. Substitution of cereal grains with an equivalent weight of lupins in dairy concentrate rations generally resulted in increased yield of milk, fat, and protein, and a higher fat concentration. The higher yield responses in most cases could be explained on the basis of the higher metabolisable energy content of lupins compared with cereal grains, although the contribution from a potentially lower incidence of rumen lactic acidosis could not be discounted. Feeding Lupinus albus lupins to cows significantly increased the concentration of C18 : 1 in milk and reduced that of C12 : 0–C16 : 0, thus shifting the fatty acid profile of milk towards national dietary guidelines for improved cardiovascular health in human populations. Although the review lists some recommendations for improving the nutritive value of lupins, current commercially available cultivars possess characteristics that make them attractive as a feedstuff for dairy cows.

Complete diets for dairy cows: the effect of energy concentration and change in energy concentration of a complete diet on intake and performance of lactating dairy cows

1984 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Phipps ◽  
J. A. Bines ◽  
R. F. Weller ◽  
Joanne Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYNinety-two British Friesians (56 cows and 36 heifers) were divided into two groups during weeks 3–10 of lactation and received ad libitum either complete diet H (65% concentrates, 35% grass silage, 11·7 MJ ME/kg D.M.) or diet M (50% concentrates, 50% grass silage, 11·2 MJ ME/kg D.M.). In weeks 11· 20 half the animals of each group continued to receive the same diet (HH or MM) while the other half were changed from diet H to M (HM) or from diet M to L (ML). Diet L contained 35% concentrates, 65% grass silage and 10·7 MJ ME/kg D.M. The crude protein concentration of all diets was maintained at about 157 g/kg D.M. by the addition of soya-bean meal to diets M and L.During weeks 3–10 the mean D.M. intake (kg/day), milk yield (kg/day), milk protein (g/kg) and live-weight change (kg/day) for animals on diets H and M were 15·0, 21·7, 33·3, 0·50 and 12·9, 20·2, 31·5, 0·35 respectively. Differences were significant for D.M. intake, milk yield and milk protein concentration. Although milk-fat concentration of cows given diet H (40·2 g/kg) was similar to that of cows given diet M (39·9 g/kg), heifers receiving diet H had a significantly lower value (37·0 g/kg) than those given diet M (39·8 g/kg).When animals were changed from diet H to M or from M to L at week 11, D.M. intake, milk yield and milk-protein concentration decreased. However, milk-fat concentration and live-weight change were generally unaffected.During the complete experimental period, weeks 3–20, animals on treatments HH, HM, MM and ML had mean D.M. intakes and milk yields of 15·3, 14·2, 13·2, 12·4 kg/day and 19·7, 18·5, 17·8, 17·0 kg/day. Milk-protein concentration, was closely related to D.M. intake, but only with heifers did diet H significantly depress milk-fat concentration. The highest live-weight gain was recorded on treatment HH (0·40 kg/day) and the lowost on treatment ML (0·29 kg/day) with intermediate values for treatments HM and MM.In vivodigestibility coefficients of D.M. and organic matter for diet H (0·731, 0·757) were significantly higher than those of diet L (0·707, 0·734) with intermediate values for diet M. However, for acid-detergent fibre the digestibility coefficient for diet H was significantly lower (0·562) than for diet L (0·662). The digestibility coefficients for nitrogen in all three diets were similar.Estimates of mean efficiency of utilization of ME for lactation were made on a weekly basis and were 0·56 and 0·64 for animals on diets H and M in weeks 3·10. During weeks 11·20 the mean values for animals on treatments HH, HM, MM and ML were 0·46, 0·53, 0·51 and 0·59, respectively.

scholarly journals Birdsfoot trefoil - an alternative legume for New Zealand dairy pastures

1998 ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.L. Harris ◽  
D.A. Clark ◽  
P.J. Laboyrie
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil

Two grazing trials conducted with Friesian cows in mid lactation showed milk yields were higher on birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)-dominant pasture (19.8 and 16.7 l/cow/day) than on white clover-dominant (17.8 and 15.4 l/cow/day) or ryegrass-dominant (13.0 and 11.7 l/cow/day) pastures. Increased milk production on the Lotus and clover was attributed to the higher nutritive value of the legume-based pasture compared with the ryegrass, and to higher dry matter intakes. Cows grazing Lotus also had improved feed conversion efficiency compared with those grazing either ryegrass or clover, indicating that the presence of condensed tannins in the Lotus may have contributed to the improved efficiency. Milk protein concentration was consistently higher on the Lotus (3.36 and 3.35%) than on the ryegrass (3.15 and 3.21%) or clover (3.30 and 3.21%) in both experiments, while milk fat levels were lower in Experiment 1. While Lotus increased milk yield and milk protein concentration, its potential as a forage legume for dairy cows also depends on annual herbage production and the determination of how best to utilise it in a farm system. Keywords: birdsfoot trefoil, dairy cows, dry matter intake, Lotus corniculatus, milk composition, milk yield, perennial ryegrass, white clover

The effects on milk yield and composition of incorporating lactose into the diet of dairy cows given protected fat

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Garnsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Fat Supplementation ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Group A

AbstractTwenty-eight Holstein/Friesian dairy cows were divided into four groups of seven. From weeks 4 to 15 of lactation they were given a basal diet consisting of 8 kg hay, 2 kg sugar-beet feed and 2 kg grass nuts, together with a concentrate allowance of 8 kg/day. Concentrates for group A were based on cereals and soya (control). Concentrate B contained 60 g protected fat supplement per kg; concentrate C contained 100 g lactose per kg; concentrate D contained 60 g fat supplement and 100 g lactose per kg. Milk yields were 24·6, 27·7, 25·6 and 26·5 kg/day and milk protein concentrations were 32·3, 30·7, 32·7 and 31·9 g/kg for groups A, B, C and D respectively. The effect of fat supplementation on milk yield and protein concentration was significant (P < 0·05) but the effect of lactose was not significant. Milk fat concentration was not significantly affected by treatment. It is concluded that lactose can partially alleviate the depression in milk protein concentration often observed when cows are given protected fat.

scholarly journals Betaine Improves Milk Yield in Grazing Dairy Cows Supplemented with Concentrates at High Temperatures

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Dunshea ◽  
Kehinde Oluboyede ◽  
Kristy DiGiacomo ◽  
Brian Leury ◽  
Jeremy Cottrell
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Betaine Supplementation ◽  
Daily Milk

Betaine is an organic osmolyte sourced from sugar beet that accumulates in plant cells undergoing osmotic stress. Since the accumulation of betaine lowers the energy requirements of animals and, therefore, metabolic heat production, the aim of this experiment was to investigate if betaine supplementation improved milk yield in grazing dairy cows in summer. One hundred and eighteen Friesian × Holstein cows were paired on days in milk and, within each pair, randomly allocated to a containing treatment of either 0 or 2 g/kg natural betaine in their concentrate ration for approximately 3 weeks during February/March 2015 (summer in Australia). The mean maximum February temperature was 30 °C. Cows were allocated approximately 14 kg dry matter pasture and 7.5 kg of concentrate pellets (fed in the milking shed) per cow per day and were milked through an automatic milking system three times per day. Betaine supplementation increased average daily milk yield by over 6% (22.0 vs. 23.4 kg/day, p < 0.001) with the response increasing as the study progressed as indicated by the interaction (p < 0.001) between betaine and day. Milk fat % (p = 0.87), milk protein % (p = 0.90), and milk somatic cell count (p = 0.81) were unchanged by dietary betaine. However, betaine supplementation increased milk protein yield (677 vs. 719 g/day, p < 0.001) and fat yield (874 vs. 922 g/day, p < 0.001) with responses again being more pronounced as the study progressed. In conclusion, dietary betaine supplementation increased milk and component yield during summer in grazing dairy cows.

The influence of the fat concentration of the diet on the response by dairy cows to body condition at calving

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Garnsworthy ◽  
C. D. Huggett
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractTwenty-four Friesian dairy cows were divided into two groups of 12 between 12 and 18 weeks prior to calving and fed to achieve condition scores at calving of 3·2 (F) or 2·3 (T). For the first 11 weeks of lactation, six cows from each group (H) were given daily 9 kg of a high-fat compound (acid ether extract (AEE) 96 g/kg dry matter (DM)), 3 kg molassed sugar-beet pulp and hay ad libitum. The other six cows in each group (L) were given 10 kg of a low-fat compound (AEE 29 g/kg DM), 2 kg sugar-beet pulp and hay ad libitum. Allowances of compound and sugar-beet pulp were designed to provide equal amounts of energy, neutral-detergent fibre and protein. The fat source used in compound H was a calcium salt of palm acid oil (Megalac®).DM intake was not affected by treatment but fat intake was significantly higher on diet H (P < 0·001). Group TH had higher intakes of digestible energy (DE) than group FH (249 v. 229 MJ/day; P < 0·05), but condition at calving did not affect DE intake with diet L (FL = 230, TL = 233 MJ/day). Milk yield was not significantly affected by treatment, although cows in group TL tended to yield less milk than other groups (28·3, 27·3, 28·0 and 24·3 kg/day for FH, FL, TH and TL respectively). The concentration of milk fat was higher and of milk protein lower with diet H compared with diet L (milk fat 48·1, 42·2, 42·9 and 39·6; milk protein 28·0, 31·0, 28·4 and 30·5 g/kg for FH, FL, TH and TL respectively). Loss of condition score was greater for cows in group F (0·65 units) than for those in group T (0·04 units). Within group F, loss of condition tended to be greater with diet L.It is concluded that the increased intake of fat with diet H tended to decrease loss of condition in cows that were fat at calving but increase milk yield in cows that were thin at calving. It also tended to increase milk fat concentration but decreased milk protein concentration.

Effect of duodenal proline infusion on milk production and composition in dairy cows

1991 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Bruckental ◽  
I. Ascarelli ◽  
B. Yosif ◽  
E. Alumot
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Arginine Uptake ◽  
Friesian Cows

AbstractFour Israeli-Friesian cows, two at peak and two at mid lactation, were fitted with duodenal cannulas. They were given proline or water infusions for 8-day periods to evaluate the effect of duodenal infusion of proline on arginine uptake by the mammary gland and on milk yield and composition of dairy cows. Milk fat content and 40 g/kg fat-corrected milk yield increased for all cows due to proline infusion. Milk protein concentration during either early or mid lactation and milk protein yield during early lactation, were not affected by proline infusion. Milk protein yield during mid lactation was increased due to proline infusion. Arginine uptake by the udder dropped by one-half during proline infusion. Results suggest that post-ruminal administration of supplemental proline reduced requirements for arginine by the udder and improved efficiency of dietary energy utilization.

The effects of frequency of feeding on milk production of dairy cattle: an analysis of published results

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Milk Fat Depression ◽  
Lactose Concentration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Feeding Systems

ABSTRACTAutomated feeding systems for dairy cows offer the benefits of ‘little and often’ feeding. Published data were collected and analysed to establish the extent of such benefits. Twenty-three publications reporting the results of 35 experiments were examined. Several statistically significant positive responses indicated that milk fat concentration, and to a lesser extent yield of milk, could sometimes be increased by increasing the feeding frequency. However, for ail experiments the average proportional increases (± s.e.) in milk fat concentration and milk yield were fairly small at 7·3 (± 3·3) % and 2·7 (± 1·3) %, respectively. The responses of milk fat concentration and milk yield were apparently correlated (r = 0·43, s.e. = 0·20), and the mean proportional response of milk fat yield was 8·3 (± 3·1) %. There was no evidence that milk protein concentration, lactose concentration or changes in body weight were affected by changes in feeding frequency. Increases in food intake were sufficient to explain some, but not all, instances of increased milk fat production. All statistically significant responses to increased feeding frequency occurred when the milk fat concentration was originally depressed, milk fat depression generally being due to feeding pelleted or highly concentrated diets. Increases in milk fat concentration through increased feeding frequency were generally insufficient to bring the milk fat concentration up to a commercially acceptable level. All statistically significant responses were observed on moving from one or two to three or more meals per day, but the possibility of further responses beyond four meals per day could not be ruled out. It was concluded that cows producing milk of commercially acceptable milk fat concentrations were unlikely to benefit from increased feeding frequency.

Modelling the effect of the stage of pregnancy on milk composition

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Coulon ◽  
L. Pérochon
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Pregnant Animal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Image Position

AbstractThe effect of pregnancy on the fat and protein contents of milk was studied on a 414-lactation sample. One hundred and forty-nine lactations of non-pregnant cows managed under identical conditions served as controls. The difference between individual fat or protein contents of each pregnant animal and the mean corresponding values in controls was computed weekly from the week of conception. The effect of pregnancy on fat and protein concentrations began to be significant from the 20th week of pregnancy, regardless of the week of conception. It was higher in the Friesian breed than in Holstein or Montbeliarde cows. In Holstein and Montbeliarde cows, the effect of pregnancy was higher in high producing multiparous cows (+2·8 and +2·9 g/kg for fat and protein concentrations, respectively, at the 29th pregnancy week) than in primiparous or low producing multiparous cows (+2·0 and +1·4 g/kg, for fat and protein concentration, respectively). In each of these three lactation groups (Friesian, high producing multiparous Holstein and Montbeliarde cows, other Holstein and Montbeliarde cows) the following linear modelwas fitted, where Y is the difference between fat or protein concentration of pregnant and non pregnant cows at a given stage (week), Pw is the pregnancy week, and a and b are parameters. This increase in milk fat and protein concentrations in late pregnancy cannot compensate the concomitant decrease in milk yield, so that fat and protein yield decreased in the same manner as milk yield during pregnancy (-77 glday and -68 glday at the 29th week of pregnancy, for fat and protein yield, respectively).

An examination of the effect of method and level of concentrate feeding on milk production in dairy cows offered a grass silage-based diet

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. Agnew ◽  
C. S. Mayne ◽  
J. G. Doherty
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Food Level ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Concentrate Inclusion

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to examine the effect of method and level of concentrate feeding on milk production characteristics in dairy cows offered a grass silage-based diet. Twelve treatments were used with 24 Holstein/Friesian dairy cows in a four-period change-over design experiment. Treatments consisted of three methods of concentrate feeding (twice daily, four times daily or complete diet) and four levels of concentrate feeding (2, 4, 6 or 8 kg/day). Offering a complete diet significantly reduced silage substitution rate (0·28 kg silage dry matter (DM) per kg concentrate DM) compared with concentrates offered twice daily (0·50 kg silage DM per kg concentrate DM; P < 0·01). Method of concentrate feeding had no significant effect on milk yield or milk fat concentration (P > 0·05), although the response in milk protein concentration to increased concentrate food level was significantly greater with twice and four times daily concentrate feeding than with complete diet feeding (0·59, 0·56 and 0·44 g/kg per kg increase in concentrate food level; P < 0·05). Increasing concentrate inclusion level significantly reduced silage DM intake (P < 0·001) but significantly increased (P < 0·001) total DM intake. Milk yield and milk protein concentration were significantly increased (P < 0·001) and milk fat concentration significantly reduced (P < 0·02) with increasing concentrate inclusion level. Total ration apparent digestibility coefficients were unaffected (P > 0·05) by either method of feeding or concentrate inclusion level. However, modified acid-detergent fibre apparent digestibility decreased significantly with increasing concentrate inclusion (P < 0·01). Results suggested that offering complete diets, with concentrates comprising on average 0·33 of total DM intake, increased both silage and total DM intake although this was not reflected in either increased milk yield or improvements in milk composition.

scholarly journals Prediction of 24-hour milk yield and composition in dairy cows from a single part-day yield and sample

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
S. McParland ◽  
B. Coughlan ◽  
B. Enright ◽  
M. O’Keeffe ◽  
R. O’Connor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Calibration Dataset ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Single Part

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the accuracy of predicting 24-hour milk yield and composition from a single morning (AM) or evening (PM) milk weight and composition. A calibration dataset of 37,481 test-day records with both AM and PM yields and composition was used to generate the prediction equations; equations were validated using 4,644 test-day records. Prediction models were developed within stage of lactation and parity while accounting for the inter-milking time interval. The mean correlation between the predicted 24-hour yields and composition of milk, fat and protein and the respective actual values was 0.97 when based on just an AM milk yield and composition with a mean correlation of 0.95 when based on just a PM milk yield and composition. The regression of predicted 24-hour yield and composition on the respective actual values varied from 0.97 to 1.01 with the exception of 24-hour fat percentage predicted from a PM sample (1.06). A single AM sample is useful to predict 24-hour milk yield and composition when the milking interval is known.

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