High ear number is key to achieving high wheat yields in the high-rainfall zone of south-western Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heping Zhang ◽  
Neil C. Turner ◽  
Michael L. Poole ◽  
Senthold Asseng
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Sink Capacity

The growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were examined to determine the actual and potential yields of wheat at a site in the high rainfall zone (HRZ) of south-western Australia. Spring wheat achieved yields of 5.5−5.9 t/ha in 2001 and 2003 when subsurface waterlogging was absent or minimal. These yields were close to the estimated potential, indicating that a high yield potential is achievable. In 2002 when subsurface waterlogging occurred early in the growing season, the yield of spring wheat was 40% lower than the estimated potential. The yield of wheat was significantly correlated with the number of ears per m2 (r2 = 0.81) and dry matter at anthesis (r2 = 0.73). To achieve 5–6 t/ha of yield of wheat in the HRZ, 450–550 ears per m2 and 10–11 t/ha dry matter at anthesis should be targetted. Attaining such a level of dry matter at anthesis did not have a negative effect on dry-matter accumulation during the post-anthesis period. The harvest index (0.36−0.38) of spring wheat was comparable with that in drier parts of south-western Australia, but relatively low given the high rainfall and the long growing season. This relatively low harvest index indicates that the selected cultivar bred for the low- and medium-rainfall zone in this study, when grown in the HRZ, may have genetic limitations in sink capacity arising from the low grain number per ear. We suggest that the yield of wheat in the HRZ may be increased further by increasing the sink capacity by increasing the number of grains per ear.

Water use of wheat, barley, canola, and lucerne in the high rainfall zone of south-western Australia

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heping Zhang ◽  
Neil C. Turner ◽  
Michael L. Poole
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
Significant Difference

Water use of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) was measured on a duplex soil in the high rainfall zone (HRZ) of south-western Australia from 2001 to 2003. Rainfall exceeded evapotranspiration in all years, resulting in transient perched watertables, subsurface waterlogging in 2002 and 2003, and loss of water by deep drainage and lateral flow in all years. There was no significant difference in water use among wheat, barley, and canola. Lucerne used water at a similar rate to annual crops during the winter and spring, but continued to extract 80−100 mm more water than the annual crops over the summer and autumn fallow period. This resulted in about 50 mm less drainage past the root-zone than for annual crops in the second and third years after the establishment of the lucerne. Crop water use was fully met by rainfall from sowing to anthesis and a significant amount of water (120−220 mm) was used during the post-anthesis period, resulting in a ratio of pre- to post-anthesis water use (ETa : ETpa) of 1 : 1 to 2 : 1. These ratios were lower than the indicative value of 2 : 1 for limited water supply for grain filling. High water use during the post-anthesis period was attributed to high available soil water at anthesis, a large rooting depth (≥1.4 m), a high proportion (15%) of roots in the clay subsoil, and regular rainfall during grain filling. The pattern of seasonal water use by crops suggested that high dry matter at anthesis did not prematurely exhaust soil water for grain filling and that it is unlikely to affect dry matter accumulation during grain filling and final grain yield under these conditions.

scholarly journals Interactive Effects of Sowing Date and Planting Density on Dry Matter Accumulation and Partitioning of Chicory

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Hamid MADANI ◽  
Christos DORDAS ◽  
Ahad MADANI ◽  
Mohammad-Ali MOTASHAREI ◽  
Shima FARRI
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation

Chicory is considered one of the alternatives crops that can be used in crop rotation and contains many phytochemicals that can be used in medicine. In addition, lengthening the growing season by early sowing may increase root chicory yield potential, and thus increase its competitiveness with traditional crops. The objectives of the present study were to determine whether early sowing date risks can be decreased by higher sowing density and also to study the effect of sowing date and sowing density on dry matter accumulation and partitioning of chicory. Growing season did not affect any of the characteristics that were studied. Also plant density affected the flowers biomass, root biomass per plant and the respective yield together with the plant height and essence yield and total yield. The sowing date affected the leaf, flower and stem biomass on a plant basis. However, the interaction between plant density and sowing date affected the total biomass per plant, the flower biomass per plant, the root biomass per plant, the flower yield, the root yield and the essence yield. These results indicate that for higher production it is important to determine the right plant density and sowing date which can affect growth, dry matter accumulation and essence yield.

scholarly journals Nutrient uptake, growth and yield performance of three tanier (Xanthosoma spp.) cultivars grown under intensive management.

1969 ◽  
Vol 77 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ricardo Goenaga ◽  
Ulises Chardón
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Intensive Management ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Uptake Of Nutrients

A study was conducted to determine the growth, nutrient uptake and yield performance of tanier cultivars Blanca del País, Kelly and Morada under intensive management. Tanier plants grown under field conditions were harvested for biomass production about every 30 days during the growing season. At each harvest, plants were separated into various plant parts to determine dry matter accumulation, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and in uptake and yield. Maximum uptake of nutrients was 307, 83, 417, 112, 68 and 1.4 kg/ha of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Zn, respectively, for cultivar Blanca del País. Nutrient uptake by Kelly was considerably less than for Blanca del País and Morada. Overall, there were no significant differences in total dry matter production between cultivars Blanca del País and Morada whereas Kelly accumulated significantly less dry matter. Maximum yields ranged from 11,316 kg/ha in Kelly to 34,068 kg/ha in Morada.

scholarly journals Growth Rate, Dry Matter Accumulation, and Partitioning in Soybean (Glycine max L.) in Response to Defoliation under High-Rainfall Conditions

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1497
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ali Raza ◽  
Hina Gul ◽  
Feng Yang ◽  
Mukhtar Ahmed ◽  
Wenyu Yang
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Light Transmittance ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Initiation Stage

The frequency of heavy rains is increasing with climate change in regions that already have high annual rainfall (i.e., Sichuan, China). Crop response under such high-rainfall conditions is to increase dry matter investment in vegetative parts rather than reproductive parts. In the case of soybean, leaf redundancy prevails, which reduces the light transmittance and seed yield. However, moderate defoliation of soybean canopy could reduce leaf redundancy and improve soybean yield, especially under high-rainfall conditions. Therefore, the effects of three defoliation treatments (T1, 15%; T2, 30%; and T3, 45% defoliation from the top of the soybean canopy; defoliation treatments were applied at the pod initiation stage of soybean) on the growth and yield parameters of soybean were evaluated through field experiments in the summer of 2017, 2018, and 2019. All results were compared with nondefoliated soybean plants (CK) under high-rainfall conditions. Compared with CK, treatment T1 significantly (p < 0. 05) improved the light transmittance and photosynthetic rate of soybean. Consequently, the leaf greenness was enhanced by 22%, which delayed the leaf senescence by 13% at physiological maturity. Besides, compared to CK, soybean plants achieved the highest values of crop growth rate in T1, which increased the total dry matter accumulation (by 6%) and its translocation to vegetative parts (by 4%) and reproductive parts (by 8%) at physiological maturity. This improved soybean growth and dry matter partitioning to reproductive parts in T1 enhanced the pod number (by 23%, from 823.8 m−2 in CK to 1012.7 m−2 in T1) and seed number (by 11%, from 1181.4 m−2 in CK to 1311.7 m−2 in T1), whereas the heavy defoliation treatments considerably decreased all measured growth and yield parameters. On average, treatment T1 increased soybean seed yield by 9% (from 2120.2 kg ha−1 in CK to 2318.2 kg ha−1 in T1), while T2 and T3 decreased soybean seed yield by 19% and 33%, respectively, compared to CK. Overall, these findings indicate that the optimum defoliation, i.e., T1 (15% defoliation), can decrease leaf redundancy and increase seed yield by reducing the adverse effects of mutual shading and increasing the dry matter translocation to reproductive parts than vegetative parts in soybean, especially under high-rainfall conditions. Future studies are needed to understand the internal signaling and the molecular mechanism controlling and regulating dry matter production and partitioning in soybean, especially from the pod initiation stage to the physiological maturity stage.

Dry matter accumulation and seed yield of dwarf autumn-sown white lupin (Lupinus albus L.)

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Harzic ◽  
C. Huyghe ◽  
J. Papineau
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
White Lupin ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Seed Protein Concentration ◽  
Total Seed

DM accumulation and seed yield formation of the dwarf autumn-sown white lupin XA100 were compared with those of the tall cultivar Lunoble for 3 yr and at two plant densities to analyse to what extent the DM allocation to seed could be altered by dwarfism. At maturity, XA100 produced an average of 10.5 t ha−1 of above-ground DM, whereas Lunoble produced 12.3 t ha−1. Seed yield of XA100 (3.59 t ha−1) and Lunoble (3.36 t ha−1) were not significantly different, but the harvest index was 0.38 for XA100 and 0.32 for Lunoble. The reduction of the proportion of DM in XA100 stems was associated with an increase in the proportion of DM allocated to pods. The contribution of each pod order to total seed yield was different for XA100 and Lunoble, with XA100 producing more on the third and fourth branch orders. The low mainstem seed yield of XA100 was associated with late pod and seed abortion. XA100 mean seed weight was 0.287 g, and its seed protein concentration was 382 g kg−1, both of which were higher than for Lunoble. XA100 was not selected for its yield potential. However, no agronomic problem associated with dwarfism was detected in this experiment. Consequently, the characteristics of the dward lupin have to be considered for the breeding of autumn-sown white lupin. Key words: White lupin, dwarfism, growth, dry matter partitioning, seed yield, harvest index

Trends in grain production and yield gaps in the high-rainfall zone of southern Australia

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Robertson ◽  
John Kirkegaard ◽  
Allan Peake ◽  
Zoe Creelman ◽  
Lindsay Bell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Eastern Australia

The high-rainfall zone (HRZ) of southern Australia is the arable areas where annual rainfall is between 450 and 800 mm in Western Australia and between 500 and 900 mm in south-eastern Australia, resulting in a growing-season length of 7–10 months. In the last decade, there has been a growing recognition of the potential to increase crop production in the HRZ. We combined (1) a survey of 15 agricultural consultants, each of whom have ~40–50 farmer clients across the HRZ, (2) 28 farm records of crop yields and area for 2000–2010, (3) 86 wheat and 54 canola yield observations from well managed experiments, and (4) long-term simulated crop yields at 13 HRZ locations, to investigate recent trends in crop production, quantify the gap between potential and actual crop yields, and consider the factors thought to limit on-farm crop yields in the HRZ. We found in the past 10 years a trend towards more cropping, particularly in WA, an increased use of canola, and advances in the adaptation of germplasm to HRZ environments using winter and longer-season spring types. Consultants and the farm survey data confirmed that the rate of future expansion of cropping in the HRZ will slow, especially when compared with the rapid changes seen in the 1990s. In Victoria, New South Wales and South Australia the long-term water-limited potential yield in HRZ areas, as measured by experimental yields, consultant estimates and simulations for slow developing spring cultivars of wheat and canola was 5–6 and 2–3 t/ha for a decile 5 season. For Western Australia it was 4–5 and 2–3 t/ha, where yields were less responsive to good seasons than in the other states. The top performing farmers were achieving close to the water-limited potential yield. There are yield advantages of ~2 t/ha for ‘winter’ over ‘spring’ types of both wheat and canola, and there is scope for better adapted germplasm to further raise potential yield in the HRZ. Consultants stated that there is scope for large gains in yield and productivity by encouraging the below-average cropping farmers to adopt the practices and behaviours of the above-average farmers. The scope for improvement between the below- and above-average farmers was 1–3 t/ha for wheat and 0.5–1.5 t/ha for canola in a decile 5 season. They also stated that a lack of up-to-date infrastructure (e.g. farm grain storage) and services is constraining the industry’s ability to adopt new technology. Priorities for future research, development and extension among consultants included: overcoming yield constraints where growing-season rainfall exceeds 350 mm; adaptation of winter and long-season spring types of cereals and canola and management of inputs required to express their superior yield potential; and overcoming barriers to improved planning and timeliness for crop operations and adoption of technology.

EFFECTS OF INCREMENTAL N FERTILIZATION ON GRAIN YIELD AND DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION OF SIX SPRING WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) CULTIVARS IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. GEHL ◽  
L. D. BAILEY ◽  
C. A. GRANT ◽  
J. M. SADLER
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation

A 3-yr study was conducted on three Orthic Black Chernozemic soils to determine the effects of incremental N fertilization on grain yield and dry matter accumulation and distribution of six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Urea (46–0–0) was sidebanded at seeding in 40 kg N ha−1 increments from 0 to 240 kg ha−1 in the first year and from 0 to 200 kg ha−1 in the 2 subsequent years. Nitrogen fertilization increased the grain and straw yields of all cultivars in each experiment. The predominant factor affecting the N response and harvest index of each cultivar was available moisture. At two of the three sites, 91% of the interexperiment variability in mean maximum grain yield was explained by variation in root zone moisture at seeding. Mean maximum total dry matter varied by less than 12% among cultivars, but mean maximum grain yield varied by more than 30%. Three semidwarf cultivars, HY 320, Marshall and Solar, had consistently higher grain yield and grain yield response to N than Glenlea and Katepwa, two standard height cultivars, and Len, a semidwarf. The mean maximum grain yield of HY 320 was the highest of the cultivars on test and those of Katepwa and Len the lowest. Len produced the least straw and total dry matter. The level of N fertilization at maximum grain yield varied among cultivars, sites and years. Marshall and Solar required the highest and Len the lowest N rates to achieve maximum grain yield. The year-to-year variation in rates of N fertilization needed to produce maximum grain yield on a specific soil type revealed the limitations of N fertility recommendations based on "average" amounts and temporal distribution of available moisture.Key words: Wheat (spring), N response, standard height, semidwarf, grain yield

Radiation absorption, growth and yield of cereals

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Gallagher ◽  
P. V. Biscoe
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Radiation Absorption ◽  
Exponential Equation ◽  
Crop Cover ◽  
Crop Growth Rate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Total Crop

SummaryAnalysis of measurements of absorbed radiation and leaf area indices of wheat and barley crops showed that throughout most of growth the fraction of absorbed solar radiation could be described by a simple exponential equation.For several of these crops grown under a wide range of weather and husbandry at Sutton Bonington and Rothamsted, 2-weekly values of crop growth rate (C) were closely related to radiation absorbed until ear emergence and about 3·0 g of dry matter (D.M.) were produced by each MJ of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) absorbed. Final crop weight was closelyrelated to total PAR absorbed during growth (SA); on average about 2·2 g D.M. were produced per MJ absorbed, equivalent to a growth efficiency (Eg) of approximately 3·9%. Unfertilized and drought-stressed crops had a smaller Eg.The fraction of total crop D.M. harvested as grain (harvest index) varied more for wheat than for barley. Calculations of a maximum realizable grain yield made using the largest values of Eg and SA for the crops measured and assuming a harvestindex of 0.53 (achieved in an experimental crop) showed a grain D.M. yield of 10·3 t D.M./ha to be possible. To achieve such a yield would require full crop cover from the beginning of April until the end of July in a typical English growing season.

scholarly journals Growth, yield and nutrient content of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) in response to INM in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yubaraj Dhakal ◽  
RS Meena ◽  
Nirmal De ◽  
SK Verma ◽  
Ajeet Singh
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Spad Value ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Eastern Uttar Pradesh

Significant improvement in LAI, number of trifoliate, SPAD value of green leaf chlorophyll, dry matter accumulation, yield, harvest index (%) and nutrient content of mungbean were recorded due to application of 75% RDF + 2.5 t/ha vermicompost (VC) + Rhizobium (Rh)+ phosphorus solublizing bacteria (PSB), followed by 100% RDF + 2.5 t/ha VC and 100% RDF + Rh + PSB. The highest seed yield of mungbean was obtained with the application of 75% RDF + 2.5 t/ha VC + Rh + PSB (12.34 q /ha) followed by 100% RDF + 2.5 t/ha VC (12.05 q /ha) and 100% RDF + Rh+ PSB (11.95 q /ha).

scholarly journals Preliminary Study on Effect of Early Defoliation on Dry Matter Accumulation and Storage of Reserves on ‘Abbé Fétel’ Pear Trees

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 2169-2177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Mesa ◽  
Sara Serra ◽  
Andrea Masia ◽  
Federico Gagliardi ◽  
Daniele Bucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Pear Trees

Annual accumulation of starch is affected by carbon reserves stored in the organs during the growing season and is controlled mainly by sink strength gradients within the tree. However, unfavorable environmental conditions (e.g., hail events) or application of management practices (e.g., defoliation to enhance overcolor in bicolor apple) could influence the allocation of storage carbohydrates. This preliminary research was conducted to determine the effects of early defoliation on the dry matter, starch, and soluble carbohydrate dynamics in woody organs, roots, and mixed buds classified by age and two levels of crop-load for one growing season in ‘Abbé Fétel’ pear trees (Oct. 2012 to mid-Jan. 2013 in the northern hemisphere). Regardless of the organs evaluated (woody organs, roots, and mixed buds), an increase of soluble carbohydrate concentration was observed in these organs in the period between after harvest (October) and January (dormancy period). Among all organs, woody short-old spurs showed the highest increase (+93.5%) in soluble sugars. With respect to starch, woody organs showed a clear trend of decreasing in concentration between October and January. In this case, short-old spurs showed the smallest decline in starch concentrations, only 6.5%, whereas in other tree organs starch decreased by 34.5%. After harvest (October), leaves showed substantially higher starch and soluble sugar concentrations in trees with lower crop-loads. These results confirm that in the period between October and January, dynamic interconversions between starch and soluble carbohydrates occur at varying magnitudes among organs in pear trees.

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