Lupin: the largest grain legume crop in Western Australia, its adaptation and improvement through plant breeding

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. French ◽  
Bevan J. Buirchell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Root System ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Deep Root

Between 500 000 and 1 000 000 tonnes of narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.) are produced in Western Australia each year. It has become the predominant grain legume in Western Australian agriculture because it is peculiarly well adapted to acid sandy soils and the Mediterranean climate of south-western Australia. It has a deep root system and root growth is not reduced in mildly acid soils, which allows it to fully exploit the water and nutrients in the deep acid sandplain soils that cover much of the agricultural areas of Western Australia. It copes with seasonal drought through drought escape and dehydration postponement. Drought escape is lupin’s main adaptation to drought, and has been strengthened by plant breeders over the past 40 years by removal of the vernalisation requirement for flowering, and further selection for earlier flowering and maturity. Lupin postpones dehydration by several mechanisms. Its deep root system allows it to draw on water from deep in the soil profile. Lupin stomata close to reduce crop water demand at a higher leaf water potential than wheat, but photosynthetic rates are higher when well watered. It has been proposed that stomata close in response to roots sensing receding soil moisture, possibly at a critical water potential at the root surface. This is an adaptation to sandy soils, which hold a greater proportion of their water at high matric potentials than loamy or clayey soils, since the crop needs to moderate its water use while there is still sufficient soil water left to complete its life cycle. Lupin has limited capacity for osmotic adjustment, and does not tolerate dehydration as well as other crops such as wheat or chickpea. Plant breeding has increased the yield potential of lupin in the main lupin growing areas of Western Australia by 2–3 fold since the first adapted cultivar was released in 1967. This has been due largely to selecting earlier flowering and maturing cultivars, but also to improved pod set and retention, resistance to Phomopsis leptostromiformis (Kühn) Bubák, and more rapid seed filling. We propose a model for reproductive development in lupin where vegetative growth is terminated in response to receding soil moisture and followed by a period in which all assimilate is devoted to seed filling. This should allow lupin to adjust its developmental pattern in response to seasonal conditions to something like the optimum that mathematical optimal control theory would choose for that season. This is the type of pattern that has evolved in lupin, and the task of future plant breeders will be to fine-tune it to better suit the environment in the lupin growing areas of Western Australia.

Effects of root severing treatments on loblolly pine

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1376-1385 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Carlson ◽  
Constance A. Harrington ◽  
Peter Farnum ◽  
Stephen W. Hallgren
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Root System ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Plant Water Status ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
First Order

Six-year-old loblolly pine seedlings were subjected to root severing treatments varying from 0 to 100% of first-order lateral roots. Separate treatments severed surface-oriented or deep-oriented roots. Plant water status was monitored periodically for several months. After all measurements were taken, gross root system structure was determined by excavation. Treatment responses were evident on all dates of measurement. Relationships between percentage of root system cut and leaf conductance or water potential were stronger when surface-oriented roots were cut than when deep-oriented roots were cut. Severing surface-oriented first-order lateral (SOFOL) roots probably resulted in greater impact on plant water status than severing deep-oriented first-order lateral (DOFOL) roots because (i) SOFOL roots had both surface-oriented and deep-oriented second-order lateral roots that could tap both surface and subsurface soil horizons for soil moisture, and (ii) the deep-oriented second-order roots (originating from the SOFOL roots) were spatially distributed over a much larger area than the DOFOL roots and thus would have access to soil water in a larger volume of soil. For SOFOL roots the relationship between percentage cut and leaf conductance or transpiration was strongly negative; for DOFOL roots, no relationship between these variables was observed. Initially water potential decreased with the percentage of roots cut in both groups; in later measurements, water potential was affected more by severing SOFOL than DOFOL roots. Calculation of soil moisture depletion by depth indicated that both surface- and deep-oriented second-order lateral roots were important for water uptake. Severing SOFOL roots significantly decreased nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels in needles of the first growth flush of the year. Levels of these elements in terminal buds were not affected by severing SOFOL roots, but were significantly reduced by severing DOFOL roots. Secondary xylem production was reduced proportionately to the amount of root system cross-sectional area severed.

A comparison of the adaptation of yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) and narrow-leafed lupin (L. angustifolius L.) to acid sandplain soils in low rainfall agricultural areas of Western Australia

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 945 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. French ◽  
R. J. French ◽  
M. W. Sweetingham ◽  
M. W. Sweetingham ◽  
G. G. Shea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Lupinus Luteus ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Yellow Lupin ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Extractable Al

Almost the entire lupin industry of Western Australia is based on the single species Lupinus angustifolius L. (narrow-leafed lupin), which is very well adapted to coarse-textured, mildly acid soils. However, L. angustifolius is not well suited to the strongly acid sand plain soils along the low rainfall fringe of Western Australia’s agricultural areas, and alternative grain legume species may be preferable. These soils, known locally as wodjil soils, have very low nutrient contents, often high levels of extractable Al in the subsoil, and are common in areas where severe brown spot and root rot disease is caused byPleiochaeta setosa. Yellow lupin, Lupinus luteus L., may be a better species on these soils. This paper describes a series of trials comparing the grain yields of narrow-leafed lupin and yellow lupin on a range of soils in the agricultural areas of Western Australia. These trials were sown on a range of dates and in a range of rotational backgrounds between 1995 and 1998. With current cultivars, narrow-leafed lupin clearly has higher yield potential than yellow lupin when soil-extractable [Al] at a depth of 15–25 cm (measured in a 1 :5 extract of soil in 0.01 M CaCl2) is <10 mg/kg. When extractable [Al] at this depth is greater, yellow lupin can produce greater yields than narrow-leafed lupin, depending on other environmental characteristics, especially when extractable [Al] exceeds 28 mg/kg, but its yield advantage is often small. Yellow lupin is less sensitive to delayed sowing than narrow-leafed lupin, and more tolerant of brown spot, but narrow-leafed lupin is more responsive to good seasonal conditions and less sensitive to frost. We conclude that yellow lupin has a place in Western Australian farming systems on soils with >10 mg/kg extractable [Al] where these soils are in close lupin rotations, in areas where brown spot is severe, or in low rainfall areas where narrow-leafed lupin yield potential does not often exceed 1 t/ha on these soils. However, yellow lupin has had relatively little breeding effort in Australia and its place will remain precarious until better adapted, higher yielding cultivars become available.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Root and Yield Related Morphological Characters in Pea (Pisum Sativum L.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
Sylwia Ciaglo-Androsiuk
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Canonical Correlations ◽  
Effect On Yield

AbstractRelation between morphological traits of the root system and yield related traits is an important issue concerning efforts aiming at improving of ideotype of cultivated plants species, including pea. In this paper, to analyse the dependency between traits describing the root system morphology and yield potential, Person’s andSpearman's_correlations as well as canonical correlations were used.Root system was analyzed in 14 and 21 day-old seedlings growing in blotting-paper cylinders. Yield potential of pea was analysed in a field experiment. Results of Person’s and Spearman's_correlations revealed that number of lateral roots and lateral roots density were correlated witch yield related traits. Correlation between root length and shoot length was observed only for 14 day-old seedlings. The result of canonical correlations revealed that number of lateral roots and lateral roots density had the largest effect on yield related traits. This work highlights, that in order to improve the yield of pea it might become necessary to understand genetic determination of morphological traits of the root system, especially number of lateral roots.

ASPECTS CONCERNING PEANUTS CROPS ON SANDY SOILS IN SOUTHERN OLTENIA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milica Dima ◽  
Aurelia Diaconu ◽  
Reta Drăghici ◽  
Drăghici Iulian ◽  
Matei Gheorghe
Keyword(s):  
Proper Time ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Growth Type ◽  
Great Production ◽  
Large Production ◽  
Seeding Time

"For the capitalization of the climate and soil conditions for the sandy soil region in Southern Oltenia by cultivating peanuts it is necessary to use varieties with large production abilities and proper technology for the crops. In view of its cultivation on south Oltenia sandy soils, there were carried out in the period 2004-2006, at the Plants Crops Research and Development Station on Sandy Soils Dabuleni, experiments have been set regarding aspects such as: the optimal seeding period, the recommendation varieties with high yield potential and balanced composition. The research was conducted under irrigation conditions, in a three-year rotation of wheat, peanut, maize. Along with erect growth type varieties, known for their short vegetation period, rising and creeping growth type varieties can also be used; these varieties have a great production potential in our country`s conditions. Establishing the proper time for seeding is espe since sandy soils are heating quickly but are also cooling quickly, the best seeding time is between the end of April- the beginning of May, depending on the date when the seeding depth has a steady temperature, minimal required for the seed to germinate."

Improvement of Soybean Resilience to Drought through Deep Root System in Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 1612-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Battisti ◽  
Paulo C. Sentelhas
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Deep Root

scholarly journals Growth and physiological response of two biomass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes bred for different environments, to contrasting levels of soil moisture

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Barbanti ◽  
Ahmad Sher ◽  
Giuseppe Di Girolamo ◽  
Elio Cirillo ◽  
Muhammad Ansar
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Biomass Sorghum ◽  
Relative Water

A better understanding of plant mechanisms in response to drought is a strong premise to achieving high yields while saving unnecessary water. This is especially true in the case of biomass crops for non-food uses (energy, fibre and forage), grown with limited water supply. In this frame, we investigated growth and physiological response of two genotypes of biomass sorghum (<em>Sorghum bicolor</em> (L.) Moench) to contrasting levels of soil moisture in a pot experiment carried out in a greenhouse. Two water regimes (high and low water, corresponding to 70% and 30% field capacity) were applied to JS-2002 and Trudan-8 sorghum genotypes, respectively bred for dry sub-tropical and mild temperate conditions. Two harvests were carried out at 73 and 105 days after seeding. Physiological traits (transpiration, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance) were assessed in four dates during growth. Leaf water potential, its components and relative water content were determined at the two harvests. Low watering curbed plant height and aboveground biomass to a similar extent (ca. 􀀀70%) in both genotypes. JS-2002 exhibited a higher proportion of belowground to aboveground biomass, <em>i.e</em>., a morphology better suited to withstand drought. Despite this, JS-2002 was more affected by low water in terms of physiology: during the growing season, the average ratio in transpiration, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance between droughty and well watered plants was, respectively, 0.82, 0.80 and 0.79 in JS-2002; 1.05, 1.08 and 1.03 in Trudan-8. Hence Trudan-8 evidenced a ca. 20% advantage in the three traits. In addition, Trudan-8 could better exploit abundant moisture (70% field capacity), increasing aboveground biomass and water use efficiency. In both genotypes, drought led to very low levels of leaf water potential and relative water content, still supporting photosynthesis. Hence, both morphological and physiological characteristics of sorghum were involved in plant adaptation to drought, in accordance with previous results. Conversely, the common assumption that genotypes best performing under wet conditions are less suited to face drought was contradicted by the results of the two genotypes in our experiment. This discloses a potential to be further exploited in programmes of biomass utilization for various end uses, although further evidence at greenhouse and field level is needed to corroborate this finding.

scholarly journals Environmental effects on efficacy of herbicides for postemergence goosegrass (Eleusine indica) control

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Avat Shekoofa ◽  
James T. Brosnan ◽  
Jose J. Vargas ◽  
Daniel P. Tuck ◽  
Matthew T. Elmore
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Silica Sand ◽  
Soil Drying ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Eleusine Indica ◽  
High Soil Moisture

AbstractExperiments were conducted to understand environmental effects on efficacy of herbicides used to control goosegrass (Eleusine indica L. Gaertn.). Herbicides were applied to goosegrass maintained at soil moisture contents (VMC) of < 12%, 12 to 20%, or > 20%. Herbicides included fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (140 g ha−1), topramezone (25 g ha−1), foramsulfuron (44 g ha−1), 2,4-D + dicamba + MCPP + carfentrazone (860 + 80 + 270 + 28 g ha−1), and thiencarbazone-methyl + foramsulfuron + halosulfuron-methyl (22 + 45 + 69 g ha−1). Goosegrass control increased as VMC increased. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and air temperature were manipulated to determine effects of evaporative demand on foramsulfuron. Effects of soil drying were also studied following foramsulfuron application. Reductions in transpiration rate (TR) and leaf area were greatest with foramsulfuron applications to goosegrass in silt-loam under high evaporative demand (3 kPa VPD, 38 °C). Foramsulfuron had no effect on goosegrass in silica-sand regardless of evaporative demand. TR dropped to 0.2 mmh−1 within eight days after application to goosegrass in silt-loam compared to 18 days in silica-sand. Overall, foramsulfuron efficacy on goosegrass was maximized under conditions of high soil moisture and evaporative demand, and may be reduced in sandy soils that hold less water.

scholarly journals Grain legume seed filling in relation to nitrogen acquisition: A review and prospects with particular reference to pea

Agronomie ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 539-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Salon ◽  
Nathalie G. Munier-Jolain ◽  
G�rard Duc ◽  
Anne-Sophie Voisin ◽  
David Grandgirard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Legume ◽  
Legume Seed ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Nitrogen Acquisition
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