Growth, chemical composition, and carbon isotope discrimination of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) rootstock seedlings in response to salinity

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hokmabadi ◽  
K. Arzani ◽  
P. F. Grierson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
K Concentration

Pistachio is considered a potential crop for many semi-arid regions affected by salinisation. We examined the effects of salinity on growth of 3 pistachio rootstocks: Badami-e-zarand, Sarakhs, and Ghazvini. Rootstocks were grown in soil in 8-L polyethylene pots and irrigated every 3 days with treatments of 0, 75, 150, or 225 mm NaCl. We measured above-ground biomass, allocation of C to root systems and foliage, and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) and proline accumulation after 30 days and again after 60 days. Relative growth rate (RGR) decreased with time for all treatments and rootstocks. RGR and net assimilation rates (NARw) decreased with increasing salinity. In all rootstocks, NARw, but not leaf weight ratio (LWR), was significantly correlated with RGR, indicating that NARw was an important factor underlying growth responses among rootstocks. Increased salinity did not affect leaf water potential (Ψleaf), even though proline concentrations increased with increasing NaCl concentration, particularly in the Ghazvini rootstocks. Both Cl– and Na+ concentrations in leaves increased from 30 to 60 days but not in roots and stems. The Sarakhs rootstocks accumulated more of Cl– and Na+ compared with other rootstocks. K+ concentration in the roots and stems of all rootstocks also decreased with increasing salinity at both 30 and 60 days. Concentrations of Ca2+ in stems and root systems, but not in leaves, were also reduced by increased salinity in all rootstocks but only after 60 days. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) decreased with increased salinity in the leaves, stems, and roots; however, there was no significant difference in carbon isotope discrimination among rootstocks. We conclude that the Ghazvini rootstock was the most salt tolerant among the rootstocks tested. Carbon isotope discrimination in pistachio rootstocks may be a useful indicator of cumulative salinity history of the plant but is not a suitable indicator for pre-screening of pistachio rootstocks for salinity resistance.

Effect of Growth Form, Salinity, Nutrient and Sulfide on Photosynthesis, Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Growth of Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.)

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 509 ◽  
Author(s):  
GH Lin ◽  
LDSL Sternberg
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Transpiration Efficiency ◽  
Growth Forms ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Red Mangrove

The red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.), a dominant mangrove species in Florida, frequently occurs in two distinct growth forms, scrub and tall trees. These two growth forms show significant differences in physiology in the field, with lower CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, and carbon isotope discrimination or higher transpiration efficiency for the scrub form. To elucidate the possible factors responsible for these physiological differences, we studied the physiological and growth responses of scrub and tall red mangrove seedlings grown hydroponically in the greenhouse under 12 different growth conditions combining three salinities (100, 250, 500 mM NaCl), two nutrient levels (10, 100% strength of full nutrient solution), and two sulfide concentrations (0, 2.0 mM Na2S). The two growth forms showed similar physiological and growth responses to these treatments, suggesting no genetic control of physiological and growth differences between the growth forms of this species. High salinity, low nutrient level, and high sulfide concentration all significantly decreased CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, and plant growth, but only salinity significantly decreased intercellular CO2 concentration and leaf carbon isotope discrimination, suggesting that the lower carbon isotope discrimination, or higher transpiration efficiency, observed for scrub mangroves in the field is caused only by high salinity during the dry season. Hypersalinity thus seems to be one of the stressful environmental conditions common to all scrub red mangrove forests studied in southern Florida.

Carbon isotope discrimination during photosynthesis and dark respiration in intact leaves of Nicotiana sylvestris: comparisons between wild type and mitochondrial mutant plants

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muriel Duranceau ◽  
Jaleh Ghashghaie ◽  
Enrico Brugnoli
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Nicotiana Sylvestris ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
On Line

Leaf gas-exchange, carbon isotope discrimination (D) during photosynthesis, carbon isotope composition (d13 C) of leaf dry matter, leaf carbohydrates and ‰ d13 C of dark respiratory CO 2 were measured both in wild type (WT) and in a respiratory mutant of Nicotiana sylvestris Spegazz. plants. The mutation caused a dysfunction of complex I of the respiratory chain which has been described in detail by Gutierres et al. 1997, PNAS, 94, 3436. The aim of this work was to verify if this mutation has an influence on carbon isotope discrimination during photosynthesis and dark respiration. Another objective was to study the possible effect of respiratory fractionation on the isotopic composition of dry matter and on the discrimination measured on-line, in comparison with the expected D based on the model developed by Farquhar et al. 1982, AJPP, 9, 121. On-line D measured on leaves during photosynthesis was lower in the mutants (16.5‰ 0.9) than in the WT (20.1‰ 0.6), mainly due to lower conductance to CO 2 diffusion (both across stomatal pores and in the gaseous and liquid phases across the mesophyll) in the mutants. No statistically significant difference in the fractionation during dark respiration was observed between WT and mutant plants. However, respiratory CO 2 was enriched in 13 C compared to sucrose and glucose by about 2–3 and 2.5–4‰, respectively. The enrichment in 13 C (about 2‰) observed in leaf metabolites and leaf organic matter in the mutants compared to the WT can be explained by differences in .during photosynthesis. However, the fractionation in the whole-leaf organic matter of both WT and mutant plants was higher (more depleted in 13C) than expected based on the .values obtained with on-line measurements during photosynthesis. The observed discrimination during dark respiration, releasing 13 C-enriched CO 2 , may partly explain the higher fractionation in the remaining leaf organic matter compared to the overall discrimination during photosynthesis, as measured on-line.

Variation in transpiration efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination in cowpea

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashok ◽  
I. S. Aftab Hussain ◽  
T. G. Prasad ◽  
G. C. Wright ◽  
M. Udaya Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Transpiration Efficiency ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Net Assimilation

Genotypic variation in transpiration efficiency (TE) was investigated in a set of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) genotypes grown as isolated plants in pots and under canopy conditions in the field. In the field, plants were grown in mini-lysimeters embedded in the ground around which a crop was grown, to simulate crop canopy condition. Two moisture regimes (100 and 60% of field capacity) were imposed from 30 to 60 days after sowing in both pot and field experiments. TE was determined by measuring transpiration and dry matter (DM) produced by the genotypes during the treatment period. Genotypes differed significantly in DM although the variation in the amount of water transpired (T) was relatively small. The TE ranged from 2.2 to 3.7 g kg–1, representing a significant genotypic and environmental effect on the variation. There was a significant negative correlation (r = –0.77, P<0.01) between TE adjusted for prevailing vapour pressure deficit and carbon isotope discrimination ratio (Δ) across all the experiments and treatments. A significantly positive correlation of TE measured in pot and field experiments suggested a low G x E interaction. There was a negative correlation (r = –0.62, P < 0.01) between T and TE while the correlation of TE with net assimilation rate was non-significant, suggesting that the major cause for variation of TE in cowpea was in general associated with stomatal rather than mesophyll factors. Because of the positive relationship between T and DM, and negative relationship between TE and T, selection for high TE might therefore be associated with reduced T and hence lower DM. However, the present investigation showed a possibility of identifying specific genotypes with a combination of high TE and high net assimilation rate. The genotypes with high TE and high net assimilation rates were able to produce high DM under moisture deficit conditions.

scholarly journals Water Relations, Growth, and Carbon Isotope Discrimination of Drought-stressed Bigtooth Maples Indigenous to New Mexico, Texas, and Utah

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 771F-772
Author(s):  
Emad Bsoul* ◽  
Rolston St. Hilaire
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Isotope Discrimination ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Bigtooth Maple ◽  
Bigtooth Maples

Although valued for its fall foliage color, bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum Nutt.) is not widely used in managed landscapes. Furthermore, information on the tolerance of bigtooth maples to drought is scant. We studied water relations, plant development, and carbon isotope composition of bigtooth maples indigenous to New Mexico, Texas, and Utah. Plants were field grown in New Mexico using a pot-in-pot nursery production system. Plants were maintained as well-irrigated controls or irrigated after the weight of pots decreased by 35% due to evapotranspiration. Drought treatment lasted 71 days. Among the drought-stressed plants, plants native to Logan Canyon in Utah (designated UW2), had the greatest root: shoot dry weight ratio (3.0), while plants with the lowest root: shoot dry weight ratio (0.9) were half siblings from a tree native to the Lost Maples State Park in Texas (designated LMP5). Among the five sources we tested, LMP5 had the greatest (1242 cm2) leaf area, while UW2 plants had the smallest (216 cm2). Regardless of the treatment, plants from LMP5 had the highest shoot dry weight (25.7 g). Plants showed no differences neither among sources nor between treatments in relative water content, specific leaf weight, xylem diameter, root dry weight, plant dry weight, relative growth rate, and carbon isotope discrimination, which averaged - 26.53%. The lack of differences in these parameters might be due to selection of these sources from provenances we deemed to be the most drought tolerant. Our selection was based on the results of a previous greenhouse study of 15 bigtooth maple sources. We conclude that these sources, and in particular, plants from LMP5 in Texas, might hold promise for use in areas prone to drought.

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