Insect protein in animal nutrition

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 2029 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. de Souza-Vilela ◽  
N. R. Andrew ◽  
I. Ruhnke
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Black Soldier Fly Larvae ◽  
Increasing Demand

Global meat consumption per capita is expected to increase ~40% from 2019 to 2050. Over 30% of the total cropland worldwide is currently being used to produce either livestock and poultry feed or silage to meet the demand. One solution to reduce cropland use for animal feed is to increase the production of alternative protein sources. The primary protein sources for animal nutrition, including soybeans, peas and fish meal, are of increasing demand and are subsequently becoming more expensive, making their long-term use unsustainable. Insects such as the black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens), crickets (Gryllus testaceus Walker) or mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) offer a viable addition to the feed sources and can provide valuable, high-quality energy, protein and fat to an animal’s diet. Here, we review the environmental benefits of insect feedstuff, current research findings related to the use of insects for animal nutrition, and outline additional products that can generate benefits to insect producers.

scholarly journals Edible insects are the future?

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold van Huis
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Western World ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Consumer Attitude ◽  
Edible Insects ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Alternative Protein

The global increase in demand for meat and the limited land area available prompt the search for alternative protein sources. Also the sustainability of meat production has been questioned. Edible insects as an alternative protein source for human food and animal feed are interesting in terms of low greenhouse gas emissions, high feed conversion efficiency, low land use, and their ability to transform low value organic side streams into high value protein products. More than 2000 insect species are eaten mainly in tropical regions. The role of edible insects in the livelihoods and nutrition of people in tropical countries is discussed, but this food source is threatened. In the Western world, there is an increasing interest in edible insects, and examples are given. Insects as feed, in particular as aquafeed, have a large potential. Edible insects have about the same protein content as conventional meat and more PUFA. They may also have some beneficial health effects. Edible insects need to be processed and turned into palatable dishes. Food safety may be affected by toxicity of insects, contamination with pathogens, spoilage during conservation and allergies. Consumer attitude is a major issue in the Western world and a number of strategies are proposed to encourage insect consumption. We discuss research pathways to make insects a viable sector in food and agriculture: an appropriate disciplinary focus, quantifying its importance, comparing its nutritional value to conventional protein sources, environmental benefits, safeguarding food safety, optimising farming, consumer acceptance and gastronomy.

Effects of fuelwood harvesting on biodiversity — a review focused on the situation in Europe1This article is one of a selection of papers from the International Symposium on Dynamics and Ecological Services of Deadwood in Forest Ecosystems.

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1421-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Bouget ◽  
Aurore Lassauce ◽  
Mats Jonsell
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Peak Oil ◽  
Forest Ownership ◽  
Forest Practices ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Whole Tree Harvesting ◽  
Selection Of

A continually increasing demand for energy and concerns about climate change, greenhouse gas emissions and peak oil have prompted countries to develop policies that promote renewable energy including forest-based bioenergy. In Europe, fuelwood-driven changes in forestry are likely to impact habitat conditions for forest biodiversity. We conducted a systematic literature overview based on 88 papers to synthesize research findings and gaps in knowledge. At the stand scale, but also on a landscape scale, deadwood availability and profile are altered by several practices: whole-tree harvesting and postharvest recovery of logging residues and stumps, for instance. Large-scale fuelwood removal may, on a landscape scale, jeopardize the amounts and diversity of substrate that saproxylic organisms require as food and habitat. Besides, bioenergy-related forest practices also affect nonsaproxylic biodiversity through physical (e.g., soil compaction and disturbance) and chemical changes in soil properties associated with fuelwood removal and increased machine traffic. Moreover, the extended density of internal edges threatens interior forest species populations. Important effects differ substantially between boreal and nemoral forests because of contrasts in management systems, structure of forest ownership, and ecological properties. Developing relevant operational guidelines to partially mitigate ecological damage on biodiversity should be based on our compiled cautionary statements but require further large-scale and long-term research.

scholarly journals Maize production in mid hills of Nepal: from food to feed security

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna Prasad Timsina ◽  
Yuga Nath Ghimire ◽  
Jeevan Lamichhane
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Amino Acid Contents ◽  
Hybrid Maize

This study was undertaken in 2016 to analyze the production and utilization of maize in Nepal. Sixty maize growers from Kavre and Lamjung districts were selected using purposive, cluster and simple random sampling techniques. Similarly, six feed industries and five maize experts from Chitwan district were also interviewed. Study shows 56% of the total areas were used for maize production and 50% of the maize areas were covered by hybrid maize. There was no practice of contract maize production. The results revealed that 60%, 25% and 3% of the grain were used for animal feed, food and seed respectively in hill districts. Whereas the remaining amount of the maize (12%) was sold to the different buyers. The proportion of maize feed supply to different animals in the study area was varying. Result shows that at least 1.5 million tons of maize is required only to the feed industries affiliated with national feed industry association in Nepal. Similarly, out of total maize used in feed production, 87% of the maize was imported from India each year by feed industries. Analysis shows negative correlation between scale of feed production and use of domestic maize due to unavailability of required quantity of maize in time. The major pre-condition of feed industries for maize buying was moisture content which must be equal or less than 14%. Very little or no inert materials and physical injury, free from fungal attack and bigger size were also the criteria for maize buying. However, some of the feed industries were also thinking about protein and amino acid contents. Result shows 13% and 8.5% increasing demand of poultry feed and animal feed, respectively over the last five year in Nepal.  Most likely, maize is known as a means of food security in Nepal, however, in the context of changing utilization patterns at the farm level and also tremendous increasing demand of maize at the industry level suggest to give more focus on development and dissemination of maize varieties that can contribute to the feed security issues as well.

scholarly journals Kanatlı Hayvanların Beslenmesinde Kullanılan Yeni Alternatif Protein Kaynakları

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Mehmet Akif Özcan
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Marine Algae ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Human Food ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
The Future ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Animal Feeding ◽  
Mixed Feeds

Nowadays, the assessment of oilseed plants, biofuels and human food which is indispensable in the future is used widely in poultry feed, soybean inevitable negative effect on the use of mixed feeds. Therefore, as an alternative to soybean sources to reveal a new requirement arises. In recent years, alternative protein sources to leaves, stems, marine algae, bacteria and insects as well as proteins from sources and for use in animal feeding studies are conducted and their performance in poultry studied. In this review, alternative protein sources and their effects on the health status of poultry in different yield and literature will be presented.

scholarly journals Nutritional Characteristics of Selected Insects in Uganda for Use as Alternative Protein Sources in Food and Feed

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Bbosa ◽  
Catherine Tamale Ndagire ◽  
Ivan Muzira Mukisa ◽  
Komi K M Fiaboe ◽  
Dorothy Nakimbugwe
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Acheta Domesticus ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
Food And Feed

Abstract Insects are potential ingredients for animal feed and human food. Their suitability may be influenced by species and nutritional value. This study was aimed at determining the nutritional profile of four insects: Dipterans; black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens Linnaeus) family stratiomyidae and blue calliphora flies (Calliphora vomitoria Linnaeus) family Calliphoridae; and orthopterans; crickets (Acheta domesticus Linnaeus) family Gryllidae and grasshoppers (Ruspolia nitidula Linnaeus) family Tettigoniidae to establish their potential as alternative protein sources for animals (fish and poultry) and humans. Gross energy, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, carbohydrates, and total ash were in the ranges of 2028.11–2551.61 kJ/100 g, 44.31–64.90, 0.61–46.29, 5.075–16.61, 3.43–12.27, and 3.23–8.74 g/100 g, respectively. Hermetia illucens had the highest energy and ash content; C. vomitoria were highest in protein and fiber content, R. nitidula were highest in fat, whereas A. domesticus had the highest carbohydrate content. All insects had essential amino acids required for poultry, fish, and human nutrition. The arginine to lysine ratios of H. illucens, C. vomitoria, A. domesticus, and R. nitidula were 1.45, 1.06, 1.06, and 1.45, respectively. The fatty acids comprised of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs). Palmitic acid (23.6–38.8 g/100 g of total fat) was the most abundant SFA, exception R. nitidula with 14 g/100 g stearic acid. Linoleic acid (190–1,723 mg/100 g) and linolenic acid (650–1,903 mg/100 g) were the most abundant PUFAs. Only C. vomitoria had docosahexaenoic acid. The study indicates that the insects studied are rich in crude protein and other nutrients and can potentially be used for human and animal (fish and poultry) feeding.

scholarly journals Determinants of profitability of black soldier fly farming enterprise in Kenya

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
K.V. Mutuku ◽  
A.W. Mukhebi ◽  
M.A. Orinda ◽  
C.M. Tanga
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Black Soldier Fly ◽  
Production Sector ◽  
Economic Impact Assessment ◽  
Feed Production ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
Socio Economic Impact

Black soldier fly (BSF) farming is emerging as a new farm enterprise in Kenya poised to provide high-quality and affordable alternative protein sources for animal feed production. Consequently, commercialisation and adoption require farmers to understand if the enterprise is economically viable. This study sought to assess the determinants of profitability of the BSF farm enterprise. A census survey was conducted whereby 34 well-established smallholder BSF farmers were interviewed. A double log regression analysis on the determinants of profitability of the BSF farm enterprise was done. The results revealed that 93.6% of the variation in enterprise gross margin was explained by the independent variables. Feed and household size contributed positively and significantly to the enterprise gross margin. Labour was significantly and negatively correlated to the enterprise gross margin. Farm size, gender, level of education, and age of the farmer did not significantly influence the gross margin of the enterprise. Furthermore, the survey showed that a 1% increase in man-hours spent in the BSF farming enterprise would result in a 0.34% reduction in the gross margin while a 1% increase in the usage of the rearing substrate would lead to a 1.38% increase in the gross margin. There is a need for farmers to reduce the man-hours spent in the BSF farms but at the same time increase significantly the utilisation of more rearing substrate to improve their profitability. However, a long-term socio-economic impact assessment on the BSF farming enterprise would be valuable to attract investors and interest in the insect production sector for animal feed.

scholarly journals Nutrient composition of Blaptica dubia (Order: Blattodea) as an alternative protein source

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-92
Author(s):  
Pei Yee Lam ◽  
Nurul Syaza Abdul Latif ◽  
Kumara Thevan ◽  
Paspuleti Visweswara Rao ◽  
Wan Zahari Wan Muhamed
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
Kjeldahl Method

Blaptica dubia is a cockroach that used as feed for most reptiles and amphibians because of itnutritive value. Its alternative protein sources can replace the current high priced imported animalfeed such as fishmeal, soybeans and meat. It has potential as an animal feed and minimize highlivestock farming cost of the farmers. A study was conducted to determine the nutritionalcomposition (moisture, ash, crude protein, chitin and fat) of B. dubia in different growth stages.Moisture and ash determine using AOAC protocol, protein using Kjeldahl method, chitin usingchemical treatment and fat analysis using soxhlet extraction method. The proximate analysis ofadults and nymph of B. dubia contained 59.06-62.70% moisture, 2.47-4.17% ash, 47.50-54.32%crude protein, 3.83-5.58 % chitin and 35.49-44.22% fat on dry weight. Thus, the tested feed pelletscould be an alternative protein source as the animal feed especially in pet industry.

Alternative protein sources for laying hens

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lungwani Muungo
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Seed ◽  
The United States ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Poultry Industry ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Alternative Protein ◽  
The World ◽  
Alternative Sources

Protein sources are the second largest component of practical poultry diets. A limitednumber of ingredients are used by the mainstream commercial poultry industry tosupply protein; these are limited in distribution and are also generally more expensivethan energy sources. Soybean seed is the premier protein source used by the poultryindustry. Rapeseed or canola seed is probably the second most important proteinsource. Both seeds are rarely fed as whole seed meals but rather the residue left overafter oil extraction is the main ingredient used by the poultry industry. Both soybean andrapeseed are cultivated in only a few places in the world. Soybeans are predominantly2 Alternative sources of protein for poultry nutrition© Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited, 2017. All rights reserved.produced in the United States, Brazil and Argentina, while the leading producers ofrapeseed/canola are Canada, some parts of Europe and China. The key producers ofsoybean meal export the product to several countries around the world, to the extentthat it would seem that it is produced all over the world. A large amount of canola seedmeal is now also exported but not to the same extent as soybean meal (SBM). Owing tothe limited number of producers and demand, the prices of SBM and canola meal arehigh and tend to fluctuate with changes in climatic conditions and social situations in thecountries where they are produced. These are the drivers of change, and many countrieswhich do not produce soybeans or canola explore alternative sources of protein tosupport their industries.The range of ingredients that can supply protein for poultry is wide. Many animalscontain high levels of protein, and if these are not used for human food, they can bedirectly processed into poultry feed. The animal industries, including the poultry industry,yield by-products that are also useful sources of protein. A few examples include blood,feathers and meat-on-bones. Among plant sources, different ingredients commanddifferent levels of importance. Some alternative sources are of such local importancethat the poultry industry in those areas relies almost entirely on them rather than SBMor canola meal. Good examples of such ingredients are peanut meal or groundnut cakeand sunflower seed meal, with substantial production outputs globally. Many other plantprotein sources are truly marginal in scope and their potential to replace soybean isnegligible. Regardless of the volume of production of an alternative protein source, anyshift in use of ingredients other than SBM and canola will greatly reduce the pressure onthese key protein sources. Such a shift would also help promote the development of thepoultry industry in many areas of the world. This chapter examines the range of alternativeingredients that are available to the poultry industry, their sustainability and means todevelop them to prominence as protein sources.

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