The effect of row spacing and weed density on yield loss of chickpea

2002 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1335 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. M. Whish ◽  
B. M. Sindel ◽  
R. S. Jessop ◽  
W. L. Felton
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Hyperbolic Model ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Avena Sterilis ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
No Till ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Rapistrum Rugosum

The adoption of no-till farming and the desire to maintain stubble cover when sowing legumes in northern New South Wales and southern Queensland have resulted in an increase in commercial row spacing for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). This paper examines the effects of increasing crop row widths on weed competition in chickpea crops. Weed densities of 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 plants/m2 of wild oats (Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana ) and turnip weed (Rapistrum rugosum) were established with chickpea crops planted with either 32�or 64�cm row configurations in northern New South Wales during 1996 and 1997. A rectangular hyperbolic model adequately represented the loss in chickpea yield with increasing density of either weed. Even low densities of <10 plants/m2 caused large (approx. 50%) reductions in yield, particularly with turnip weed. In these experiments, weed-free yields were higher when chickpea was sown in 32�cm rows compared with 64�cm rows, but weeds caused no greater loss in crop yield with the wider row spacing. The results of this work show that the use of wide rows has minimal impact on weed competion in northern chickpea crops.

Weed control and row-spacing in dry-land sorghum in northern New South Wales

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (117) ◽  
pp. 310 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Holland ◽  
DW McNamara
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Growing Conditions

Six experiments were done in northern New South Wales over three seasons to study the effect of weeds on the yield of dry-land grain sorghum and methods of weed control. The relation between crop row spacing and weed control by inter-row cultivation or atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino- 6-isopropylamino-l,3,5-triazine), or both was studied. Where the site yield was high because of favourable growing conditions, an increase in the crop row spacing reduced yield. At low yielding sites, an increase in the row spacing increased yields. At most sites, weed growth was greater with wider row spacings, which resulted in a larger reduction in crop yield where weeds were not removed. Inter-row cultivation reduced weed growth to less than half that of the unweeded controls. Pre-emergent atrazine gave good weed suppression, generally reducing weed growth to less than 10% of the unweeded control when applied at 2.5 kg/ha active ingredient. Post-emergent atrazine was much less effective. Inter-row cultivation combined with a band of pre-emergent atrazine over the crop row was as effective in weed control as an overall spray of pre-emergent atrazine.

A comparison of tri-allate formulations for control of wild oats in wheat in northern New South Wales

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
RJ Martin ◽  
WL Felton ◽  
AJ Somervaille
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Liquid Formulation ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment

Three field trials and a glasshouse experiment were carried out in northern New South Wales to determine the effects of reduced mechanical incorporation and the presence of crop residues on the efficacy of liquid and granular formulations of triallate [S-(2,3,3-trichioroallyl) diisopropylthiocarbamate] for control of wild oats (Avena fatua and A. sterilis ssp. ludoviciana) in wheat. In field experiments, fallow management practices with surface crop residues ranging from nil to complete retention from the previous wheat crop, did not affect the performance of tri-allate (incorporated by sowing) in terms of control of wild oats and wheat grain yield response. Application of a granular formulation resulted in lower than expected wheat grain yields in 2 of the field experiments and phytotoxicity to the crop was suspected as the reason. Although soil incorporation improved the performance of tri-allate at the recommended rate of 0.8 kg/ha, satisfactory control of wild oats and profitable increases in wheat grain yield were obtained with tri-allate at 1.2 kg/ha when incorporated by sowing into seedbeds containing up to 2 t/ha of crop residue. We conclude that tri-allate as the liquid formulation at 1.2 kg/ha gives economic control of wild oats in no-tillage and stubble-mulched seedbeds when incorporated by sowing provided that the weed-free wheat grain yield potential is not less than 1.5 t/ha. Results from the glasshouse experiment, farmer experience and published literature support the practice of incorporating tri-allate into dry soil with subsequent activation by sowing rain. The potential use of the granular formulation is limited by the greater risk of crop damage compared with the liquid formulation.

Changes in fallow weed species in continuous wheat in northern New South Wales 1981-1990

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 831 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Wicks ◽  
W. L. Felton ◽  
R. D. Murison ◽  
R. J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
New South ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
South Wales

Four experiments in northern New South Wales comparing fallow management treatments of no-tillage, cultivated with the stubble retained, and cultivated with the stubble burned, from 1981 to 1990, were sampled for weeds between wheat harvest and seeding on a number of occasions during this period. Eighty weed species were identified, 23 of which were found at all 4 sites but only 13 were recorded in the samples taken. These were dwarf amaranth, wild turnip, spear thistle, Australian bindweed, fleabane, bladder ketmia, prickly lettuce, turnip weed, variegated thistle, common sowthistle, dandelion, wild oats and native millet. The density of weeds during the fallow period decreased by 97% from 1981 to 1990 with some species eliminated, probably because of the herbicides used, particularly glyphosate and chlorsulfuron. These included Boggabri and redroot amaranth, button grass, caustic weed, dense crassula, fat hen, legumes, common peppercress, hedge mustard, London rocket, shepherd’s purse, wild mustard, sorghum-almum, paradoxa grass, wild zinnia, and wireweed. Twenty-four weed species were classified as a problem or a potential problem in the future at 1 or more sites. Seventeen weed species, including perennial grasses, often were tolerant to glyphosate at the rates used. The densities of common sowthistle and wild oat were reduced after 10 years, but still remained at all 4 sites. Plant density of species with wind-blown seeds was greater in no-tillage plots than stubble-retained or stubble-burned plots. Weeds whose seeds are dispersed by wind and weeds tolerant to glyphosate were the most troublesome. The perennial grass native millet increased at all 4 sites.

Ecotypic variation in Avena fatua L., A. sterilis L. (A. ludoviciana), and A. barbata Pott. in New South Wales and southern Queensland

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
RDB Whalley ◽  
JM Burfitt
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Strong Response ◽  
Avena Sterilis ◽  
Multiple Introductions ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Two Samples

Some 53 samples of wild oat seeds were collected in the wheat belt of eastern Australia in an area extending from Collingulie in southern New South Wales to Dalby in Queensland and grown under uniform environmental conditions. Three species of wild oats were collected, Avena sterilis L. subsp. ludoviciana (Dur.) G. & M. mainly concentrated in the north, A. fatua L. subsp. fatua (L.) Thell. mainly concentrated in the south, and A. barbata Pott. confined to the Southern Tablelands and nearby slopes and plains. A high degree of physiological and morphological variability was evident, A. sterilis exhibiting the greatest variability and A. barbata the least. The variation was mainly local with only a suggestion of ecoclinal variation, and is probably the result of multiple introductions. The two samples of A. barbata tested exhibited a vernalization requirement for flowering and one sample of A. sterilis from the same area also gave a strong response to vernalization, but A. fatua did not.

The effect of time and sowing and row spacing on the maturity and yield of three groundnut cultivars under irrigation

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 615 ◽  
Author(s):  
DK Muldoon
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

White Spanish, Red Spanish and Virginia Bunch cultivars of Arachis hypogaea L. were sown at two row spacings (30 and 60 cm) and two times (29 October and 3 December) on an alkaline clay soil in western New South Wales. The crops were furrow irrigated between raised beds 1 m wide. Maximum oven dry pod yields were 3.0, 2.3 and 3.3 t ha-1 for white Spanish, Red Spanish and Virginia Bunch respectively. Corresponding shelling percentages were 65, 68 and 57%. White Spanish and Virginia Bunch matured 180-190 days after early sowing and Red Spanish after 210 days when frost stopped growth. The late sown crop failed to mature before the frosts, and yielded 15-25% less than the early sowing. The late crop had a shorter period for the production of pods and also a slightly lower rate of pod production because of reduced shoot growth; kernel weight per pod was similar at both sowings. Differences between cultivars were accounted for by differences in the rate of pod filling and hence ultimate kernel weight per pod, and furthermore, the harvest index differed among cultivars. White Spanish or Virginia Bunch sown in 30 cm rows before December can be recommended for irrigated groundnut production in western New South Wales.

Germination of Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. from New South Wales, Australia

Weed Research ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. COUSENS ◽  
G. ARMAS ◽  
R. BAWEJA
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Rapistrum Rugosum

Phosphorus fertiliser placement for lupins in southern New South Wales

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Scott ◽  
D. J. Carpenter ◽  
B. D. Braysher ◽  
B. R. Cullis ◽  
C. M. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Deep Placement ◽  
South Wales ◽  
P Application

Research in Western Australia and South Australia indicated that fertiliser phosphorus (P) banded below the seed of narrow leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) at sowing was a more effective method of applying P�fertiliser than the usual placement of P with the seed. This technology has not been investigated in southern New South Wales where lupins have been known to be unresponsive to fertiliser P.We conducted 4 field experiments to examine the effect on lupin yield of applying 6 rates of P (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 40 kg/ha) either by placement with or below the seed. To further test responsiveness to P, an additional set of treatments was used; applying P at 40 kg/ha before sowing and then placing additional P below the seed at the 6�rates of application. The grain yield of lupin was increased by P application at all sites, despite the medium to high P�status of 3 of the 4 sites used in these experiments. However, the technique of banding P fertiliser below the seed depth rather than placing it in direct seed contact had only a small advantage in grain yield responsiveness to applied fertiliser P (P = 0.09). Fitted response curves indicated that when P was applied at 15 kg/ha, grain yield increased by 60 kg/ha at one site and 30 kg/ha at the other 3 sites, if P was deep-placed rather than applied in seed contact. This advantage of deep placement of P fertiliser was much smaller than has been reported in Western Australia.Placement of P below the seed of lupin when sown on the red earth and red-brown earth soils of southern New South Wales slightly enhanced the availability of fertiliser P. This applied even when sowing was quite shallow (2–3�cm), provided recommended rates of P fertiliser were used at conventional row spacing (17 cm). Separation of seed and fertiliser to avoid reduced germination may be an advantage when using double row spacing and higher P�application rates.

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