scholarly journals An in vitro study on the ability of polyethylene glycol to inhibit the effect of quebracho tannins and tannic acid on rumen fermentation in sheep, goats, cows, and deer

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Frutos ◽  
G. Hervás ◽  
F. J. Giráldez ◽  
A. R. Mantecón
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Ruminant Species

Abstract. Batch cultures of rumen microorganisms, using rumen fluids from 4 ruminant species, sheep, goats, cows, and deer, were used to study the ability of polyethylene-glycol (PEG 6000) to inhibit the effect of 2 types of tannins, quebracho (QUE, a condensed tannin) and tannic acid (TA, a hydrolysable tannin) on several in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. Both QUE and TA were able to impair ruminal fermentation (they reduced gas production, extent of degradation, ammonia-N, and volatile fatty acid concentrations, etc.; P < 0.05), with differences depending on the inoculum donor. The clearest effect of tannins was the reduction of the rates of fermentation, which was observed in all species (P < 0.05). The detrimental effects of tannins were removed by the presence of PEG in most cases, but there were important variations and noticeable exceptions. Thus, for instance, PEG failed to revert the negative effect of TA on the rate of fermentation and the extent of degradation (P < 0.05). The extent of the limited ability of PEG to completely inhibit the negative effects of tannins on in vitro ruminal fermentation seems to depend both on the type of tannin and the species of the rumen inoculum donor.

PSXIII-8 Effects of different sources of Zn on in vitro ruminal fermentation and digestibility of a lactation diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 466-466
Author(s):  
Angela R Boyer ◽  
Yun Jiang ◽  
Alon Blakeney ◽  
Dennis Nuzback ◽  
Brooke Humphrey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
High Metal Content ◽  
Different Sources

Abstract Vistore® minerals are hydroxychloride minerals that feature high metal content and improved bioavailability. This study was conducted to compare different sources of zinc (Zn) on in vitro rumen fermentation parameters. Three ruminally-cannulated Jersey heifers were adapted to a lactation diet for two weeks before used as donors. Three sources of Zn were tested at 20 ppm: No supplemental Zn (CON), ZnSO4, Vistore Zn, and another Zn hydroxychloride (Vistore-competitor). The concentration of Zn in this study was selected from a titration study (0 to 40 ppm ZnSO4) to identify the minimum concentration of ZnSo4 affecting rumen fermentation. The lactation diet (TMR) was dried and ground to 1mm and used as substrate. Rumen fluid was collected two hours after feeding. Substrate (0.5 g) was inoculated with 100 mL of 3:1 McDougall’s buffer: ruminal flued mixture at 39ºC for 24 h. Each treatment was run in triplicate and in three runs. Data were analyzed with R 3.0. The model included fixed effect of treatment and random effect of run. ZnSO4 reduced (P &lt; 0.05) maximum gas production, DMD (54 vs. 55.9%) and cellulose (27.5 and 40.7%) digestibility. acetate to propionate ration (2.20 vs. 2.24) and NH3-N concentration (6.0 vs. 7.0 mg/dL), increased (P &lt; 0.05) propionate % (27.2 vs 26.7%) compared to control. Vistore had higher pH than control (6.44 vs. 6.40, P = 0.02) but did not affect other parameters compared to CON. Vistore-competitor reduced total VFA production compared to control, ZnSO4, and Vistore (94 vs. 102, 106 and 107 mM, respectively, P = 0.01) but did not affect other parameters. In general, Vistore Zn maintained in vitro ruminal fermentation and digestibility, while ZnSO4 had negative effects on both fermentation and digestibility and Vistore-competitor reduced total VFAs. Results indicate hydroxychloride minerals may stabilize rumen parameters versus sulfate sources but different hydroxychloride sources appear to influence rumen parameters differently.

scholarly journals Nutritional Quality and In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics of Silage Prepared with Lucerne, Sweet Maize Stalk, and Their Mixtures

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1205
Author(s):  
Musen Wang ◽  
Fujin Zhang ◽  
Xinxin Zhang ◽  
Ying Yun ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
In Vitro Rumen Fermentation

The objective of this work was to evaluate the pH, chemical composition, minerals, vitamins, and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of silage prepared with lucerne, sweet maize stalk (MS), and their mixtures. Freshly chopped lucerne and MS were combined in ratios of 100:0 (M0, control), 80:20 (M20), 60:40 (M40), 40:60 (M60), 20:80 (M80), and 0:100 (M100) on a fresh matter basis. Each treatment was prepared in triplicate, and a total of eighteen silos were fermented for 65 days. After 65 days of fermentation, the pH values in M0, M20, M40, M60, M80, and M100 silages were 5.47, 4.84, 4.23, 4.13, 3.79, and 3.61, respectively. As the MS proportion in the mixtures increased, silage K, Ca, P, Na, Fe, and Cu concentrations linearly decreased (p < 0.001) and so did vitamins B5 and K1 and α-tocopherol. In vitro rumen dry matter and organic matter degradability, pH, ammonia, total volatile fatty acid, and gas production linearly decreased (p < 0.01), while neutral detergent fiber concentration linearly increased (p < 0.001), with increasing proportion of MS. The in vitro dry matter and organic matter degradability rapidly decreased when the MS percentage was ≥60%. In conclusion, the M40 silage is the most suitable for livestock utilization in local forage production considering the balance of silage pH, nutritional quality, and in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics.

scholarly journals The Role of Condensed Tannins in the In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Kinetics in Ruminant Species: Feeding Type Involved?

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ives C. S. Bueno ◽  
Roberta A. Brandi ◽  
Gisele M. Fagundes ◽  
Gabriela Benetel ◽  
James Pierre Muir
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Fermentation Kinetics ◽  
Ruminant Species ◽  
Domestic Ruminants ◽  
Microbial Characteristics ◽  
Feeding Diets

Animal feeding behavior and diet composition determine rumen fermentation responses and its microbial characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate the rumen fermentation kinetics of domestic ruminants feeding diets with or without condensed tannins (CT). Holstein dairy cows, Nelore beef cattle, Mediterranean water buffalo, Santa Inês sheep and Saanen goats were used as inoculum donors (three animals of each species). The substrates were maize silage (Zea mays), fresh elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), Tifton-85 hay (Cynodon spp.) and fresh alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Acacia (Acacia molissima) extract was used as the external CT source. The in vitro semi-automated gas production technique was used to assess the fermentation kinetics. The experimental design was completely randomized with five inoculum sources (animal species), four substrates (feeds) and two treatments (with or without extract). The inclusion of CT caused more severe effects in grazing ruminants than selector ruminants.

The evaluation of Acacia and other tree pods for goats: influence of rumen fluid source and polyethylene glycol addition on in vitro gas production

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 132-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Mlambo ◽  
F. L. Mould ◽  
T. Smith ◽  
E. Owen ◽  
I. Mueller-Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Acacia Pods

After prolonged exposure to tanniniferous diets, it has been reported that some rumen microorganisms acquire defensive mechanisms against tannins (Brooker et al., 2000) or produce tannin-degrading enzymes. Such rumen microorganisms are said to be “tannin resistant” as their fermentation activity is less inhibited by the presence of tannins in the host’s diet. As acacia pods contain tannins their use as protein supplements for goats in the dry season may require that they be first detannified e.g. by using polyethylene glycol (PEG). However, goats with prior exposure to tanniniferous diets may have developed adaptive mechanisms to deal with tannins. This study, therefore, investigated the need for tannin inactivation in feeds given to ‘adapted’ animals by comparing the effect on the in vitro fermentation of tree pods incubated with and without PEG using rumen fluid from adapted and unadapted goats.

Study of the effects of PR toxin, mycophenolic acid and roquefortine C on in vitro gas production parameters and their stability in the rumen environment

2014 ◽  
Vol 153 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. GALLO ◽  
G. GIUBERTI ◽  
T. BERTUZZI ◽  
M. MOSCHINI ◽  
F. MASOERO
Keyword(s):  
Mycophenolic Acid ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Marginal Effects ◽  
Roquefortine C

SUMMARYMoulds belonging to Penicillium section roqueforti are common contaminants of feedstuffs and produce several mycotoxins that can cause health hazards when ingested by farm animals. Among these, PR toxin (PR), mycophenolic acid (MY) and roquefortine C (RC) have been frequently detected in forages, particularly silages. The aims of the current trials were to study the effects of the presence of pure mycotoxins on in vitro rumen fermentation parameters and to assess their stability in the rumen environment. Two successive in vitro gas production experiments were carried out: a central composite design with four replications of central point (CCD) and a completely randomized design with a fully factorial arrangement of treatments (FFD). In CCD, the effects of PR, MY and RC concentrations in diluted rumen fluid (i.e. 0·01, 0·30, 1·01, 1·71 and 2·00 μg of each mycotoxin/ml) were tested. Gas volume produced after 48 h of incubation (Vf) decreased linearly as concentrations of RC and MY in diluted rumen fluid increased, with marginal effects similar for two mycotoxins, being respectively −14·6 and −13·4 ml/g organic matter (OM) for each 1·0 μg/ml of increment in mycotoxin concentration. Similarly, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production decreased quadratically as concentrations of RC and MY increased, with marginal effects about two times higher for MY than RC, being −4·22 and −2·62 mmol/l for each 1·0 μg/ml of increment in mycotoxin concentration. With respect to maximum Vf (i.e. 410·6 ml/g OM) and VFA (98·06 mmol/l) values estimated by the model, decreases of 13·6 and 15·2% were obtained when incubating the highest RC and MY concentrations, respectively. The PR did not interfere with rumen fermentation pattern and it was not recovered after 48 h of incubation, whereas the stabilities of MY and RC in rumen fluid were similar and on average equal to about 50%. On the basis of CCD results, a second experiment (FFD) was carried out in which only effects of MY and RC concentrations (i.e. 0, 0·67, 1·33 and 2·00 μg of each mycotoxin/ml of diluted rumen fluid) were tested. Data from FFD showed Vf decreased linearly when concentrations of MY and RC increased, with marginal effect two-folds higher for MY than for RC (−11·1 ml/g OM and −6·7 ml/g OM, respectively). Similar marginal effects of MY and RC in decreasing VFA production were recorded: −2·38 and −2·86 mmol/l for each 1·0 μg/ml of increment in mycotoxin concentration, respectively. At the highest RC and MY tested concentrations, Vf and VFA decreased by 8·7 and 10·7%, respectively, over maximum estimated values. In FFD, the average amounts of MY and RC recovered in rumen fluid after 48 h of incubation were 79·0 and 40·6%, respectively. In conclusion, the MY and RC from standards interfered with rumen microorganisms at relatively low levels and were partially stable in the rumen environment after 48 h of incubation. These findings suggested that MY and RC could interfere with digestive processes and might represent a potential risk for ruminants fed diets containing feeds contaminated by mycotoxins produced by P. roqueforti.

scholarly journals In vitro Rumen-fermentation and Gas Production of Pomegranate Peel with or Without Polyethylene Glycol

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
Gamal Eldin Abou ◽  
Abdelkader M. Kholif ◽  
Abdelalim M. Abd El- ◽  
Ola G.A. Hassa
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Pomegranate Peel ◽  
In Vitro Rumen Fermentation

scholarly journals Effects of a tannin-rich legume (Onobrychis viciifolia) on in vitro ruminal biohydrogenation and fermentation

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. e0602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo G. Toral ◽  
Gonzalo Hervás ◽  
Hajer Missaoui ◽  
Sonia Andrés ◽  
Francisco J. Giráldez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Milk Lipid ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Onobrychis Viciifolia ◽  
Ruminal Biohydrogenation

<p>There is still controversy surrounding the ability of tannins to modulate the ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) of fatty acids (FA) and improve the lipid profile of milk or meat without conferring a negative response in the digestive utilization of the diet. Based on this, an <em>in vitro</em> trial using batch cultures of rumen microorganisms was performed to compare the effects of two legume hays with similar chemical composition but different tannin content, alfalfa and sainfoin (<em>Onobrychis viciifolia</em>), on the BH of dietary unsaturated FA and on the ruminal fermentation. The first incubation substrate, alfalfa, was practically free of tannins, while the second, sainfoin, contained 3.5% (expressed as tannic acid equivalents). Both hays were enriched with sunflower oil as a source of unsaturated FA. Most results of the lipid composition analysis (<em>e.g.</em>, greater concentrations of 18:2n-6, <em>cis</em>-9 18:1 or total polyunsaturated FA in sainfoin incubations) showed the ability of this tannin-containing legume to inhibit the BH process. However, no significant differences were detected in the accumulation of <em>cis</em>-9 <em>trans</em>-11 conjugated linoleic acid, and variations in <em>trans</em>-11 18:1 and<em> trans</em>-11 <em>cis</em>-15 18:2 did not follow a regular pattern. Regarding the rumen fermentation, gas production, ammonia concentration and volatile FA production were lower in the incubations with sainfoin (‒17, ‒23 and ‒11%, respectively). Thus, although this legume was able to modify the ruminal BH, which might result in improvements in the meat or milk lipid profile, the present results were not as promising as expected or as obtained before with other nutritional strategies.</p>

scholarly journals Effects of Different Combinations of Sugar and Starch Concentrations on Ruminal Fermentation and Bacterial-Community Composition in vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-nan Dong ◽  
Song-ze Li ◽  
Xue Chen ◽  
Gui-xin Qin ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation

High levels of starch is known to have positive effects on both energy supply and milk yield but increases the risk of rumen acidosis. The use of sugar as a non-structural carbohydrate could circumvent this risk while maintaining the benefits, but its effects and that of the simultaneous use of both sugar and starch are not as well-understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different combinations of sugar and starch concentrations on ruminal fermentation and bacterial community composition in vitro in a 4 ×4 factorial experiment. Sixteen dietary treatments were formulated with 4 levels of sugar (6, 8, 10, and 12% of dietary dry matter), and 4 levels of starch (21, 23, 25, and 27% of dietary dry matter). Samples were taken at 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after cultivation to determine the disappearance rate of dry matter, rumen fermentation parameters and bacterial community composition. Butyric acid, gas production, and Treponema abundance were significantly influenced by the sugar level. The pH, acetic acid, and propionic acid levels were significantly influenced by starch levels. However, the interactive effect of sugar and starch was only observed on the rate of dry matter disappearance. Furthermore, different combinations of starch and sugar had different effects on volatile fatty acid production rate, gas production rate, and dry matter disappearance rate. The production rate of rumen fermentation parameters in the high sugar group was higher. Additionally, increasing the sugar content in the diet did not change the main phylum composition in the rumen, but significantly increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla, while the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was reduced. At the genus level, the high glucose group showed significantly higher relative abundance of Treponema (P &lt; 0.05) and significantly lower relative abundance of Ruminobacter, Ruminococcus, and Streptococcus (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, different combinations of sugar and starch concentrations have inconsistent effects on rumen fermentation characteristics, suggesting that the starch in diets cannot be simply replaced with sugar; the combined effects of sugar and starch should be considered to improve the feed utilization rate.

scholarly journals 44 Effect of Quebracho (Schinopsis balansae) extract inclusion in a high roughage diet upon in vitro gas production

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 53-54
Author(s):  
Luiz Fernando Dias Batista ◽  
Madeline E Rivera ◽  
Aaron B Norris ◽  
Jordan Adams ◽  
Roberta Cracco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Random Coefficients ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Schinopsis Balansae

Abstract The utilization of natural plant secondary compounds as feed additives in animal nutrition has been extensively studied because of their ability to modify digestive and metabolic functions. Condensed tannin (CT) supplementation can potentially alter ruminal fermentation, and mitigate methane (CH4) emissions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of quebracho CT extract (QT; Schinopsis balansae) within a roughage-based diet on overall fermentability and CH4 production utilizing the in vitro gas production technique (IVGP). Twenty rumen cannulated steers (227 ± 19 kg) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (n=4): QT at 0, 1, 2, and 3% of DM (QT0, QT1, QT2, and QT3). A roughage-based diet containing 88% bermudagrass hay and 12% concentrate was fed daily at 2.1% of shrunk body weight. The animals were adapted to the basal diet for 24-d then introduced to predetermined treatments for 35d. Rumen inoculum was collected weekly from each steer to perform the incubations. Two hundred milligrams of air-dried base diet were incubated for 48-h with a composite rumen inoculum for each treatment over 5 wk. Kinetic analysis of cumulative 48h gas production was performed using Gasfit. Measurements of CH4 were performed via gas chromatography and digested residue was determined post-incubation. Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model. Total gas production was higher for QT0 compared to QT1 and QT3 (P = 0.001), but not different from QT2 (P = 0.554). The fractional rate of gas production was higher for QT2 compared to QT0 (P = 0.011). First and second pool gas production decreased linearly as QT inclusion increased (P = 0.042 and 0.010, respectively). There was no dietary effect in ivNDFD (P = 0.567). However, there was a linear tendency to decrease CH4 production with the addition of QT (P=0.071) likely due to changes in the microbial population.

scholarly journals In vitro Study of Urtica cannabina and Leymus chinensis on Rumen Microbial Fermentation and Gas Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenbin Zhang ◽  
Shan Wang ◽  
Ruxin Qi ◽  
Khuram Shahzad ◽  
Liangfeng Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Leymus Chinensis ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
Group A ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Background: Urtica cannabina, an unconventional forage, is widely distributed in northern China. It has high nutritional values that make it suitable for the ruminant’s feeding requirments as compared to Leymus chinensis. The current study was designed to evaluate varying ratios of Urtica cannabina and Leymus chinensis in the feeding diet and to see the effects on rumen fermentation and gas production in vitro. Methods: The study was designed into five treatments based on the different ratios of U. cannabina and L. chinensis: 0:100, 30:70, 50:50, 70:30 and 100:0 categorized into five groups from A-E. To detect the rumen fermentation parameters, the culture medium was collected at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h. Result: Gas production of groups A and C was increased than other groups at 24h (P less than 0.05), whereas the rate of gas production (c) was also increased in group A (P less than 0.05). The pH values at 1, 3, 6 and 24 h were increased in groups A and C with higher values in group C at 24h (P less than 0.05). The ammonia concentration was increased in groups D and E at 3, 6, 12 and 24 h, with the lower values in group C at 24h (P less than 0.05). The concentration of bacterial and protozoal proteins was also observed higher in groups A and C at 1 and 24 h, with highest value in group C at 24 h (P less than 0.05). In summary, as for Urtica cannabina to Leymus chinensis ratios are concerned, 50:50 is an optimal ratio for rumen fermentation in vitro, which increases the gas production and microbial protein synthesis.

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