Puroindoline genes and their effects on grain quality traits in southern Australian wheat cultivars

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Cane ◽  
Merrin Spackman ◽  
H. A. Eagles
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
High Water ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
End Use ◽  
Milling Yield

Grain hardness is a major determinant of the classification and end-use of wheat. Two genes, Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1, have a major effect on this trait, so for wheat breeding programs it is important to identify the alleles of these genes present in elite germplasm. This study was conducted to identify the alleles present in southern Australian germplasm, and to determine if they affected quality characteristics other than grain hardness.Only 3 genotypes were identified. These were Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a producing soft grain, Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b producing moderately hard grain, and Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a producing very hard grain. WW15 was the probable source of Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b in most cultivars; however, Halberd represented another source. An important source of Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a was the CIMMYT line Pavon, with sources from the old Australian cultivars Gabo and Falcon probably still present in modern germplasm.In an analysis of grain quality data from the Victorian Institute for Dryland Agriculture breeding program, the Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a genotype had a significantly higher water absorption and significantly lower milling yield than the Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b genotype, which indicates that these genes will impede the development of hard-grained cultivars that combine high water absorption and high milling yield.

Genetic and environmental variation for grain quality traits routinely evaluated in southern Australian wheat breeding programs

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 1047 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Eagles ◽  
G. J. Hollamby ◽  
R. F. Eastwood
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Flour Protein ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Dough Development Time ◽  
Milling Yield

Milling yield, maximum dough resistance (Rmax), dough extensibility, flour protein concentration (flour protein), particle size index (PSI), water absorption, and dough development time are important determinants of grain quality and are routinely evaluated in Australian wheat breeding programs. Information on allelic variation at the 6 loci determining glutenin proteins is also regularly obtained and used to predict Rmax and extensibility. For each character, except dough development time, 4029 observations on 2377 lines and 94 environments were analysed to estimate genotypic and environmental variances, heritabilities, genotypic and environmental correlations, and the effects of glutenin genes. A subset was analysed for dough development time. Milling yield, Rmax, extensibility, PSI, water absorption, and dough development time had intra-class correlation coefficients, or broad-sense heritabilities, between 0.66 and 0.76, and extensibility had a value of 0.52, with flour protein at 0.36. Genotypic and environmental correlations between extensibility and flour protein were high at +0.78 and +0.85, respectively. Rmax had a genotypic correlation with dough development time of +0.67, which was substantially due to pleiotropic effects of glutenin genes. Rmax, extensibility, PSI, and dough development time were influenced by glutenin genes. For Rmax about 50% of the genotypic variance could be explained by glutenin genes. For extensibility about 50% could be explained by flour protein, with 50% of the remainder by the inclusion of glutenin genes. For dough development time about 15% could be explained by flour protein, with a further 30% by glutenin genes. For PSI, about 40% of the genotypic variation could be accounted for by glutenin genes after the removal of the effects of flour protein and milling yield. We concluded that dough development time could be added to Rmax and extensibility as a trait that can be usefully predicted by the glutenin genes, but more work is required for PSI.

Contributions of glutenin and puroindoline genes to grain quality traits in southern Australian wheat breeding programs

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 179 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Eagles ◽  
Karen Cane ◽  
R. F. Eastwood ◽  
G. J. Hollamby ◽  
Haydn Kuchel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Dough Development Time ◽  
Milling Yield

Glutenin genes were known to influence maximum dough resistance (Rmax), dough extensibility (extensibility), and dough development time, whereas puroindoline genes were known to influence grain hardness, flour water absorption (water absorption), and milling yield. These are important determinants of grain quality of wheat in Australia. This study was conducted to investigate the combined effect of these genes on Rmax, extensibility, dough development time, water absorption, and milling yield in a large dataset assembled from the breeding programs based at Horsham, Victoria; Roseworthy, South Australia; and Wagga Wagga, New South Wales; for at least 10 seasons. The effect of the glutenin genes on Rmax, extensibility, and dough development time was confirmed, as was the effect of the puroindoline genes on water absorption and milling yield. In addition, puroindoline genes were shown to significantly affect extensibility and dough development time. The Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b genotype increased extensibility, dough development time, and milling yield relative to the Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a genotype. Both of these genotypes are present in cultivars classified as hard-grained in southern Australia. Therefore, the allelic composition of both glutenin and puroindoline genes is required to predict the grain quality of hard wheat in southern Australian breeding programs. The glutenin and puroindoline genes in combination accounted for more than 50% of the genotypic variance for these traits, except for milling yield, but a substantial proportion of the genotypic variation could not be attributed to these genes, indicating that other genes affecting the traits were present in the populations of these wheat-breeding programs.

scholarly journals The effects on grain quality traits of a grain serpin protein and the VPM1 segment in southern Australian wheat breeding

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Cane ◽  
P. J. Sharp ◽  
H. A. Eagles ◽  
R. F. Eastwood ◽  
G. J. Hollamby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Quality ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Relationship Matrix ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Active Selection ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Milling Yield

Production of wheat of sufficient quality to meet market demands is an ongoing agricultural challenge. Identification and evaluation of alleles of genes affecting quality parameters enables breeders to improve their germplasm by active selection towards specific allele combinations. Using a large dataset obtained from southern Australian wheat breeding programs, and including a relationship matrix in the analysis to minimise bias, we re-evaluated the effects of high- and low-molecular-weight glutenin alleles and puroindoline alleles on the grain quality parameters Rmax, dough extensibility, dough development time, flour water absorption, and milling yield and found that estimated effects were in close agreement with those from earlier analyses without a relationship matrix. We also evaluated, for the first time, the effects on the same quality parameters of 2 alleles (wild-type and null) of a defence grain protein, a serpin located on chromosome 5B. In addition, we assessed the effect of the VPM1 alien segment. The serpin null allele significantly reduced milling yield by ~0.4 g of flour per 100 g of grain milled across different germplasm sources and flour protein levels. In Australian germplasm, the origin of this allele was traced to a 19th Century introduction from India by William Farrer; however other sources, of significance in international breeding programs, were also identified. Our analysis of the effect of the VPM1 segment on quality traits revealed no detrimental effects of its presence on the traits we measured.

The storage protein activator gene Spa-B1 and grain quality traits in southern Australian wheat breeding programs

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 311 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Eagles ◽  
Karen Cane ◽  
Marie Appelbee ◽  
Haydn Kuchel ◽  
R. F. Eastwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storage Protein ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Protein Activator ◽  
Australian Wheat

Grain quality is an important determinant of market value of wheat in southern Australia and in many other parts of the world. Identification of the genes that influence grain quality traits and estimation of effects of alleles of these genes can improve the effectiveness of wheat breeding. An efficient method for estimating the effects of alleles of recently discovered genes is to use mixed-model analyses in large plant breeding datasets that have already been characterised for previously known genes. We used this method to estimate the effects of two alleles of Spa-B1, a storage protein activator gene that is linked to Glu-B1, on grain quality traits. Alleles of the two genes tracked together as haplotypes for generations, but recombination events were identified. These recombination events were used to enhance confidence in identification of the alleles. The effects of the alleles of Spa-B1 were small and statistically not significant for all of the grain quality traits in our population.

scholarly journals Genomic Selection for End-Use Quality and Processing Traits in Soft White Winter Wheat Breeding Program with Machine and Deep Learning Models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karansher S Sandhu ◽  
Meriem Aoun ◽  
Craig Morris ◽  
Arron H Carter
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Wheat Breeding Program ◽  
End Use

Breeding for grain yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance, and end-use quality are important goals of wheat breeding programs. Screening for end-use quality traits is usually secondary to grain yield due to high labor needs, cost of testing, and large seed requirements for phenotyping. Hence, testing is delayed until later stages in the breeding program. Delayed phenotyping results in advancement of inferior end-use quality lines into the program. Genomic selection provides an alternative to predict performance using genome-wide markers. Due to large datasets in breeding programs, we explored the potential of the machine and deep learning models to predict fourteen end-use quality traits in a winter wheat breeding program. The population used consisted of 666 wheat genotypes screened for five years (2015-19) at two locations (Pullman and Lind, WA, USA). Nine different models, including two machine learning (random forest and support vector machine) and two deep learning models (convolutional neural network and multilayer perceptron), were explored for cross-validation, forward, and across locations predictions. The prediction accuracies for different traits varied from 0.45-0.81, 0.29-0.55, and 0.27-0.50 under cross-validation, forward, and across location predictions. In general, forward prediction accuracies kept increasing over time due to increments in training data size and was more evident for machine and deep learning models. Deep learning models performed superior over the traditional ridge regression best linear unbiased prediction (RRBLUP) and Bayesian models under all prediction scenarios. The high accuracy observed for end-use quality traits in this study support predicting them in early generations, leading to the advancement of superior genotypes to more extensive grain yield trailing. Furthermore, the superior performance of machine and deep learning models strengthen the idea to include them in large scale breeding programs for predicting complex traits.

scholarly journals Late-maturity α-amylase (LMA): exploring the underlying mechanisms and end-use quality effects in wheat

Planta ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 255 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley E. Cannon ◽  
Elliott J. Marston ◽  
Alecia M. Kiszonas ◽  
Amber L. Hauvermale ◽  
Deven R. See
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Late Maturity ◽  
End Use ◽  
Molecular Aspects ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Main conclusion A comprehensive understanding of LMA from the underlying molecular aspects to the end-use quality effects will greatly benefit the global wheat industry and those whose livelihoods depend upon it. Abstract Late-maturity α-amylase (LMA) leads to the expression and protein accumulation of high pI α-amylases during late grain development. This α-amylase is maintained through harvest and leads to an unacceptable low falling number (FN), the wheat industry’s standard measure for predicting end-use quality. Unfortunately, low FN leads to significant financial losses for growers. As a result, wheat researchers are working to understand and eliminate LMA from wheat breeding programs, with research aims that include unraveling the genetic, biochemical, and physiological mechanisms that lead to LMA expression. In addition, cereal chemists and quality scientists are working to determine if and how LMA-affected grain impacts end-use quality. This review is a comprehensive overview of studies focused on LMA and includes open questions and future directions.

scholarly journals High molecular weight glutenin gene diversity in Aegilops tauschii demonstrates unique origin of superior wheat quality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Delorean ◽  
LiangLiang Gao ◽  
Jose Fausto Cervantes Lopez ◽  
The Open Wild Wheat Consortium ◽  
Brande Wulff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Aegilops Tauschii ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
D Genome ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Lineage 2 ◽  
End Use ◽  
Genomic Resource ◽  
New Alleles

Abstract Central to the diversity of wheat products was the origin of hexaploid bread wheat, which added the D-genome of Aegilops tauschii to tetraploid wheat giving rise to superior dough properties in leavened breads. The polyploidization, however, imposed a genetic bottleneck, with only limited diversity introduced in the wheat D-subgenome. To understand genetic variants for quality, we sequenced 273 accessions spanning the known diversity of Ae. tauschii. We discovered 45 haplotypes in Glu-D1, a major determinant of quality, relative to the two predominant haplotypes in wheat. The wheat allele 2+12 was found in Ae. tauschii Lineage 2, the donor of the wheat D-subgenome. Conversely, the superior quality wheat allele 5+10 allele originated in Lineage 3, a recently characterized lineage of Ae. tauschii, showing a unique origin of this important allele. These two wheat alleles were also quite similar relative to the total observed molecular diversity in Ae. tauschii at Glu-D1. Ae. tauschii is thus a reservoir for unique Glu-D1 alleles and provides the genomic resource to begin utilizing new alleles for end-use quality improvement in wheat breeding programs.

Haplotype analyses in wheat for complex traits: tracking the chromosome 3B and 7B regions associated with late maturity alpha amylase (LMA) in breeding programs

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 463 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. McNeil ◽  
D. Diepeveen ◽  
R. Wilson ◽  
I. Barclay ◽  
R. McLean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Traits ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Artificial Chromosome ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Discriminating Power ◽  
Late Maturity ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Wheat Lines ◽  
Chromosome 3B

The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on chromosomes 7BL and 3BS from Halberd have been used as a major source of tolerance to late maturity α amylase (LMA) within Australian wheat breeding programs. New simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers identified from the sequencing of Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) clones from the wheat cv. Renan library, and known SSRs, were used to characterise these major QTLs. The reduction or elimination of the LMA defect in wheat cultivars is a major goal for wheat breeding programs and is confounded by the complexity in measuring the trait unambiguously. In this haplotyping study focussing on two significant chromosomal regions, markers and combinations of markers were investigated for their ability to discriminate between 39 Australian and Mexican wheat lines differing in levels of LMA. Genetic relationships among these wheat lines estimated by cluster analysis of molecular marker data were combined with phenotypic information in order to calibrate the genotypes of the wheat lines against their LMA phenotype. It was evident that some SSRs from the respective QTLs had greater discriminating power than others to identify LMA phenotypes. Discrimination was not, however, absolute and a statistical analysis of the data defined a risk factor associated with particular combinations of alleles, for use in early selection or backcrossing.

Effect of geographic location of growth on wheat milling yield, farinograph properties, flour protein and residue protein

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
L O'Brien ◽  
RA Orth
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Flour Milling ◽  
Flour Protein ◽  
Dough Development Time ◽  
Milling Yield

The relationship between farinograph dough breakdown and the proportion of flour protein insoluble in 0 . 0 5M acetic acid (residue protein) was investigated for a number of wheats each grown at six locations in the Mallee and Wimmera regions of Victoria. At each location a highly significant correlation was obtained (R ranging from 0.84 to 0.93), which indicated that the 'residue test' could be used as a selection tool in wheat-breeding programs. Regressions of flour milling yield, flour protein content, farinograph water absorption, dough development time and dough breakdown, and the proportion of residue protein were calculated for each parameter for the wheats grown at Dooen against those for wheats grown at each other location. Variables largely dependent on protein 'quality', viz. dough breakdown, dough development time and residue protein, ranked the wheats similarly at each location of growth. Rankings according to milling yield, farinograph water absorption and flour protein content differed more markedly between locations.

scholarly journals Genetic control of seed dormancy and pre-harvest sprouting in wheat

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 564-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudinei Andreoli ◽  
Manoel Carlos Bassoi ◽  
Dionisio Brunetta
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Control Seed ◽  
Grain Color ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cross ◽  
End Use ◽  
Financial Losses

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) damage leads to occasional massive losses in all wheat producing areas, causing downgrading of grain quality, that severely limits end-use applications and results in substantial financial losses to farmers and food processors. Red grain color is a traditional marker for resistance to sprouting in wheat breeding programs, however red-grained genotype alone does not always guarantee effective resistance. The objective of this work was to find genes for resistance to PHS and investigate its inheritance in Brazilian wheat cultivars. Genetic variation for dormancy was investigated in the parents, F1 and 300 F2 lines derived from the cross Frontana × OR1 and its reciprocal. The germination/dormancy sprouted grains was evaluated on fifty seeds per replication, germinated in paper towel rolls at 20ºC for 5 days. A bimodal distribution for dormancy occurred in the Frontana/OR1 and OR1/Frontana derived F2 populations. The mean ratio of dormant and non-dormant seeds of the cross and its reciprocal was 85:1115, fitting a digenic model of 1:15 (P < 0.05). In fact, all non after-ripened F1 seeds germinated. The F2 distribution indicates that two major genes, here called A,a and B,b, control seed dormancy, which it appears to be recessive to dormancy. Only the homozygous aabb is dormant. As expected, there was no effect of maternal tissues.

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