Organic acid exudation associated with aluminium stress tolerance in triticale and wheat

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 979 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. G. Zhang ◽  
R. S. Jessop ◽  
D. Alter
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Root Exudation ◽  
Enzymatic Assay ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Al Stress ◽  
Organic Acid Exudation

Three triticale cultivars differing in aluminium (Al) stress response, together with 1 Al-tolerant wheat cultivar (Carazinho) and 1 Al-tolerant wheat line (ET3), were used to investigate the root exudation of organic acids during Al stress. The likely relationship of organic acid exudation with Al tolerance, as assessed by root regrowth in nutrient solutions, was also examined. An enzymatic assay was used to detect malate release from both root tips and the whole root system; high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was also used to measure the exudation of organic acids from Al-stressed root tips. The enzymatic assay revealed some associations between Al tolerance and malate efflux from Al-stressed wheat or triticale roots, although Al-tolerant triticale cvv. Tahara and 19th ITSN 70-4 released less malate than the Al-tolerant wheat. HPLC analysis indicated that malate and citrate were not the main exudates related to the different levels of Al tolerance in these triticale cultivars. A yet to be identified organic acid in 19th ITSN 70-4 showed significant concentration differences from 2 other cultivars tested. This study highlighted the importance and necessity of elucidating the biochemical mechanisms involved in Al stress tolerance in triticale and other crops.

scholarly journals Padi toleran Fe pada sawah bukaan baru

Jurnal BiBieT ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunadi Sunadi
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Factorial Experiments ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Salinity Stress Tolerance ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Organic Acid Exudation

<p>This research aims to study the differences in the mechanism of salinity stress tolerance in rice varieties from the aspect of organic acid exudation and accumulation. Research was conducted in March to November 2010, at the Laboratory Kopertis Region X. This two-factor factorial experiments using Completely Randomized Design with three replications. The first factor is selected rice varieties, namely: P1 = Cirata; P2 = Cisadane; P3 = Widas; P4 = P5 = IR66 and Membromo. The second factor is the concentration of NaCl, namely: G0 = 0.0 ppm NaCl at pH 4.0 (control), and G1 = 4000 ppm NaCl at pH 4.0. The results showed that, the mechanism of tolerance in rice varieties occur through the mechanism of accumulation and exudation of organic acids. Accumulation and exudation of organic acids, such as Oxalic Acid, Malic, Citrate and Acetate in rice varieties was seized NaCl, can be used as a reference to determine the varieties tolerant and sensitive to stress, Na + and Cl<sup>-</sup> in screening of plants in determining tolerance (sensitive or tolerant), especially for varieties of rice plants.</p>

scholarly journals Metabolism and root exudation of organic acid anions under aluminium stress

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo D. Mariano ◽  
Renato A. Jorge ◽  
Willem G. Keltjens ◽  
Marcelo Menossi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acid ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Root Exudates ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Root Exudation ◽  
Genetically Modified Plants ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Al Stress

Numerous plant species can release organic acid anions (OA) from their roots in response to toxic aluminium (Al) ions present in the rooting medium. Hypothetically OA complex Al in the root apoplast and/or rhizosphere and thus avoid its interaction with root cellular components and its entry in the root symplast. Two temporal patterns of root OA exudation are observed. In pattern I, OA release is rapidly activated after the contact of the root with Al ions while in pattern II there is a lag phase between the addition of Al and the beginning of OA release. Compounds other than OA have been detected in root exudates and are also correlated with Al resistance in plants. Plant species like buckwheat and tea show mechanisms of Al tolerance, which confer them the capacity to inactivate and store Al internally in the leaves. Disturbances in metabolic pathways induced by Al are still obscure and their relation to the altered OA concentration observed in roots under Al stress is not yet established. High concentrations of OA in roots do not always lead to high rates of OA release even when the spatial distribution of these two characteristics along the root axis is taken into account. Al induces high permeability to OA in young root cells and anion channels located in the cell membrane have been proposed to mediate the transport of OA to outside the cell. Genetically modified plants that overexpress genes involved in the biosynthesis and transport of OA as well as in Al toxicity events at the cell level have been generated. In most cases the transformations resulted in an improved ability of the plant to cope with Al stress. These promising findings reinforce the possibility of engineering plants with superior resistance to Al-toxic acid soils. The environmental impact of the large amounts of root exudates possibly conferred by these genetically modified plants is discussed, with special emphasis on soil microbiota.

scholarly journals Effects of Tree Species on Root Exudation and Mineralization of Organic Acids in a Tropical Forest

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazumichi Fujii ◽  
Chie Hayakawa ◽  
Sukarti Ningsih
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Root Exudation ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Microbial Activities ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Highly Weathered Soils ◽  
Organic Acid Exudation

Abstract Aims Root exudation of organic acids is one of strategies for tropical trees to facilitate nutrient uptake from the highly weathered soils. However, paradoxical relationship remains that root exudation also stimulates microbial activities to consume organic acids in the rhizosphere (root-soil interface). Plant-specific root exudation might shape different rhizosphere carbon (C) cycles between tree species. We test whether root exudation and rhizosphere C fluxes of organic acids and sugars differ between dominant dipterocarp trees and pioneer trees (Macaranga spp.). Methods We measured (1) root exudation from mature trees, (2) soil solution concentrations of organic acids and monosaccharides, and (3) mineralization kinetics of 14C-radiolabelled substrates in the rhizosphere and bulk soils of the Dipterocarp and Macaranga trees. Results Malate was a dominant organic acid exuded from Dipterocarp roots, while monosaccharides were dominant exudates of pioneer Macaranga trees. Malate exudation rates by Dipterocarp roots were greater compared to Macaranga roots. Organic acid exudation increased with increasing root surface area and with decreasing soil pH. Microbial activities of malate mineralization were enhanced in the rhizosphere both under Dipterocarp and Macaranga trees, but the C fluxes of malate mineralization by rhizosphere microbes far exceeded root exudation due to microbial malate production in the rhizosphere of Dipterocarp trees. Conclusion Tree species develop different strategies to increase malate concentration in rhizosphere soil directly through root exudation or indirectly through rhizosphere microbial activities to increase malate production, which is favorable for phosphorus solubilization, aluminum detoxification, and lignin degradation in acidic soils.

Combining ability for aluminium tolerance in triticale

1999 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. G. ZHANG ◽  
R. S. JESSOP ◽  
F. ELLISON
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Combining Ability ◽  
Additive Genetic Variance ◽  
Diallel Analysis ◽  
Aluminium Tolerance ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Al Stress ◽  
Polygenic System

Root re-growth, following aluminium (Al) stress, has been used as an indicator of Al stress tolerance. Genetic variation in root re-growth characteristics among eight triticale genotypes was investigated by a diallel analysis. Highly significant variation due to both general combining ability (GCA) effects and specific combining ability (SCA) effects indicated that both additive effects and non-additive effects were important in explaining the genetic variation for Al tolerance. The high estimates of heritability and the predictability ratio for root re-growth revealed the preponderance of additive genetic variance in the inheritance of Al tolerance. Differences in patterns of GCA effects and SCA effects among the parents provided strong evidence that the genetic control of variation for Al tolerance as assessed by root re-growth was a complex polygenic system. Three Al-tolerant genotypes, Tahara, Abacus, and 19th ITSN 70–4, were found to be the best general combiners for larger root re-growth, and they could be used in hybridization programmes to improve Al stress tolerance by following a simple pedigree method of selective breeding.

Occurence of initiation and progression of colorectal cancer in the changed intestinal environment.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 416-416
Author(s):  
Seiji Ohigashi ◽  
Kazuki Sudo ◽  
Daiki Kobayashi ◽  
Osamu Takahashi ◽  
Takuya Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Environment ◽  
Microbial Dysbiosis ◽  
Fecal Ph ◽  
N 93

416 Background: Use of new molecular biology–based methods of bacterial identification is expected to help elucidate the relationship between colorectal cancer (CRC) and intestinal microbiota. However, it remains unclear whether microbial dysbiosis is the cause or the result of CRC onset. We analyzed the intestinal environments to determine whether the changes differed with the stage of CRC or adenoma. Methods: We analyzed fecal microbiota, organic acid concentrations, and pH in CRC patients (n=93), individuals with adenoma (n=23), and individuals with normal intestinal tracts (n=27). After patient hospitalization, the feces of all subjects were collected before any administration of laxatives or antibiotics to prepare the bowel.Thirteen bacterial groups were enumerated in the fecal microbiota by using reverse transcription–quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Eight kinds of organic acid were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography, and fecal pH was measured by pH meter. Results: The counts of total bacteria (10.3 ± 0.7 vs. 10.8 ± 0.3 log10 cells/g of feces; p<0.001), 5 groups of obligate anaerobe (Clostridium coccoides group, C. leptum subgroup, Bacteroides fragilis group, Bifidobacterium, and Atopobium cluster), and 2 groups of facultative anaerobes (Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus) were significantly lower in the CRC group than in the healthy individuals. While the concentrations of organic acids—particularly short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid—were significantly decreased in the CRC group, the pH was increased in the CRC group (7.4 ± 0.8 vs. 6.9 ± 0.6; p<0.001). Comparison among the CRC, adenoma, and non-adenoma groups revealed that fecal SCFAs concentrations and pH in the adenoma group were intermediate to the CRC group and the non-adenoma group. Within the CRC group, no differences in microbiota or organic acids were observed among T-stages or Dukes stages. Conclusions: CRC patients showed significant differences in the intestinal environment, including alterations of microbiota, decreased SCFAs, and elevated pH. These changes are not a result of CRC progression but are involved in CRC onset.

scholarly journals Differential Root Exudation and Architecture for Improved Growth of Wheat Mediated by Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahreen Yahya ◽  
Ejaz ul Islam ◽  
Maria Rasul ◽  
Iqra Farooq ◽  
Naima Mahreen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Root Exudation ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Phosphate Solubilizing

Phosphorous (P) deficiency is a major challenge faced by global agriculture. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) provide a sustainable approach to supply available phosphates to plants with improved crop productivity through synergistic interaction with plant roots. The present study demonstrates an insight into this synergistic P-solubilizing mechanism of PSB isolated from rhizosphere soils of major wheat-growing agro-ecological zones of Pakistan. Seven isolates were the efficient P solubilizers based on in vitro P-solubilizing activity (233-365 μg ml–1) with a concomitant decrease in pH (up to 3.5) by the production of organic acids, predominantly acetic acid (∼182 μg ml–1) and gluconic acid (∼117 μg ml–1). Amplification and phylogenetic analysis of gcd, pqqE, and phy genes of Enterobacter sp. ZW32, Ochrobactrum sp. SSR, and Pantoea sp. S1 showed the potential of these PSB to release orthophosphate from recalcitrant forms of phosphorus. Principal component analysis indicates the inoculation response of PSB consortia on the differential composition of root exudation (amino acids, sugars, and organic acids) with subsequently modified root architecture of three wheat varieties grown hydroponically. Rhizoscanning showed a significant increase in root parameters, i.e., root tips, diameter, and surface area of PSB-inoculated plants as compared to uninoculated controls. Efficiency of PSB consortia was validated by significant increase in plant P and oxidative stress management under P-deficient conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative damages mainly indicated by elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 contents were significantly reduced in inoculated plants by the production of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase. Furthermore, the inoculation response of these PSB on respective wheat varieties grown in native soils under greenhouse conditions was positively correlated with improved plant growth and soil P contents. Additionally, grain yield (8%) and seed P (14%) were significantly increased in inoculated wheat plants with 20% reduced application of diammonium phosphate (DAP) fertilizer under net house conditions. Thus, PSB capable of such synergistic strategies can confer P biofortification in wheat by modulating root morphophysiology and root exudation and can alleviate oxidative stress under P deficit conditions.

scholarly journals COMPOSITION OF MAJOR ORGANIC ACIDS IN VEGETABLES AND SPICES

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 447-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liga Priecina ◽  
Daina Karklina
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Metabolic Process ◽  
High Importance ◽  
Taste And Odor ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Organic Acid Content

Organic acids are one of the major phytochemicals in vegetables and responsible for food taste and odor. Different organic acids are analyzed in fruits and cereals, but least in vegetables and spices. Organic acids has been analyzed because of their high importance in the formation of other phytochemical and increased antioxidant activity. The aim of the current research was to determine the oxalic, tartaric, quinic, malic, malonic, ascorbic, citric, fumaric, succinic, salicylic and benzoic acid content in fresh and pre-treated (with steam) vegetables and spices using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Major organic acids in highest concentrations in spices and vegetables are quinic, malic, malonic and citric acids. Spices contain higher total organic acid content than vegetables. Using steaming as pre-treatment, some of the organic acids content significantly decreased. Obtained changes could be explained by the organic acid formation into more complex chemicals in food or metabolic process. For the future, these changes will be combined with individual phenolic compound changes in analyzed samples.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis of Genes Involved in Aluminum Stress Responses in Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gegen Bao ◽  
Shengyu Li ◽  
Qi Zhou ◽  
Umair Ashraf ◽  
Jingxuan Qiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Al Stress

Abstract Background Aluminum (Al) contamination inhibits plant growth and development, however, mechanisms involved in Al stress tolerance in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were rarely studied. The present study was comprised of four Al levels i.e., 0, 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mmol l−1 AlCl3.18H2O regarded as Al0, Al1, Al2, and Al3. The respective concentrations were added in Hoagland nutrient solution and replaced every three days. Result Results revealed that seeding length low Al concentration (Al1) treatment had no noticeable effect on seeding lenght, while higher Al concentration (Al2 and Al3) treatment significantly inhibited seeding lenght. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of plant hormone metabolism pathway were significantly enriched whereas the contents of salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) were up-regulated, and jasmonic acid (JA) were down-regulated to different levels. Moreover, transcription factors (TFs) and ALMT9 and FRDL1 genes were up-regulated at higher Al concentration and down-regulated at the lowest Al concentration (Al1). Conclusions Overall, Higher Al concentrations up-regulated the expression of transcription factors (TFs), and ALMT9 and FRDL1 genes to resist the stress of high Al concentrations whereas transcriptome analysis revealed that Al stress tolerance is closely related to endogenous hormone contents i.e., salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), and jasmonic acid (JA). This study preliminarily analyzed the molecular mechanism of Al tolerance in peanut and provided a theoretical rationale for developing new Al-tolerant peanut cultivars.

Physiological and biochemical studies on aluminum tolerance in pineapple

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Le Van ◽  
T. Masuda
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Root Exudates ◽  
Aluminum Tolerance ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Tolerance Mechanism ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Callose Formation

Aluminum is rhizotoxic and is often present in acidic soils at activities high enough to inhibit root growth. The objectives of present study were to screen for Al-sensitive and Al-tolerant pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill) cultivars and to investigate the potential mechanism(s) of Al tolerance. Seven cultivars were analysed and found to differ considerably in Al tolerance. The cultivars Soft Touch (Al-sensitive) and Cayenne (Al-tolerant) were selected for further analysis of physiological mechanism(s) of Al tolerance. The root elongation of Soft Touch was 80% compared with 120% for Cayenne in response to 300 μm AlCl3 at pH 4.5 for 72 h. Al accumulation and Al-induced callose formation in root apices were 50 and 15% of that in Cayenne, respectively. It is clearly shown that Al only inhibited Soft Touch during the treatment, whereas it enhanced root growth of Cayenne, suggesting an Al-induced Al-tolerance mechanism operating in Cayenne. There was no significantly difference in total protein in root exudates between cultivars treated with or without 300 μm AlCl3. However, 2D SDS–PAGE analysis could detect an acidic and low molecular weight protein in Al-treated Cayenne root tips, but not in control Cayenne or in Soft Touch both in the presence and absence of Al. The identification of organic acids in collected root exudates was conducted on Al-tolerant Cayenne. Citrate, malate, and succinate were found in Cayenne root exudates, and citrate was induced by Al exposure. Changes in organic acids from root exudates and soluble protein of root tips may be involved in the Al-tolerance mechanism. Further studies are, however, needed to clarify their functions on detoxification of Al in the pineapple roots.

scholarly journals Mechanism of Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants Against Aluminum Stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
Robiatul Adawiyah ◽  
Musadia Afa
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Mineral Acid ◽  
Tolerance Mechanism ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Aluminum Stress ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
High Level

Aluminum (Al 3+) is rhizotoxic ions in the soil (mineral) acid. Al activities increases with increasing soil acidity, below pH 5.5 the solubility of Al 3+ cations will increase. High level of soluble can cause interference with metabolic processes and plant physiology. Cumulatively, the physiology of metabolic disorders and initially looked at the root system. The tip of the root and lateral roots become thickened and hair and roots become lower, causing a decrease in root length and root tissue enlargement thus inhibiting the growth of roots, the absorption of nutrients and water, will further lower the growth, production and productivity of crops. Although Al disrupt metabolism and suppress the growth of the plant, until a certain threshold of adverse effects in Al still be tolerated, depending on the type of plant and the level of activity of Al. Tolerance of crops to Al can be expressed through two mechanisms, namely: external tolerance mechanism and internal tolerance mechanism. The main difference between the two mechanisms is in the area of detoxification Al whether in symplast (internal) or apoplast (exclusion). The ability of plants to be able to adapt to drought stress Al, depends on the ability of plants to produce organic acid in an amount sufficient for eliminating the toxic influence of stress Al. Root exudates of plants capable of producing such an organic acid that plays an important role in adaptation strategies. The high production of organic acids is associated with the formation of specific enzymes, as a response to stress Al. Allegedly the sensitive strain, the synthesis of organic acids is not adequate to chelate Al

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