Crop rotation effect on wheat grain yield as mediated by changes in the degree of water and nitrogen co-limitation

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor O. Sadras ◽  
Jeff A. Baldock ◽  
Jim W. Cox ◽  
W. D. Bellotti
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Tissue Expansion ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
Nitrogen Stress ◽  
Stress Effect

Theoretically, growth of stressed plants is maximised when all resources are equally limiting. The concept of co-limitation could be used to integrate key factors affected by crop rotation. This paper tested the hypothesis that the effect of crop rotation on the yield of wheat is partially mediated by changes in the degree of co-limitation between nitrogen and water. Four rotations were established on a sodic, supracalcic, red chromosol in a Mediterranean-type environment of southern Australia. Rotations included wheat grown after (a) faba bean harvested for grain, (b) faba bean incorporated as green manure, (c) ryegrass pasture, or (d) medic pasture; barley was grown after wheat in all cases. The response of wheat to the rotations during 3 growing seasons was analysed in terms of nitrogen and water co-limitation, and the response of barley was taken as a measure of the persistence of rotation effects. Daily scalars quantifying water and nitrogen stress effects on tissue expansion were calculated with a crop simulation model. These scalars were integrated in a series of seasonal indices to quantify the intensity of water (SW ) and nitrogen stress (SN ), the aggregated intensity of water and nitrogen stress (SWN ), the degree of water and nitrogen co-limitation (CWN ), and the integrated effect of stress and co-limitation (SCWN 25 CWN/SWN ). The expectation is that grain yield should be inversely proportional to stress intensity and directly proportional to degree of co-limitation, thus proportional to SCWN . Combination of rotations and seasons generated a wide variation in the amount of water and inorganic nitrogen in the 1-m soil profile at the time of wheat sowing. Plant-available water ranged from 33 to 107 mm, and inorganic nitrogen from 47 to 253 kg N/ha. Larger amounts of nitrogen were found after green-manured faba bean, and smaller after grass pasture. There was a consistent effect of rotation on wheat yield and grain protein content, which persisted in subsequent barley crops. Measured grain yield of wheat crops ranged from 2.5 to 4.8 t/ha. It was unrelated to water or nitrogen stresses taken individually, inversely related to the aggregated stress index SWN , and directly related to the CWN index of co-limitation. The combination of stress and co-limitation in a single index SCWN accounted for 65% of the variation in measured crop yield. This is a substantial improvement with respect to the stress effect quantified with SWN , which accounted for 43% of yield variation. It is concluded that rotation effects mediated by changes in the relative availability of water and nitrogen can be partially accounted for by degree of resource co-limitation.

scholarly journals Response of wheat yield and its components to zinc and iron application under different levels of nitrogen

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gheith El-Sayed ◽  
◽  
Ola El-Badry ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design

To evaluate the effect of nitrogen, zinc and iron as soil application on yield and yield component of wheat, the present study was conducted at Agricultural and Experimental Research Station at Giza, Faculty of Agriculture Cairo University, Egypt during 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons. The experimental design was split-plot in randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that positive significant effect on plant height, number of spike/m2, spike length; number of grain per spike, grain yield per unit area in both seasons and grain protein content in one season were achieved by application of N and the micronutrients. Whoever, the highest significant in the above mentioned characters was obtained either by application the highest N levels (100kg N /fed.) or in addition to mixture of Zn and Fe. The interaction between the studied factors had significant effect on plant height and grain yield in both seasons as well as on grain protein content in the second season, where the highest values of these parameters were recorded by application of 100kg N/fed., Zn and Fe in mixture.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF COMMERCIAL ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND RHIZOBIUM INOCULATION ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF FABA BEAN (VICIA FABA L.) AND PEA (PISUM SATIVUM L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-277
Author(s):  
F. BASDEMIR ◽  
S. ELIS ◽  
S. IPEKESEN ◽  
M. TUNC ◽  
B.T. BICER
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizers ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Organic And Inorganic Fertilizers

This research was conducted to determine the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers and bacteria inoculation on yield and its components on pea and faba bean in Dicle University Agricultural Faculty, Diyarbakir, Turkey, during 2018 and 2019 growing seasons. The experiment was laid out following a split-plot in completely randomized block design, with three replications. Fertilization treatments and cultivars were designed as main and sub factors, respectively. Data on plant height, plant biomass, pod weight, seed yield per plant, number of pods and number of seeds per plant, biological yield, seed yield and 100-seed weight were recorded at harvest. Number of nodules and nodule dry weight were record in flowering time. The effect of inorganic nitrogen, organic fertilizers and bacteria inoculation on grain yield, seed yield per plant, biological yield was significant at both pea and faba bean. Inorganic fertilizer (urea) was increased the grain yield (2147 kg/ha) and biological yield (4956 kg/ha) in faba bean, but close to control (2080 kg/ha and 4690 kg/ha). Organic-1, Organic-2 and bacteria treatments were decrease the grain yield and biological yield on pea and faba bean, and this decrease on pea was almost half over control. The effect of treatments on number of nodules per plant on pea and faba bean was significant. The highest number of nodules per plant on pea was in bacteria inoculation (125.9) and control (121.5), and differences among nitrogen (109.1), Organic-1 (97.3) and Organic-2 (109.3) treatments was no significant.

scholarly journals Dryland Winter Wheat Yield, Grain Protein, and Soil Nitrogen Responses to Fertilizer and Biosolids Applications

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard T. Koenig ◽  
Craig G. Cogger ◽  
Andy I. Bary
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Winter Wheat Yield ◽  
Eastern Washington

Applications of biosolids were compared to inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer for two years at three locations in eastern Washington State, USA, with diverse rainfall and soft white, hard red, and hard white winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) cultivars. High rates of inorganic N tended to reduce yields, while grain protein responses to N rate were positive and linear for all wheat market classes. Biosolids produced 0 to 1400 kg ha−1(0 to 47%) higher grain yields than inorganic N. Wheat may have responded positively to nutrients other than N in the biosolids or to a metered N supply that limited vegetative growth and the potential for moisture stress-induced reductions in grain yield in these dryland production systems. Grain protein content with biosolids was either equal to or below grain protein with inorganic N, likely due to dilution of grain N from the higher yields achieved with biosolids. Results indicate the potential to improve dryland winter wheat yields with biosolids compared to inorganic N alone, but perhaps not to increase grain protein concentration of hard wheat when biosolids are applied immediately before planting.

Increases in wheat yield on limed soil after reduction of take-all by fungicide application and crop rotation

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Coventry ◽  
HD Brooke ◽  
JF Kollmorgen ◽  
DJ Ballinger
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Limed Soil ◽  
Take All

The severity of take-all, caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, was measured with lime, rotation and flutriafol treatments in a long-term field experiment. The incidence of eyespot lesions caused by Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides was also measured. Flutriafol reduced the number of plants with deadheads or no heads and resulted in 12-60% more grain yield. However flutriafol had no effect on the number of plants with eyespot lesions. The number of plants with deadheads or no heads was highest (50-53%) on the wheat which was a third consecutive crop and on soil which had been amended with 2.5 and 5.0 t/ha lime. Sowing wheat after a subterranean clover based pasture considerably reduced the number of deadheads. Control of annual grasses in the pasture by spray-topping further reduced deadheads and with this treatment and at nil and low lime there were 2-7% deadheads. The percentage of plants with eyespot lesions was higher with the continuous cropped wheat. Lime increased grain yield only where the disease incidence was low but had no effect on the percentage of eyespot lesions. This work demonstrates the importance of crop rotation for disease control, particularly where soils are limed to amend severe soil acidity; the value of controlling annual grasses in pasture in the year preceding wheat cropping; and the potential of fungicide treatment as a practical means for controlling take-all in field grown wheat.

Grain yield of wheat in rotation with pea, vetch or medic grown with three systems of management

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Silsbury
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Green Manure Crop ◽  
Legume Crop

Pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alma), vetch (Vicia sativa L. cv. Languedoc) and annual medic (Medicago truncatula Gaertn. cv. Paraggio) were grown at Brinkworth, South Australia, in 1987 in large (0.75 ha) plots and subjected to 3 systems of management: (i) ploughing in at flowering as a green manure crop, (ii) harvesting for grain and ploughing in the dry residues, and (iii) harvesting for grain and removing the residues. A wheat crop was sown over the whole area in the following season (1988) and the effects of type of legume and management on grain yield and grain protein content were measured. The management system imposed on the legume had a highly significant (P<0.01) effect on the grain yield of the following wheat crop, but there were no significant differences between the 3 legumes in their effects on wheat yield or on grain protein content. Ploughing in the legumes as a green manure crop at flowering added about 100 kg/ha more nitrogen (N) to the soil than allowing the legumes to mature, harvesting for seed, and removing residues. Incorporating the dry residues rather than removing them added about 26 kg N/ha. The green manure crop significantly increased subsequent wheat yield (by 49%; P<0.001) and protein content of the grain (by 13%; P<0.05) compared with the treatment in which the legumes were harvested for grain and all residues removed; incorporating the dry residues increased yield by 10%. It is concluded that the amount of N added during the legume phase in a rotation is more important than the kind of legume from which the N is derived. The occasional use of a dense legume crop as a green manure may rapidly add a large amount of N to a soil to be slowly exploited by following grain crops.

scholarly journals Integrated Use of Compost and Nitrogen Fertilizer and their Effects on the Yield and Yield Components of Wheat: A Pot Experiment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bayu Dume Gari ◽  
Gezahegn Berecha ◽  
Melkamu Mamuye ◽  
Obsu Hirko Diriba ◽  
Amsalu Nebiyu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Yield And Yield Components

AbstractThere is a research gap related to the combined effects of compost produced from coffee husks and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer (urea). The objective of this study was to evaluate the yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under the integrated application of compost and nitrogen fertilizer (urea). A pot experiment was conducted in a lath house to determine the effects of the integrated use of compost produced from coffee husks and nitrogen fertilizer (urea) on the yield and yield components of wheat. The experiment consisted of nine treatments: T1, control (untreated); T2, 5 t ha−1 (8.12 g pot−1) compost; T3, 10 t ha−1 (16.24 g pot−1) compost; T4, 0 t ha−1 compost + 50 kg ha−1 nitrogen fertilizer (NF) (0.09 g pot−1); T5, 5 t ha−1 compost + 50 kg ha−1 NF; T6, 10 t ha−1 compost + 50 kg ha−1 NF; T7, 0 t ha−1 compost + 100 kg ha−1 (0.18 g pot−1) NF; T8, 5 t ha−1 compost + 100 kg ha−1 NF; and T9, 10 t ha−1 compost + 100 kg ha−1 NF. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The compost was prepared from coffee husks and applied in wet conditions. The findings showed that the addition of compost had little effect on wheat yield and yield components in the absence of nitrogen fertilizer (urea). However, the application of the highest amount of nitrogen fertilizer (urea), which is equivalent to the recommended field rate (100 kg ha−1) (equivalent to 0.18 g pot−1), and compost (5 t ha−1) (equivalent to 8.12 g pot−1) led to a significant (P≤0.05) increase in grain yield. Under this treatment, the grain yield was 26 g pot−1 (equivalent to 14.741 t ha−1) which is a 66.29% increase compared with the control (8.9 g pot−1 (4.969 t ha−1)); in the treatment in which only the recommended amount of nitrogen fertilizer was used (21.98 g pot−1 (12.273 t ha−1)) grain yield increased by 16.74%. Spike length and dry matter yield also significantly (P≤0.05) increased with the application of integrated compost and nitrogen fertilizer (urea). The results of this experiment revealed that compost-based soil management strategies can enhance wheat production, thereby contributing positively to the viability and benefits of agricultural production systems. However, nutrient-compost interactions should receive special attention due to the great variability in the properties of compost, which may depend on the type of organic materials used.

DEPENDENCE OF PHYTOSANITARY CONDITIONS OF CROPS AND GRAIN YIELD OF WINTER WHEAT IN THE CROP ROTATION SYSTEM ON APPLICATION LEVEL OF CHEMICALS

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Rotation System ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Crop Rotation System

The article presents the study results of the field experiments on chemicals impact on phytosanitary conditions of crops and grain yield of winter wheat. Winter wheat was grown in a long-term crop rotation by the following scheme: potatoes, spring barley, pea- vetch-oat mix for green fodder, winter wheat. Phosphorus and potash fertilizers (P60K90) were applied as the background one. Nitrogen fertilizers in the form of ammonium nitrate were used on the experiment variants at the rate of N34.6 – N69.2 and N103.8. The herbicide Agritox, fungicide Alto and microelement cuprous sulphate were applied in ac-cordance with the scheme of the experiment. The statistical processing of experimental data proved that no harmful impact of pesticides on the productivity of winter wheat was observed in the years of the weak development of weeds and harmful phytopathogens. Regulating the phytosanitary condition of crops due to the winter wheat in the crop rotation, and the application of the herbicide Agritox at the rate of 1.5 kg/ha and the fungicide Alto (250 g/ha) and cuprous sulphate (350 g/ha), it is possible to achieve the planned level of winter wheat yield of 5.37-5.95 t/ha. The combined effect of nitrogen fertilizers and plant protection chemicals allows a differentiated approach to the role assessment of each studied factor de-pending on weather conditions. It has been revealed that the optimal combination of the applied means of chemicalization in the crop rotation system ensures the implementation of the planned level of grain yield of winter wheat in the range from 5.37 to 5.95 t/ha.

Wheat biomass and yield increased when populations of the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) were reduced through sequential rotation of partially resistant winter and summer crops

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 227 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Owen ◽  
T. G. Clewett ◽  
K. L. Bell ◽  
J. P. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Root Lesion Nematode ◽  
Pratylenchus Thornei ◽  
Host Status ◽  
Lesion Nematode

The root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei, can reduce wheat yields by >50%. Although this nematode has a broad host range, crop rotation can be an effective tool for its management if the host status of crops and cultivars is known. The summer crops grown in the northern grain region of Australia are poorly characterised for their resistance to P. thornei and their role in crop sequencing to improve wheat yields. In a 4-year field experiment, we prepared plots with high or low populations of P. thornei by growing susceptible wheat or partially resistant canaryseed (Phalaris canariensis); after an 11-month, weed-free fallow, several cultivars of eight summer crops were grown. Following another 15-month, weed-free fallow, P. thornei-intolerant wheat cv. Strzelecki was grown. Populations of P. thornei were determined to 150 cm soil depth throughout the experiment. When two partially resistant crops were grown in succession, e.g. canaryseed followed by panicum (Setaria italica), P. thornei populations were <739/kg soil and subsequent wheat yields were 3245 kg/ha. In contrast, after two susceptible crops, e.g. wheat followed by soybean, P. thornei populations were 10 850/kg soil and subsequent wheat yields were just 1383 kg/ha. Regression analysis showed a linear, negative response of wheat biomass and grain yield with increasing P. thornei populations and a predicted loss of 77% for biomass and 62% for grain yield. The best predictor of wheat yield loss was P. thornei populations at 0–90 cm soil depth. Crop rotation can be used to reduce P. thornei populations and increase wheat yield, with greatest gains being made following two partially resistant crops grown sequentially.

Within-field variation in wheat quality: implications for precision agricultural management

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Skerritt ◽  
M. L. Adams ◽  
S. E. Cook ◽  
G. Naglis
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Field Variation

In this study, 9 Western Australian fields sown to dryland wheat were monitored using precision agricultural techniques, in order to understand implications for processing quality of the grain. Four fields received variable inputs of N fertiliser, and 6 received variable seed rates. In most cases, there was a very large variation within-field in grain yield, protein content, and protein quality, and such variation was related to variation in soil acidity, soil nitrate, and soil organic carbon, and specific weed and pest problems in some fields, as well as variation in the inputs. Grain protein content was positively correlated with soil nitrate levels in 6 of the 7 fields for which soil analyses were carried out. For several of the larger fields, separate harvesting of zones within the fields having differences in grain protein content would have enabled a greater proportion of the grain to be in a higher return quality grade. In 7 of the 9 fields, variation in protein quality (sodium dodecyl sulfate-sedimentation volume, SDS-SV) was greater than variation in protein content. The different measures of protein quality (SDS-SV, polymeric protein (glutenin) content, and glutenin molecular weight distribution) sometimes followed similar spatial trends, but in many cases did not. Therefore, total protein estimates are probably suitable measures for predicting within-field variation in protein quality. In none of the 9 fields was there overall a negative relationship between grain yield and protein content, although limited moisture availability can affect such relationships. The results suggest that the use of precision agricultural methods to manipulate inputs such as fertiliser, lime, or seed rates to increase yield does not have a negative effect on protein content. Farmers, therefore, can use precision agricultural methods along with other approaches to maximise wheat yield and grain protein content/quality at the same time.

scholarly journals Wheat Response to No-Tillage and Nitrogen Fertilization in a Long-Term Faba Bean-Based Rotation

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salem Ali ◽  
Luigi Tedone ◽  
Leonardo Verdini ◽  
Eugenio Cazzato ◽  
Giuseppe De Mastro
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
No Tillage

A field experiment was conducted in Southern Italy to study the response of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) grain yield and quality traits to a no-tillage (NT) system and different nitrogen N fertilizer rates (30, 60, and 90 kg N ha−1). The NT system was evaluated and compared to conventional (CT) and reduced (RT) tillage within continuous wheat (WW) and faba bean–wheat (FW) crop sequences over 3-years (2010–2012). The results showed a promising grain yield increase (30%) in the last year. The effect of the N rate on protein content was significant, while productive parameters were not significantly influenced due to both weather conditions and the previous crop. Tillage effect was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) positive on grain yield, yield components and quality parameters, especially in NT system, and was more pronounced when accompanied with faba bean in the rotation system. Despite producing a lower grain protein content (13%) compared to other systems, NT produced good semolina quality (with higher hectoliter weight and lower percentage of broken and shriveled grains). This study provides useful information for farmers on how to produce a satisfactory yield and good grain quality with minimum inputs, helping to design sustainable strategies for durum wheat cultivation in the dry regions.

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