The epidemiology and control of ascochyta blight in field peas: a review

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 883 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Bretag ◽  
P. J. Keane ◽  
T. V. Price
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Ascochyta Blight ◽  
Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
New Crops ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Ascochyta Pisi ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control

Ascochyta blight is one of the most important diseases affecting field peas. The disease occurs in almost all pea-growing regions of the world and can cause significant crop losses when conditions are favourable for an epidemic. Here we review current knowledge of the epidemiology of the disease. Details are provided of disease symptoms, the disease cycle and the taxonomy of the causal fungi, Ascochyta pisi, Mycosphaerella pinodes and Phoma pinodella. The importance of seed-, soil- and air-borne inoculum is discussed along with the factors that influence survival of the causal fungi in soil, on seed or associated with pea trash. Many studies have been reviewed to establish how the fungi responsible for the disease survives from year to year, how the disease becomes established in new crops and the conditions that favour disease development. Evidence is provided that crop rotation, destruction of infected pea trash and chemical seed treatments can significantly reduce the amount of primary inoculum. Later sowing of crops has been shown to reduce the incidence and severity of disease. Fungicides have been used successfully to control the disease, although the cost of their application can significantly reduce the profitability of the crop. The best long-term strategy for effective disease control appears to be the development of ascochyta blight resistant pea varieties. Reports of physiological specialisation in ascochyta blight fungi are also documented. Despite extensive screening of germplasm, relatively few sources of resistance to ascochyta blight fungi have been found in Pisum sativum. However, the discovery of much better sources of resistance in closely related species and the development of advanced breeding methods offer new possibilities for developing useful resistance.

Importance of seed-borne inoculum in the etiology of the Ascochyta blight complex of field peas (Pisum sativum L.) grown in Victoria

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 525 ◽  
Author(s):  
TW Bretag ◽  
TV Price ◽  
PJ Keane
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Ascochyta Blight ◽  
Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Ascochyta Pisi ◽  
Growing Region ◽  
Seed Infestation

Fungi associated with the ascochyta blight complex of field peas were isolated from 436 of 691 seedlots tested. Of the fungi detected, 94.8% of isolates were Mycosphaerella pinodes, 4.2% Phoma medicaginis, and 1.0% Ascochyta pisi. The levels of infestation of seed varied considerably from year to year and between seedlots, depending on the amount of rainfall between flowering and maturity. Within a particular pea-growing region, the level of seed-borne infection was often highest in seed from crops harvested latest. In addition, crops sown early were usually more severely affected by disease than late-sown crops, and this resulted in higher levels of seed infection. There was no correlation between the level of seed infestation by M. pinodes and the severity of ascochyta blight; however, where the level of seed infection was high (>11%) there was a significant reduction in emergence, which caused a reduction in grain yield. It may therefore be possible to use seed with high levels of seed-borne ascochyta blight fungi, provided the seeding rate is increased to compensate for poor emergence.

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF ASCOCHYTA PINODES ON FIELD PEAS IN CANADA

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. R. Wallen ◽  
T. F. Cuddy ◽  
P. N. Grainger
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽  
Optimum Range ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Ascochyta Pinodes ◽  
Ascochyta Pisi ◽  
And Control ◽  
Pea Seed ◽  
Better Than

Blight, caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes, is now epiphytotic and Ascochyta pinodes is the principal pathogen found in Canadian field pea seed. Ascochyta pisi, cause of leaf and pod spot of peas and formerly the principal seed-borne pathogen, is now seldom found. Reasons for this situation are discussed. Although infection by A. pinodes, from the seed to seedling stage, took place over a temperature range of 10 to 30 °C, the optimum range for infection was 15 to 18 °C. The symptoms produced at the different temperatures are described. Thiram 75, Orthocide 75, Panogen 15 and Spergon as seed treatments were effective in controlling the organism in sand, sandy loam and sterilized sandy loam. Thiram 75 and Orthocide 75 were equal in effectiveness and significantly better than Panogen 15 or Spergon.

scholarly journals A Single, Plastic Population of Mycosphaerella pinodes Causes Ascochyta Blight on Winter and Spring Peas (Pisum sativum) in France

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (23) ◽  
pp. 8431-8440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Le May ◽  
Michèle Guibert ◽  
Aurélie Leclerc ◽  
Didier Andrivon ◽  
Bernard Tivoli
Keyword(s):  
Ascochyta Blight ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Pathogen Populations

ABSTRACTPlant diseases are caused by pathogen populations continuously subjected to evolutionary forces (genetic flow, selection, and recombination). Ascochyta blight, caused byMycosphaerella pinodes, is one of the most damaging necrotrophic pathogens of field peas worldwide. In France, both winter and spring peas are cultivated. Although these crops overlap by about 4 months (March to June), primary Ascochyta blight infections are not synchronous on the two crops. This suggests that the disease could be due to two differentM. pinodespopulations, specialized on either winter or spring pea. To test this hypothesis, 144 pathogen isolates were collected in the field during the winter and spring growing seasons in Rennes (western France), and all the isolates were genotyped using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Furthermore, the pathogenicities of 33 isolates randomly chosen within the collection were tested on four pea genotypes (2 winter and 2 spring types) grown under three climatic regimes, simulating winter, late winter, and spring conditions.M. pinodesisolates from winter and spring peas were genetically polymorphic but not differentiated according to the type of cultivars. Isolates from winter pea were more pathogenic than isolates from spring pea on hosts raised under winter conditions, while isolates from spring pea were more pathogenic than those from winter pea on plants raised under spring conditions. These results show that disease developed on winter and spring peas was initiated by a single population ofM. pinodeswhose pathogenicity is a plastic trait modulated by the physiological status of the host plant.

Ascochyta Blight of Peas

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linnea G. Skoglund ◽  
Robert M. Harveson ◽  
Weidong Chen ◽  
Frank Dugan ◽  
Howard F. Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Ascochyta Blight ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Southwest Asia ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Foliar Diseases ◽  
Ascochyta Pisi ◽  
Serious Disease

Field pea is an annual, cool-season legume native to northwest to southwest Asia. It was among the first crops cultivated by man. The crop is grown primarily in North Dakota, Washington, Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and southern Canada. Ascochyta blight is a serious disease affecting above ground portions at all growth stages. Stem, crown, pod, and foliar diseases of pea are caused by a complex of Ascochyta pisi, Mycosphaerella pinodes, and Phoma pinodella. This paper reviews the disease and the pathogens involved. Accepted for publication 28 January 2011. Published 30 March 2011.

scholarly journals Preservation methods for isolates of ascochyta blight fungi

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
Joanna Marcinkowska
Keyword(s):  
Ascochyta Blight ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Small Space ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Preservation Method ◽  
Ascochyta Pisi ◽  
A Minor

Isolates of ascochyta blight fungi, two of <i>Ascochyta pisi</i>, four of <i>Mycosphaerella pinodes</i> and four of <i>Phoma pinodella</i> were stored: A - on slants under mineral oil, B - on CN's medium agar disks, and as conidial suspension: C - in glycerine, D · in water. Viability and pathogenicity of recovered cultures after each consecutive year were assesed from 1991 to 1999. The compared parameters were first of all strongly influenced by the preservation method, but fungus species and number of years had a minor importance. The best for longer storage was method "A" because after 9 years the isolates were viable, highly pathogenic, and cultures recovered from them were clean. Thc method "C'' is good for short keeping (2-3 years), as conidia in vials need only small space and gave clean cultures.

scholarly journals Smart Home: Power Electric Monitoring and Control in Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Novian Adi Prasetyo ◽  
Andhika Galuh Prabawati ◽  
Suyoto Suyoto
Keyword(s):  
Smart Home ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Electricity Use ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control ◽  
Monitor And Control ◽  
At Home

<p class="0abstractCxSpFirst">The development of the Internet of Things Industry in Indonesia is increasing rapidly from year to year. One of the uses in this industry is being able to carry out monitoring, control, and analysis. The smart home is one of the applications of IoT that is used in households to make it easier for humans to monitor and control all devices at home. Most homes in Indonesia have various commonly used resources, these are water, electricity, and gas. These resources will run out quickly if humans cannot use them properly. Therefore we need to monitor and control the resources we have at home. One of the resources that will be monitored and controlled in this study is electricity resources because it is more widely used in every corner of the house and almost all household devices use these electricity resources.</p><p class="0abstractCxSpFirst">This research proposes a way to do electricity use effectiveness with monitoring and power control using cloud-based IoT. The proposal discussed in the paper is expected to have other benefits besides saving electricity resources, but it is also expected to reduce the cost of energy use at home.</p>

Possible role for wild genotypes of Pisum spp. to enhance ascochyta blight resistance in pea

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 469 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Wroth
Keyword(s):  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Ascochyta Blight ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Effective Field ◽  
Field Resistance ◽  
Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
The Cross

Summary. There are no cultivars with effective field resistance to ascochyta blight currently available in Australia but a number of wild genotypes of Pisum have been identified as possible sources of resistance and these were evaluated in crosses with a commercial cultivar. Pisum fulvum JI 1006, used as the pollen parent, was crossed with P. sativum cv. Wirrega using wild type P. sativum JI 252 as a bridging cross. JI 1006 and JI 252 both respond to Mycosphaerella pinodes infection by inducing a rapid hypersensitive response. All F2 seedlings (17–20-day-old) from the cross Wirrega × (JI 252 × JI 1006) were screened for their responses to M. pinodes infection in a controlled environment and plants with the highest levels of resistance were then screened as F3 progeny families in the field to determine their responses to natural M. pinodes infection. Nine percent of these families were significantly more resistant for both leaf and stem disease compared with Wirrega and among them were 9 lines which flowered at the same time or earlier than Wirrega. However, even the most resistant line had 30% of the foliage destroyed by disease, indicating disease control was insufficient. A second resistance mechanism which impeded M. pinodes hyphal penetration in leaves (P. sativum SA 1160) was combined with the hypersensitive response in the cross SA 1160 × (JI 252 × JI 1006). The level of resistance to disease was now significantly higher than any plant in the original F3 population, despite the wild-type growth habit of these plants. It is suggested that breeding programs should focus first on maximising field resistance through isolation of some optimal combinations of resistance mechanisms in wild genotypes before turning to improving the agronomic performance through backcrossing to advanced breeding lines.

A review on current knowledge of major zoonotic protozoan diseases affecting farm and pet animals

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
Hanan H. Abdelbaky ◽  
Kousuke Umeda ◽  
Thu-Thuy Nguyen ◽  
Adel E.A. Mohamed ◽  
Ragab M. Fereig
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Neglected Diseases ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
Almost All ◽  
And Control

Given the high importance of animal uses for human beings, avoidance of contact with animals is far from straightforward, even if there is a risk of zoonotic diseases. Animal products or byproducts are essential sources of food for humans. Also, there are large numbers of companion animals worldwide which are important for the soundness of mental health for the owners. Understanding of the disease in animals is of paramount importance to control and prevent transmission to humans. Zoonotic protozoan parasites, including malaria, babesiosis, trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis and cryptosporidiosis, can cause severe infections to humans, and some of them can drastically affect both economy and society. Impacts of such infections are aggravated when asymptomatic animals being in contact with susceptible individuals, including infants, pregnant women or immunocompromised people. Malaria, babesiosis and trypanosomiasis are vector-borne diseases that cause hemolytic anemia and high fever. Toxoplasmosis is a congenitally transmitted infection characterized by abortion and congenital abnormalities in infected persons and animals. Cryptosporidiosis is a highly contagious disease affecting humans and various animal species, and diarrhea is the main clinical form. These infections are globally distributed and affect various demographics. However, awareness of these often neglected diseases in almost all countries and communities is required to protect animals, owners, and customers. Thus, this review is aimed to provide the recent and current knowledge on transmission, epidemiology and control of some protozoan diseases of zoonotic importance.

Convergence in norming and control of modern wireless technologies electromagnetic fields

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 610-613
Author(s):  
Michail Yu. Maslov ◽  
Yuri M. Spodobaev
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Telecommunications Industry ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Wireless Technologies ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Network Technologies ◽  
And Control

Telecommunications industry evolution shows the highest rates of transition to high-tech systems and is accompanied by a trend of deep mutual penetration of technologies - convergence. The dominant telecommunication technologies have become wireless communication systems. The widespread use of modern wireless technologies has led to the saturation of the environment with technological electromagnetic fields and the actualization of the problems of protecting the population from them. This fundamental restructuring has led to a uniform dense placement of radiating fragments of network technologies in the mudflow areas. The changed parameters of the emitted fields became the reason for the revision of the regulatory and methodological support of electromagnetic safety. A fragmented structural, functional and parametric analysis of the problem of protecting the population from the technological fields of network technologies revealed uncertainty in the interpretation of real situations, vulnerability, weakness and groundlessness of the methodological basis of sanitary-hygienic approaches. It is shown that this applies to all stages of the electromagnetic examination of the emitting fragments of network technologies. Distrust arises on the part of specialists and the population in not only the system of sanitary-hygienic control, but also the safety of modern network technologies is being called into question. Growing social tensions and radio phobia are everywhere accompanying the development of wireless communication technologies. The basis for solving almost all problems of protecting the population can be the transfer of subjective methods and means of monitoring and sanitary-hygienic control of electromagnetic fields into the field of IT.

Drug policy and control at the international level

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F. Babor ◽  
Jonathan Caulkins ◽  
Benedikt Fischer ◽  
David Foxcroft ◽  
Keith Humphreys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Prescription Medications ◽  
Access To Treatment ◽  
Illicit Markets ◽  
Pain Medications ◽  
Almost All ◽  
And Control ◽  
Illicit Trafficking

International drug control efforts are designed to coordinate domestic laws with international activities that regulate or limit the supply of psychoactive substances. These efforts are organized around three main drug control treaties that almost all countries have ratified in order to prevent illicit trafficking and other drug-related crime, while at the same time allowing access to prescription medications. The effects of the system have been evaluated mostly in terms of the ability to eliminate illicit markets and supply. The gross imbalance in world consumption of legal opiates is a pointer to the limited availability of effective pain medications in many low-income countries, with 80% of the world’s population having either no or inadequate access to treatment for moderate or severe pain.

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