Limitations to carrot (Daucus carota L.) productivity when grown with reduced rates of frequent irrigation on a free-draining, sandy soil

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark R. Gibberd ◽  
Allan G. McKay ◽  
Tim C. Calder ◽  
Neil C. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Daucus Carota ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

To determine the influence of reduced irrigation input, carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Ivor) plants were grown on a coarse-textured, sandy soil during summer near Perth, Western Australia. Irrigation was applied daily with sprinklers at 5 rates ranging from 47 to 151% replacement of daily pan evaporation (Ep). A reduction in irrigation from the industry standard of 151% Ep to 124 or 97% Ep resulted in a 17% increase in water use efficiency (WUE) when calculated as total root yield/water applied. However, the percentage of total roots that were marketable declined with reduction in irrigation, being 73, 56, and 63% at 151, 124, and 97% Ep, respectively. This minimised any increase in WUE when calculated on a marketable yield basis. Further reductions in irrigation to 47 and 73% Ep resulted in large reductions in yield, WUE, and the percentage of marketable roots. Leaf biomass was not significantly different between the 151 and 124% Ep treatments and was reduced by 55 and 85% at 73 and 47% Ep, respectively. Soil water tension (ψs) varied from 4 to 80 kPa among the irrigation treatments. Pre-dawn leaf water potential (ψl) was most sensitive to ψs over a ψs range of 0–20 kPa and the influence of ψs on ψl was small (400 kPa) compared with the diurnal variations in ψl of up to 1400 kPa, which occurred independently of significant changes in bulk soil ψs. There was no significant effect of irrigation on the osmotic potential of leaf sap and there was no evidence of osmotic adjustment. For all irrigation treatments, photosynthesis (Pn) peaked in the early morning (0830 hours) at rates of 17–20 μmol CO2/m2.s, after which Pn decreased to a transient minimum value at midday. The diurnal decline in Pn was positively correlated with ψl for all treatments, and minimum values of Pn varied from 12.5 to 7.8 μmol CO2/m2.s for plants grown with 151 and 47% of Ep, respectively. When grown under frequently applied, suboptimal irrigation, carrot productivity is predominately limited by a reduction in leaf growth rates that limits leaf area and matches transpiration requirements with water availability. Furthermore, even under conditions of water deficit, the aerial environment imposes a greater constraint to Pn than soil water availability.

Consistency of long-term marketable yield of carrot and onion cultivars in muck (organic) soil in relation to seasonal weather

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 755-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Tesfaendrias ◽  
M. R. McDonald ◽  
J. Warland
Keyword(s):  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Daucus Carota ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
The Mean

To identify carrot and onion cultivars that provide consistent marketable yields, we tracked the yields of five fresh market carrot [(Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.] and six onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars for at least 13 yr. Relationships between long-term weather variables and marketable yields were also investigated. The effects of cultivar, year and cultivar × year interactions on yield of carrots and onions were assessed. Cultivar and year had significant effects on carrot and onion yields, while the interaction was significant in only one of four data sets of carrot yield. Carrot cv. Cellobunch (95.4 t ha–1) and onion cv. Corona (74.1 t ha–1) had the highest mean marketable yields over the years studied. There was a slight positive correlation between mean yield of the assessed carrots and maximum temperatures in September (r = 0.44). Mean carrot yield was also somewhat negatively correlated with total rainfall in July (r = –0.43) and with number of days with rain in August (r = –0.43) and September (r = –0.44). Most onion cultivars showed stronger relationships between marketable yield and various weather patterns. Marketable yield of onions increased with an increase in the number of days with rainfall in June (r = 0.57). The mean marketable yield of the six onion cultivars decreased in relation to temperatures ≥30°C in June (r = –0.55) and August (r = –0.53). The mean yield of all the onions in the trials was negatively correlated (r = –0.78) with growing degree days (base 5°C, May to August). The results indicated that the data from long-term cultivar trials can be used to identify cultivars that yield well despite seasonal variations in weather. Key words: Daucus carota, Allium cepa, temperature, rainfall

scholarly journals Effects of Irrigation Regimes on Yield and Water Use by Sweetpotato

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 712-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doyle A. Smittle ◽  
Melvin R. Hall ◽  
James R. Stansell
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Water Tension ◽  
Storage Root Development

Sweetpotatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam cv. Georgia Jet] were grown on two soil types in drainage lysimeters under controlled soil water regimes during 1982 and 1983. Water regimes consisted of irrigating the sweetpotatoes throughout growth when soil water tension at 23 cm exceeded 25, 50, or 100 kPa or by allowing a 100-kPa water stress before root enlargement, during early root enlargement, or throughout root enlargement. Water use and marketable yields were greater when sweetpotatoes were grown on a Tifton loamy sand (fine loamy, siliceous, thermic, Plinthitic Paleudult) than when grown on a Bonifay sand (loamy, siliceous, thermic, Grossarenic, Plinthitic Paleudult). Water use, marketable yield, and yield of U.S. #1 grade roots generally decreased when soil water tensions exceeded 25 kPa before irrigation, although soil water stress of 100 kPa during storage root development did not significantly affect yield. Regression equations are provided to describe the relationships of water use to plant age and to compute daily evapotranspiration: pan evaporation ratios (crop factors) for sweetpotatoes irrigated at 25, 50, and 100 kPa of soil water tension.

scholarly journals 214 Yield and Quality Response of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) to Simulated Storm Damage

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 479A-479
Author(s):  
Michael E. Bartolo ◽  
Frank C. Schweissing
Keyword(s):  
Daucus Carota ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Storm Damage ◽  
Lower Yield ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Quality Response

Parts of Colorado receive more hail than almost any other area in the nation. Severe storms can injure crop tissue and, thus, lower yield and predispose the crop to disease infection. Our study was conducted to determine the yield and quality response of carrot (Daucus carota L.) to simulated storm damage during different periods of plant development. We removed 33% and 67% of the carrot foliage at four dates, spaced 10 days apart, during the middle of the growing season. In 1997 and 1998, 67% defoliation significantly reduced total and marketable yields more than did 33% defoliation. Total yield components, length and diameter, were similarly affected. Defoliation, in general, decreased yield the greatest when it when it occurred at the later stages of development. Carrot foliage continued to develop and grow after all defoliation events. Nonetheless, moderate (33%) and severe (67%) foliage loss reduced marketable yield and yield components of carrots.

scholarly journals Initial Growth and Roots Development of Soybean as Function of Water Availability and Soil Bulk Density

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Pâmela de Andrades Timm ◽  
Marília Alves Brito Pinto ◽  
José Maria Barbat Parfitt ◽  
Germani Concenço ◽  
Alexssandra Dayanne Soares de Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Soybean Crop ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Soybean Plants

Soil compaction is preponderant in soil physical-hydric relationships, which in turn, exert direct effect on plant development. In this context, this work aimed to evaluate the initial development of shoot and roots of soybean plants (Glycine max (L.) Merril), cv. BMX Ícone, cultivated in different combinations of soil bulk densities and water availability. A greenhouse experiment was carried out at the EMBRAPA Lowland Experimental Station, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Soybean plants were grown in seven levels of soil bulk density (1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9 and 2.0 kg dm-3) coupled to two soil water tensions (10 and 50 kPa). Plant height and leaf area, as well as root volume, decreased when soybean was cultivated at 50 kPa, associated to soil bulk densities above 1.8 kg dm-3. Soybean crop showed to be most sensitive to water deficit than to soil compaction, and soil water tension around the field capacity (10 kPa) should be associated to soil bulk density lower than 1.8 kg dm-3 to allow adequate soybean crop development.

scholarly journals Short-duration Water Stress Decreases Onion Single Centers without Causing Translucent Scale

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1450-1455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clinton C. Shock ◽  
Erik B.G. Feibert ◽  
Lamont D. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Physiological Disorder ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Water Tension

Single centeredness has become an important onion attribute for marketing because of the use of onions in food products such as onion rings. Although onion single centeredness is largely cultivar dependent, it may also be influenced by growing conditions. These trials tested the effects of early-season, short-duration water stress on onion single centeredness. The effects of the short-duration water stress were also evaluated on onion yield, grade, and translucent scale. Translucent scale is a physiological disorder thought to be influenced by water stress. Onions were drip irrigated automatically at a soil water tension (SWT) of 20 kPa and were submitted to short-duration water stress in 2003, 2004, and 2005. Onions in each treatment were stressed once at either the two-leaf, four-leaf, early six-leaf, late six-leaf, or eight-leaf stage and were compared with a minimally stressed control. Onions were stressed by interrupting irrigations until the SWT at a 0.2-m depth reached 60 kPa, at which time the irrigations were resumed. Onion single centeredness was reduced by short-duration water stress in 2003 and 2005. Onions were sensitive to the formation of multiple centers with water stress at the four-leaf to late six-leaf stages. The 2004 growing season was characterized by cool, moist conditions, and water stress did not affect single centeredness. Among all treatments and years, marketable yield was only reduced in 2005, with stress at the four-leaf and eight-leaf stages. The incidence of translucent scale was very low each year and was not related to early-season water stress.

scholarly journals Rooting Depth, Growth and Yield of Corn as Affected by Soil Water Availability in an Ultisol and an Oxisol

1969 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 316-328
Author(s):  
A. Wahab ◽  
H. Talleyrand ◽  
M. A. Lugo-López
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Water Availability ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Water Tension

Relationships between rooting depth, growth, and yields of corn and soil water availability in an Ultisol and an Oxisol are presented. Soil and crop management techniques considered to be adequate for maximum yield were used at the two experimental sites. At each site one treatment was irrigated as often as necessary to maintain a water tension of less than 1 bar. Soil properties, plant growth, effective rooting depth, soil water availability, plant water deficits, crop yields, and weather conditions were recorded. During a prolonged drought and at grain filling, corn growing in a typical Oxisol extracted soil water to a depth of 120 cm, and plants became water stressed after a soil water tension of 15 bars developed at 90 cm. In a typical Ultisol plants could not extract water effectively below 30 cm. Plants grew better in the Oxisol than in the Ultisol. Grain yields approached 9.4 tons/ha in the former but only 3.1 tons/ha in the latter.

scholarly journals Response of broccoli to soil water tension under drip irrigation

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Bartolomeu Felix Tangune ◽  
Geraldo Magela Pereira ◽  
Rovilson José de Souza ◽  
Rafael Frees Gatto
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Granular Matrix ◽  
Water Tension

We evaluated the effect of different soil water tensions on the production of broccoli cultivated in a protected environment under drip irrigation in order to establish criteria for the adequate management of irrigation. A completely randomized block design was used, comprising six treatments and four replicates. The treatments included six soil water tensions (15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 kPa). Soil water tension was monitored with granular matrix sensors installed at depths of 0.2 m (decision sensors) and 0.4 m (seepage control sensors). Total and marketable fresh weight of broccoli heads, average diameter of marketable heads, height of marketable heads, and total and marketable yield were greatest when the soil water tension at a depth of 0.2 m was 15 kPa, at which the mean values of the evaluated variables were 0.84 kg, 0.76 kg, 20.5 cm, 11.7 cm; 26.5 t ha?1, and 23.7 t ha?1, respectively. Treatments did not significantly affect efficiency of water use or height of marketable heads.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Kosentrasi dan Frekuensi Pemberian Pupuk Hayati Bio-EXTRIM Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Wortel (Daucus carota L.) dalam Pot di Dataran Rendah

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Riana Amalia ◽  
Aluh Nikmatullah ◽  
Karwati Zawani
Keyword(s):  
Daucus Carota ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Carrot Root ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Two Factors

This study aimed to determine the effect of the concentration and frequency of Bio-EXTRIM biofertilizer applications and their interactions on the growth and yield of carrot (Daucus carota L.) plants cultivated using pots in the lowland. This research was conducted in the rice fields of Siren Hamlet, East Rumbuk Village, East Lombok sub-district, from March toJune 2019, and arranged according to the Randomized Block Design (RBD) factorial with two factors. The first factor was the concentration of  Bio-EXTRIM and the second factor was the frequency of Bio-EXTRIM applications; each consisted of 3 levels and thus resulted in 9 interractio. The interraction were: concentration of 0.25%  with 4 times application, concentration of  0.25% with 5 times application, concentration of 0.25% with 6 times application, concentration of 0.5% with 4 times application, concentration of 0.5% with 5 times application, concentration of 0.5% with 6 times application, concentration of 1% with 4 times application, concentration of 1% with 5  times application, and concentration of 1% with 6 times application. The results showes that the concentration of Bio-EXTRIM biofertilizer had significant effect on the rate of carrot leaf stalks growth, with concentration of 0.25% had the highest leaf stalk growth rate. The frequency of Bio-EXTRIM biofertilizer applications influenced the dry weight of leaf biomass, the middle diameter of the carrot root and the sugar content of the carrot root. The highest dry weight of leaf biomass and diameter of the tuber were obtained in carrot plants treated with Bio-EXTRIM biofertilizer for 4 times, while the sweetest tubers were obtained in carrot plants treated with Bio-EXTRIM biofertilizer for 6 times. However, there was no interaction between the concentration and frequency of Bio-EXTRIM biofertilizers in influencing the growth and yield of carrots grown in the pots in the lowlands

scholarly journals Phytometric characteristics and chlorophyll index of “Paiaguás” grass (Urochloa brizantha) as a function of wood ash doses and soil water stress

2019 ◽  
pp. 1883-1891
Author(s):  
Maria Débora Loiola Bezerra ◽  
Edna Maria Bonfim Silva ◽  
Tonny José Araújo da Silva ◽  
André Pereira Freire Ferraz ◽  
Ana Paula Alves Barreto Damasceno
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Fractional Factorial ◽  
Soil Water Availability ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Soil Water Tension ◽  
Chlorophyll Index ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha

The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytometric characteristics and chlorophyll index of paiaguás grass (Urochloa brizantha) fertilized with wood ash doses and soil water availability. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block in a 5x5 fractional factorial scheme (five doses of wood ash: 0, 8, 16, 24 and 32 g dm-3, and five soil water stresses: 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 kPa), with four replicates. The experimental design was based on the modified central compound, in which 13 combinations of wood ash doses and soil water availability were studied. Each experimental unit consisted of a pot containing 8.7 dm3 of soil and five plants. Three harvests were performed every 30 days after planting, in a 90-day experimental period. At each harvest, plant height, leaf angle, leaf area, stem diameter, and chlorophyll index (SPAD reading) were evaluated. The best results for the phytometric characteristics and chlorophyll index of paiaguás grass were observed in the wood ash dose of 21 g dm-3. There was a reduction of growth and grass chlorophyll content in the soil water tension of 41.20 kPa.

scholarly journals Leaf Production and Expansion: A Generalized Response to Drought Stresses from Cells to Whole Leaf Biomass—A Case Study in the Tomato Compound Leaf

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garance Koch ◽  
Gaëlle Rolland ◽  
Myriam Dauzat ◽  
Alexis Bédiée ◽  
Valentina Baldazzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Drought Duration ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Compound Leaf

It is clearly established that there is not a unique response to soil water deficit but that there are as many responses as soil water deficit characteristics: Drought intensity, drought duration, and drought position during plant cycle. For a same soil water deficit, responses can also differ on plant genotype within a same species. In spite of this variability, at least for leaf production and expansion processes, robust tendencies can be extracted from the literature when similar watering regimes are compared. Here, we present response curves and multi-scale dynamics analyses established on tomato plants exposed to different soil water deficit treatments. Results reinforce the trends already observed for other species: Reduction in plant leaf biomass under water stress was due to reduction in individual leaf biomass and areas whereas leaf production and specific leaf area were not affected. The dynamics of leaf expansion was modified both at the leaf and cell scales. Cell division and expansion were reduced by drought treatments as well as the endoreduplication process. Combining response curves analyses together with dynamic analyses of tomato compound leaf growth at different scales not only corroborate results on simple leaf responses to drought but also increases our knowledge on the cellular mechanisms behind leaf growth plasticity.

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