Influence of size of rainfall events on water-driven processes. II. Soil nitrogen mineralisation in a semi-arid environment

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor O. Sadras ◽  
Jeffrey A. Baldock
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Variable Temperature ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Nitrogen Mineralisation ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Fixed Temperature ◽  
Rainfall Events

Power laws describe the relationships between the number N (s) and the size s of daily rainfall events, i.e. N (s) ~ s–τ, with higher τ corresponding to sites or seasons with greater frequency of small rainfall events. This paper tested the hypothesis that the rate of soil nitrogen mineralisation increases with increasing exponent τ, as affected by both spatial and temporal sources of variation. Rates of nitrogen mineralisation in an uncropped sandy loam soil were calculated using a simulation model with detailed nitrogen and water balances, and long-term weather data for 6 Australian locations in a range of annual rainfall from 260 to 360 mm. Daily rates of mineralisation were calculated using actual rainfall, and variable or fixed temperature and evaporative demand. The annual pattern of mineralisation rate, calculated as a function of rainfall and variable temperature and evaporative demand, was bimodal with peaks in April and November. These peaks disappeared and differences among locations were reduced when the effects of temperature and evaporative demand were removed. Under constant temperature and evaporative demand, mineralisation rates between April and November were 68% greater than rates between December and March. In the former period, characterised by a high frequency of small rainfall events, monthly mineralisation rate was a direct function of the amount of rainfall. In contrast, mineralisation was independent of the amount of rainfall during the period of larger, less frequent rainfall events from December to March. Parameter τ accounted for 75% of the variation in mineralisation rate in the period December–March and it also accounted for a substantial part of the variation between periods.

scholarly journals Mechanisms Associated with Large Daily Rainfall Events in Northeast Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 376-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brant Liebmann ◽  
George N. Kiladis ◽  
Dave Allured ◽  
Carolina S. Vera ◽  
Charles Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Kelvin Wave ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Independent Events ◽  
Precipitation Anomalies ◽  
Wave Trains ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Forcing Mechanisms

Abstract The mechanisms resulting in large daily rainfall events in Northeast Brazil are analyzed using data filtering to exclude periods longer than 30 days. Composites of circulation fields that include all independent events do not reveal any obvious forcing mechanisms as multiple patterns contribute to Northeast Brazil precipitation variability. To isolate coherent patterns, subsets of events are selected based on anomalies that precede the Northeast Brazil precipitation events at different locations. The results indicate that at 10°S, 40°W, the area of lowest annual rainfall in Brazil, precipitation occurs mainly in association with trailing midlatitude synoptic wave trains originating in either hemisphere. Closer to the equator at 5°S, 37.5°W, an additional convection precursor is found to the west, with a spatial structure consistent with that of a Kelvin wave. Although these two sites are located within only several hundred kilometers of each other and the midlatitude patterns that induce precipitation appear to be quite similar, the dates on which large precipitation anomalies occur at each location are almost entirely independent, pointing to separate forcing mechanisms.

scholarly journals Response of Nutrient Omission and Irrigation Scheduling on Growth and Productivity of Maize

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-354
Author(s):  
N.R. Acharya ◽  
S.K. Sah ◽  
A.K. Gautam ◽  
A.P. Regmi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Irrigation Level ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Hybrid Maize

An experiment was conducted for response of nutrient omission to irrigation scheduling in hybrid maize during winter season of 2015 at farmer’s field  Khajura, Banke where intense summer and severe winter occurs. Soil is sandy loam and climatically humid sub-tropical with average annual rainfall of 1000-1500 mm. The experiment was replicated 3 times with split plot design having plot size of 3 x 3.6 m2. There were three irrigation level as main plot; (30 -35 DAS, tasseling stage), (30-35 DAS, tasseling, grain filling stage), (tasseling stage) and six level of fertilizer dose as sub-plot; farmer fertilization practice (27.6:27.6:18 N-P-K kg ha-1), recommended dose of fertilizer (160:60:40 N-P-K kgha-1), 50 percent above recommended dose (240: 90: 60 N-P-K kg ha-1), N0PK (60:40 P-K kg ha-1), NP0K (160:40 N-K kg ha-1), NPK0 (160:60 N-P kg ha-1). 3 level of irrigation increased the grain yield (4333 kg ha-1) by 33.7% than 2 level of irrigation (3240.6 kg ha-1) and 78.4% than single irrigation (2428.8 kg ha-1). Similarly, 182.4% grain yield could be increased with RDF (4994.9 kg ha-1) than N0PK (1768.6 kg ha-1). Grain nutrient uptake was recorded 80.4% N (56.3 kg ha-1), 79% P (18.8 kg ha-1), 88.8% K (15.1 kg ha-1) higher with three levels of irrigation than single irrigation N (31.2 kg ha-1), P (10.5 kg ha-1), K (8 kg ha-1) and 184% N (64.6 kg ha-1), 183.7% P (21 kg ha-1) and 188% K (17 kg ha-1) was recorded higher with RDF than (N0PK) N (22.7 kg ha-1), P (7.4 kg ha-1), K (5.9 kg ha-1). Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 8(3): 343-354

Using climate/weather data with the NLEAP model to manage soil nitrogen

1994 ◽  
Vol 69 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 111-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
M SHAFFER ◽  
B WYLIE ◽  
R FOLLETT ◽  
P BARTLING
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Weather Data

Climate change in the semiarid prairie of southwestern Saskatchewan: Temperature, precipitation, wind, and incoming solar energy

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Cutforth
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Key Words Climate Change

Long-term weather data were analyzed to study annual as well as seasonal climate change within an approximately 15 000-km2 area in the semiarid prairie near Swift Current, SK. The climate of the study region has changed over the past 50 yr. Annually, average maximum (Tmx) and minimum (Tmn) air temperatures have increased – rainfall amounts and the number of rainfall events (≥0.5 mm) have increased since the late 1960s-early 1970s; incoming solar energy has decreased, and wind speed has decreased since the early 1970s. Seasonally, for January through April (JFMA), both Tmx and Tmn have increased, the number of rainfall events has increased since the early 1970s, snowfall amounts and the number of snowfall events (≥0.5 cm) have decreased; the number of precipitation events (≥0.5 mm) has decreased, incoming solar energy has decreased, and wind speed has decreased since the early 1970s. For May through August (MJJA), Tmn has increased, incoming solar energy has decreased, and wind speed has decreased since the mid-1970s. For September through December (SOND), the number of rainfall events has increased since the early 1970s and wind speed has decreased. Since 1950, JFMA has become drier and, relative to JFMA, SOND has become wetter. Generally, JFMA has experienced the largest change in climate, whereas SOND has experienced the least climate change. Precipitation amounts and events were negatively correlated with increasing Tmx, suggesting a future decrease in precipitation amounts for southwestern Saskatchewan if global warming continues. Key words: Climate change, semiarid prairie, temperature, precipitation, wind, solar energy

A dynamic simulation of loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) seedling establishment based upon carbon and water balances

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 833-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
John I. Blake ◽  
Gerrit Hoogenboom
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Plant Water Potential

A generalized simulation model, ROOTSIMU, which utilizes dynamic carbon and water balance algorithms, was modified to simulate loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) seedling growth and water uptake for a 100-day transplant period. The modifications included an allowance for time-dependent changes in photosynthesis and carbon allocation. Heat sums were used to control the initiation of growth. Additional compartments were added to separate the physiological functions of suberized and nonsuberized roots and secondary woody tissues. Values used to initialize the model were largely derived from the published literature. The predicted results of a simulation run using 1985 and 1986 weather data are reported. Changes in simulated plant water potential were closely related to periods of rainfall or high evaporative demand. Midday values were occasionally less than −7 MPa when evaporative demand was high. Simulated responses to the 1986 drought indicated that initial soil water potentials at planting affected survival at values of less than −0.064 MPa in a sandy soil. Simulated growth was very sensitive to the photosynthetic rate, less sensitive to initial soluble carbohydrate concentration, and insensitive to instantaneous carbon allocation in relation to drought stress. The predicted increase in total root length for 1985 corresponded to the responses reported in several controlled environmental studies, but these were generally higher than those reported under field conditions. The results suggest that the carbon balance algorithm represents potential root growth within the constraints imposed by the model assumptions. The extreme diurnal fluctuations in plant water potential indicate that one or more important components of the plant system used to regulate short-term drought stress are not represented. Both stem tissue capacitance and the hydraulic conductance of mycorrhizal mycelia at low soil moisture contents may be important in controlling short-term water deficits. Further advances in the application of similar models depend upon an evaluation of these variables and a better theoretical and experimental determination of the effects of the geometry of the transplanted root system.

Discussion about initial runoff and volume capture ratio of annual rainfall

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1764-1772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Wu Che ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Yang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Pollution Control ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Capture Ratio ◽  
Design Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Depth ◽  
Runoff Pollution Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Runoff Pollution

In recent years, runoff pollution from urban areas has become a major concern all over the world. But there exists a worldwide confusion about how much stormwater should be captured for the purpose of runoff pollution control. Furthermore, the construction cost and pollution control efficiency are closely linked with the size of stormwater facilities, which is then related to the first flush (FF) phenomenon and volume capture ratio of annual rainfall (VCRa). Based on this background, analysis of the random and changeable characteristics of the occurrence of FF was carried out first, which was proved to vary with catchment characteristics and pollutant types. Secondly, the distribution of design rainfall depth toward 85% VCRa in China and its causes have been analyzed. Thirdly, the relationship between initial runoff and VCRa has been studied at both conceptual and numerical levels, and the change rule of VCRa along with design rainfall depth in different regions has been studied. The limitation of initial runoff has been illustrated from the perspective of runoff characteristics of single rainfall events in the first part, and from the perspective of regional differences in the two subsequent parts.

scholarly journals Development of a Simple Irrigation Scheduling Calendar for Mesilla Valley Pecan Growers

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 714-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffery C. Kallestad ◽  
John G. Mexal ◽  
Theodore W. Sammis ◽  
Richard Heerema
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Consumptive Water Use ◽  
Consumptive Water

For farmers to accurately schedule future water delivery for irrigations, a prediction method based on time-series measurements of soil moisture depletion and climate-based indicators of evaporative demand is needed. Yet, numerous reports indicate that field instruments requiring high in-season labor input are not likely to be used by farmers. In New Mexico, pecan (Carya illinoensis) farmers in the Mesilla Valley have been reluctant to adopt new soil-based or climate-based irrigation scheduling technologies. In response to low adoption rates, we have developed a simple, practical irrigation scheduling tool specifically for flood-irrigated pecan production. The information presented in the tool was derived using 14 years of archived climate data and model-simulated consumptive water use. Using this device, farmers can estimate the time interval between their previous and the next irrigation for any date in the growing season, in a range of representative soil types. An accompanying metric for extending irrigation intervals based on field-scale rainfall accumulation was also developed. In modeled simulations, irrigations scheduled with the tool while using the rainfall rule were within 3 days of the model-predicted irrigation dates in silty clay loam and loam soil, and less than 2 days in sandy loam and sand soil. The simulations also indicated that irrigations scheduled with the tool resulted in less than 1% reduction in maximum annual consumptive water use, and the overall averaged soil moisture depletion was 45.14% with an 18.1% cv, relative to a target management allowable depletion of 45%. Our long-term objective is that farmers using this tool will better understand the relationships between seasonal climate variation and irrigation scheduling, and will seek real-time evapotranspiration information currently available from local internet resources.

scholarly journals DETERMINAÇÃO DA EQUAÇÃO INTENSIDADE-DURAÇÃO-FREQUÊNCIA PARA ALGUMAS LOCALIDADES DO ESTADO DA BAHIA

Irriga ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
LORENA JÚLIO GONÇALVES ◽  
CRISTIANO TAGLIAFERRE ◽  
MANOEL NELSON DE CASTRO FILHO ◽  
RODRIGO LACERDA BRITO NETO ◽  
BISMARC LOPES DA SILVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gumbel Distribution ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Rain Gage ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Intensity Duration Frequency ◽  
Caixa Postal ◽  
Linear Regressions

DETERMINAÇÃO DA EQUAÇÃO INTENSIDADE-DURAÇÃO-FREQUÊNCIA PARA ALGUMAS LOCALIDADES DO ESTADO DA BAHIA     LORENA JÚLIO GONÇALVES1; CRISTIANO TAGLIAFERRE2; MANOEL NELSON DE CASTRO FILHO3; RODRIGO LACERDA BRITO NETO4; BISMARC LOPES DA SILVA5 E FELIZARDO ADENILSON ROCHA6   1 Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola e Solos da Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB); Estrada do Bem Querer, Km 04; Caixa Postal 95; CEP 45031-900, Vitória da Conquista – BA, [email protected]; 2 Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola e Solos da Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB); Estrada do Bem Querer, Km 04; Caixa Postal 95; CEP 45031-900, Vitória da Conquista – BA, [email protected]; 3 Departamento de Agronomia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV); Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário; CEP 36570-900; Viçosa – MG; [email protected]; 4 Mestre em Ciências Florestais pela Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB); Rua Madureira, n° 160, Bairro Primavera; CEP 45700-000, Itapetinga – B; [email protected]; 5 Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola e Solos da Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB); Estrada do Bem Querer, Km 04; Caixa Postal 95; CEP 45031-900, Vitória da Conquista – BA, [email protected]; 6 Instituto Federal da Bahia/ Campus Avançado de Vitória da Conquista; Avenida Sérgio Vieira de Mello, n° 3150, Bairro Zabelê; CEP 45075-265, Vitória da Conquista – BA, [email protected].     1 ABSTRACT   The objective of this study was to fit intensity-duration-frequency equations (IDF) for sites in Bahia state, Brazil. Maximum annual rainfall lasting 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, 360 and 1440 minutes were fitted to Gumbel distribution. Equation parameters were estimated using Gauss Newton method for non-linear regressions. According to Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, all equations were fitted to Gumbel distribution. From fitted distributions, maximum annual rainfall intensity was calculated for 2, 10, 20, 50 and 100years return periods, which were used to define the equation for intense rainfall events. Fitting parameters of the equations varied across rain gage stations, especially for the parameter K, suggesting the need for determining these equations for each site, thereby providing information when designing agricultural and hydraulic projects.   Keywords: Hydrology. Extreme Rainfall. Distribution of Gumbel.     GONÇALVES, L. J.; TAGLIAFERRE, C.; CASTRO FILHO, M. N; BRITO NETO, R. L.; SILVA, B. L; ROCHA, F. A. DETERMINATION OF INTENSITY-DURATION-FREQUENCY EQUATIONS FOR SITES IN BAHIA STATE     2 RESUMO   O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar equações de intensidade-duração-frequência (IDF), com base em chuvas extremas para algumas localidades do Estado da Bahia. As precipitações máximas anuais com duração de 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, 360 e 1440 minutos foram ajustadas à distribuição de Gumbel. Os parâmetros da equação foram estimados pelo método de regressão não linear de Gauss Newton. De acordo com o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov houve ajuste de todas as equações à distribuição de Gumbel. Através das distribuições ajustadas, calcularam-se os valores de intensidade máxima anual de precipitação para períodos de retorno de 2, 10, 20, 50 e 100 anos, que serviram de base para definir a equação de chuvas intensas. Os valores dos parâmetros ajustados das equações variaram entre as estações, notadamente o parâmetro K, evidenciando a necessidade da determinação dessas equações para cada localidade para dimensionamento de projetos agrícolas e de obras hidráulicas.   Palavras-chave: Hidrologia. Chuvas Intensas. Distribuição de Gumbel.

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