Habitats, morphological diversity, and distribution of the genus Vigna Savi in Australia

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1305 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Lawn ◽  
A. R. Watkinson
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Provenance Information ◽  
Vigna Species ◽  
Associated Species ◽  
Grassland Habitats ◽  
Genus Vigna

Vigna is an agriculturally important genus containing several important species used as pulses, forages, vegetable, or cover crops. The genus is represented in Australia by 5 species, 4 indigenous (V. radiata, V. vexillata, V. luteola, V. marina) and 1 endemic (V. lanceolata). A germplasm collection has been assembled comprising >400 accessions of the 5 Vigna species from Australia and offshore and seed committed to storage as the CSIRO National Vigna collection. For a large number of accessions, herbarium sheets have also been prepared either from field or glasshouse-grown plants and lodged with the Qld Herbarium, Brisbane. This paper describes the structure of the collection and, for each of the 5 species and major regional variants, summarises provenance information on their geographic distribution, habitat, soil type, and associated species. Within the Australian tropics/subtropics, the Vigna species collectively occupy a diverse range of grassland habitats extending from the foreshore to the central desert. Of the 5 species, the endemic V. lanceolata is the most diverse in terms of distribution, habitat, and morphology. Geographic gaps in the collection are noted and priorities for future collection suggested.

scholarly journals Vertical clinging and leaping induced evolutionary rate shifts in postcranial evolution of tamarins and marmosets (Primates, Callitrichidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Léo Botton-Divet ◽  
John A. Nyakatura
Keyword(s):  
Elbow Joint ◽  
Evolutionary Rate ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Locomotor Behavior ◽  
Shape Descriptors ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Associated Species ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Shape And Size

Abstract Background Callitrichids comprise a diverse group of platyrrhine monkeys that are present across South and Central America. Their secondarily evolved small size and pointed claws allow them to cling to vertical trunks of a large diameter. Within callitrichids, lineages with a high affinity for vertical supports often engage in trunk-to-trunk leaping. This vertical clinging and leaping (VCL) differs from horizontal leaping (HL) in terms of the functional demands imposed on the musculoskeletal system, all the more so as HL often occurs on small compliant terminal branches. We used quantified shape descriptors (3D geometric morphometrics) and phylogenetically-informed analyses to investigate the evolution of the shape and size of the humerus and femur, and how this variation reflects locomotor behavior within Callitrichidae. Results The humerus of VCL-associated species has a narrower trochlea compared with HL species. It is hypothesized that this contributes to greater elbow mobility. The wider trochlea in HL species appears to correspondingly provide greater stability to the elbow joint. The femur in VCL species has a smaller head and laterally-oriented distal condyles, possibly to reduce stresses during clinging. Similarly, the expanded lesser trochanters visible in VCL species provide a greater lever for the leg retractors and are thus also interpreted as an adaptation to clinging. Evolutionary rate shifts to faster shape and size changes of humerus and femur occurred in the Leontocebus clade when a shift to slower rates occurred in the Saguinus clade. Conclusions Based on the study of evolutionary rate shifts, the transition to VCL behavior within callitrichids (specifically the Leontocebus clade) appears to have been an opportunity for radiation, rather than a specialization that imposed constraints on morphological diversity. The study of the evolution of callitrichids suffers from a lack of comparative analyses of limb mechanics during trunk-to-trunk leaping, and future work in this direction would be of great interest.

scholarly journals Sorghum Accessions for Use as Cover Crops and Biofuel Feedstocks

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 258
Author(s):  
Abram Jared Bicksler ◽  
John B Masiunas
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Canonical Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Canonical Variates ◽  
Growth Habits ◽  
Landrace Accessions

Phenotypes of sorghum species (Sorghum sp.) have characteristics making them valuable summer annual cover crops and/or biofuel feedstocks for temperate climates. In field studies conducted at Urbana, IL, USA, fourteen USDA sorghum landrace accessions and three commercial sorghum accessions were evaluated for their growth habits and regrowth potential. In Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) analysis, the first two canonical variates were significant and accounted for 86% of the among-accession variability. Unmown tiller number, regrowth tiller number, and regrowth biomass best discriminated between accessions in CDA and scattergrams. The accessions clustered into three subgroups. Three multi-stemmed accessions (two commercial varieties and one USDA accession) with an ability to regrow clustered away from the bulk of the USDA sorghums. Multi-stemmed accessions are useful for breeding improved summer annual cover crops that are tall, produce copious amounts of biomass, and rapidly regrow after defoliation; although propensity to lodging and poor germination of accessions will need attention. Additionally, landrace sorghum accessions in the USDA germplasm collection are useful for breeding cover crop and biofuel feedstocks, due to their great height and biomass production, although it will be necessary to select for improved regrowth potential. Crosses between USDA landraces and the commercially available multi-stemmed accessions could lead to a sorghum cover crop and biofuel plant with great biomass and height and ability to regrow following defoliation.

scholarly journals Corn Agronomic Attributes in Succession of Leguminous Cover Crops and Nitrogen Doses

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Laures Francisco Cieslik ◽  
Paulo Cesar Conceição ◽  
Jaqueline Pereira Machado de Oliveira ◽  
Ana Regina Dahlem Ziech ◽  
Lizete Stumpf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Corn Crop ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
Agriculture Sustainability ◽  
Sunn Hemp

This study aimed to determine the dry biomass and nitrogen accumulation, the height and stem diameter of corn crop preceded by different leguminous cover crops, under different nitrogen doses. The study was conducted in the experimental area of Federal Technology University of Paraná, in Dois Vizinhos. The eigth cover crops consisted on: Sunn hemp; Crotalaria spectabilis; Jackbean; Cajanus cajan; Dolichos lablab; Velvet beans; Black velvet beans and Spontaneous species. The two dose nitrogen fertilization included: zero kg N ha-1; 180 kg N ha-1 applied in a single dose, under conditions of adequate humidity, 47 days after corn seeding. Were evaluated the height, dry biomass and basal stem diameter corn and the decomposition and release of N from the cover plants. The use of leguminous before corn crop is a good option for the southwest region of Paraná because it promotes soil protection and can promote increased carbon stock in the environment. The leguminous cover crop should be used like green manure, making them important species in the Brazilian agriculture sustainability context, once there are evidence of reducing or even not using mineral nitrogen fertilization in the subsequent agricultural crops, mainly the Jackbean.

High morphological diversity of Amaranthus cruentus (Amaranthaceae) and its putative wild ancestor revealed by pistillate floral characterization in the proposed domestication center of origin

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 439 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-230
Author(s):  
KAREN Z. SOLÍS-FERNÁNDEZ ◽  
ERICK A. AGUILERA-CAUICH ◽  
ROLANDO CIFUENTES-VELASQUEZ ◽  
HILDA FLORES-OLVERA ◽  
RUBÉN H. ANDUEZA-NOH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Wild Progenitor ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Amaranthus Cruentus ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Center Of Origin ◽  
Grain Amaranth ◽  
Mayan Civilization

Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae) is a widespread genus that includes noxious weeds, economically important species for food, forage, medicinals and ornamentals. Three species of Amaranthus have been cultivated for their grain in the world, i.e. A. hypochondriacus, A. caudatus, and A. cruentus. It has been postulated that A. cruentus was domesticated from the probable wild progenitor A. hybridus, and that the domestication event occurred between southern Mexico and Guatemala, the region where the Mayan civilization flourished. Morphological variation in this grain amaranth and its putative wild progenitor has been poorly documented, even though this area is a possible center of domestication of A. cruentus. Samples of A. cruentus, A. hybridus, hybrids between these two species and aberrant morphotypes collected were studied morphologically using multivariate statistical methods on pistillate floral characters to (1) assess the diversity of grain amaranth A. cruentus and its postulated wild progenitor A. hybridus in the proposed domestication center of origin, (2) test the hypothesis that some hybrids and aberrant morphotypes found in the region can be morphologically differentiated from A. hybridus and A. cruentus based on statistical analyses, and (3) test and review the diagnostic characters traditionally used for assessing species circumscription. Our results showed high morphological diversity for these two species in the study region, indicating differentiation of both species, apparently based primarily on hybridization. Morphological variants on flower, bract, sepal, seed, and fruit characters were significant for confirming and circumscribing species.

scholarly journals Pollen morphology of Asian Vigna species (genus Vigna; subgenus Ceratotropis)from India and its taxonomic implications

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 75-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suraj D. UMDALE ◽  
Makarand M. AITAWADE ◽  
Nikhil B. GAIKWAD ◽  
Latha MADHAVAN ◽  
Shrirang R. YADAV ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Morphology ◽  
Vigna Species ◽  
Taxonomic Implications ◽  
Genus Vigna

scholarly journals Morphological diversity in oleaginous watermelon (Citrullus mucosospermus) from the Nangui Abrogoua University germplasm collection

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (21) ◽  
pp. 917-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Gbotto Ahou ◽  
K Koffi Kouam eacute ◽  
D Fouha Bi Nandy ◽  
T Doubi Bi Serge ◽  
H Tro Hippolyte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Morphological Diversity

scholarly journals Morphological diversity of current melons (Cucumis melo) compared to a medieval type

2007 ◽  
pp. 84-90
Author(s):  
Lajos Horváth ◽  
Gábor Gyulai ◽  
Zoltán Szabó ◽  
Richárd Lágler ◽  
Zoltán Tóth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Genetic Similarity ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Fruit Morphology ◽  
Morphological Reconstruction ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Traits ◽  
Insight Into

Morphological diversity of melon (Cucumis melo); phenotype reconstruction of a medieval sample. Morphological diversity among 47 melon (Cucumis melo) cultivars and landraces from Hungarian germplasm collection (ABI, Tápiószele) were analyzed with an ultimate aim to characterize morphologically cv. Hógolyó, which showed the closest genetic similarity to a medieval melon recovered from the 15th century. Cultivars based on fruit morphology were grouped into the three main types of melon as reticulatus, cantalupensis and inodorus. Cluster analysis (by SPSS-11) based on 23 morphological (quantitative and qualitative) traits recorded revealed an extreme diversity among accessions, nevertheless cultivars were clustered into main melon clusters with only two exceptions of inodorus type cv. Zimovka J. and Afghanistan. Cultivars Sweet ananas and Ezüst ananász; and  two Hungarian landraces Kisteleki and Nagycserkeszi showed close similarity. Cultivars Hógolyó and Túrkeve of inodorus typewere also grouped in one cluster, which provide insight into the morphological reconstruction of the medieval melon recovered from the 15th century. These results also indicate that old Hungarian landraces could be re-introduced into breeding programs for broadening genetic base of melon.

scholarly journals A global barley panel revealing genomic signatures of breeding in modern cultivars

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Beate Hill ◽  
Tefera Tolera Angessa ◽  
Xiao-Qi Zhang ◽  
Kefei Chen ◽  
Gaofeng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe future of plant cultivar improvement lies in the evaluation of genetic resources from currently available germplasm. Recent efforts in plant breeding have been aimed at developing new and improved varieties from poorly adapted crops to suit local environments. However, the impact of these breeding efforts is poorly understood. Here, we assess the contributions of both historical and recent breeding efforts to local adaptation and crop improvement in a global barley panel by analysing the distribution of genetic variants with respect to geographic region or historical breeding category. By tracing the impact breeding had on the genetic diversity of barley released in Australia, where the history of barley production is relatively young, we identify 69 candidate regions within 922 genes that were under selection pressure. We also show that modern Australian barley varieties exhibit 12% higher genetic diversity than historical cultivars. Finally, field-trialling and phenotyping for agriculturally relevant traits across a diverse range of Australian environments suggests that genomic regions under strong breeding selection and their candidate genes are closely associated with key agronomic traits. In conclusion, our combined dataset and germplasm collection provide a rich source of genetic diversity that can be applied to understanding and improving environmental adaptation and enhanced yields.Author summaryToday’s gene pool of crop genetic diversity has been shaped during domestication and more recently by breeding. Genetic diversity is vital for crop species to be able to adapt to changing environments. There is concern that recent breeding efforts have eroded the genetic diversity of many domesticated crops including barley. The present study assembled a global panel of barley genotypes with a focus on historical and modern Australian varieties.Genome-wide data was used to detect genes that are thought to have been under selection during crop breeding in Australian barley. The results demonstrate that despite being more extensively bred, modern Australian barley varieties exhibit higher genetic diversity than historical cultivars, countering the common perception that intensive breeding leads to genetic erosion of adaptive diversity in modern cultivars. In addition, some loci (particularly those related to phenology) were subject to selection during the introduction of other barley varieties to Australia – these genes might continue to be important targets in breeding efforts in the face of changing climatic conditions.

Distribution, habitat, morphological diversity and genetic interrelations of native Vigna in the Pilbara, Western Australia

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 985 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Lawn ◽  
A. Cottrell
Keyword(s):  
Single Gene ◽  
Backcross Progeny ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Recessive Trait ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Road Trip ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Selected Traits ◽  
Alluvial Floodplains

A 2-week road trip was made through the Pilbara region to collect seed of native Vigna species. Thirty-two new accessions were collected, all of which were within what can be broadly described as the V. lanceolata Benth. complex. All 32 accessions were amphicarpic, rhizomatous, trailing or vining perennials. The largest and most widely distributed group of 21 accessions belonged to the Silverleaf morphotype and a further nine accessions belonged to the Central morphotype. Two accessions from the Karratha region were of a recently described diminutive species, V. triodiophila. The Silverleaf accessions were all collected from grassy woodlands on river levees and alluvial floodplains. The Central accessions were collected from a more diverse range of habitats, albeit again mostly in wetter or ‘run-on’ parts of the landscape. Measurements of selected traits on a subset of accessions grown for seed increase in Townsville indicated that the Pilbara Silverleaf and Central accessions were comparable with accessions of these morphotypes from elsewhere in northern Australia. Healthy, viable F1 hybrids were readily obtained from crosses between accessions from all three Vigna groups collected from the Pilbara, indicating that all belong to same primary gene pool. This includes V. triodiophila, notwithstanding its taxonomy. Healthy, viable and fertile F1 hybrids were also obtained between the Pilbara accessions of both the Silverleaf and Central morphotypes and respective accessions of these morphotypes from elsewhere in northern Australia. The F1 hybrids between V. triodiophila and both the Silverleaf and the Central accessions exhibited near-normal plant phenotype in terms of the size of their vegetative and reproductive structures, indicating that the diminutive size of V. triodiophila is a recessive trait. The most plausible explanation is that V. triodiophila is a dwarf variant of the Central morphotype, which it most closely resembles apart from its size. The fact that the F1 hybrids between V. triodiophila and two Pilbara Central accessions were fully self-fertile supports that conclusion, while the recovery of dwarf segregants from small numbers of F2 and backcross progeny from one of the crosses indicates that the dwarf trait may involve just a single gene. These 32 new accessions extend the range of climatic and edaphic environments, especially at the harsher end, from which accessions of V. lanceolata have been collected and seeds conserved.

scholarly journals Spatial Variation in Pelagic Wildlife Assemblages in the Ascension Island Marine Protected Area: Implications for Monitoring and Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. H. Thompson ◽  
Jessica J. Meeuwig ◽  
Judith Brown ◽  
Andrew J. Richardson ◽  
Alan M. Friedlander ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protected Area ◽  
Marine Protected Area ◽  
Underwater Video ◽  
Taxonomic Richness ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Marine Communities ◽  
Ascension Island ◽  
Video Systems ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Associated Species

Bathymetric features such as islands and seamounts, as well as dynamic ocean features such as fronts often harbour rich marine communities. We deployed mid-water baited remote underwater video systems on three expeditions in Ascension Island’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), surveying the waters associated with six different bathymetric and dynamic ocean features: Ascension Island, two shallow seamounts (summits ≤ 101 m), one deeper seamount (summit > 250 m), apparent fronts, and haphazardly sampled open ocean areas. At Ascension Island, the pelagic assemblage consisted of a moderate proportion of predators and a diverse range of other taxa, including turtles, dolphins, and large non-piscivores. At the two shallow seamounts, sharks, tunas, billfish, and other large pelagic predators formed the vast majority of the assemblage, contributing > 99.9% of biomass and > 86% of abundance. At the deeper seamount, the pelagic community was comparatively depauperate, however the functional composition of its assemblage indicated some similarities to the shallow seamounts. Apparent fronts did not significantly differ from random offshore sites for metrics such as total abundance and taxonomic richness. However, they harboured assemblages with more abundant sharks, tunas, and large piscivores than random ocean open locations and these differences may be driven by certain front-associated species. Our results illustrate that pelagic assemblages vary markedly among different physical and oceanographic features and that seamounts appear particularly important for pelagic predators. The diversity and abundance of the assemblage, as well as the threatened status of many of the species observed, serve to highlight the conservation value of the Ascension Island EEZ. Our results also provide important baseline information of pelagic wildlife assemblages against which the performance of the recently implemented Ascension Island Marine Protected Area can be evaluated.

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