Increasing metabolisable energy and protein supplementation to stimulate the subsequent milk production during late gestation by increasing proliferation and reducing apoptosis in goat mammary gland prepartum

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1820
Author(s):  
F. Shabrandi ◽  
E. Dirandeh ◽  
Z. Ansari-Pirsaraei ◽  
A. Teimouri-Yansari
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Igfbp 3

In total, 32 pregnant goats were assigned randomly to four diets fed from Day 100 of pregnancy to Day 30 after parturition, to determine the effects of metabolisable energy (ME) and metabolisable protein (MP) supplementation levels on feed intake, subsequent colostrum and milk production and expression of genes regulating mammary-cell proliferation and apoptosis. Diets were as follows: (1) diet with ME and MP provided according to NRC recommendations (control), (2) diet with extra 10% ME, (3) diet with extra 10% MP, and (4) diet 1 with 10% extra of both ME and MP. Mammary biopsies were obtained from each udder half 24 h after parturition. Feed intake (g/day), and colostrum (kg/day) and milk (kg/month) production increased when the extra ME and MP were provided together prepartum and in early lactation (P < 0.05). Relative mRNA expressions significantly increased in the mammary gland of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1, 4.3-fold), IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R, 3.6-fold) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2, 4.6-fold), whereas insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3, 3.2-fold), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax, 16.7-fold) and the ratio of Bax:Bcl-2 expressions significantly decreased (69.8-fold) with increased ME and MP levels fed in late gestation. In conclusion, colostrum production and milk yield in the early lactation period are sensitive to nutrient supply during gestation, where increased dietary ME as well as MP supplementation levels during late gestation will favour mammary development, by increasing expression of genes stimulating cellular proliferation (IGF-1, IGF-1R, Bcl-2) and reduced those stimulating apoptosis (IGFBP-3, Bax).

A review of bovine growth hormone

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne L. Burton ◽  
Brian W. McBride ◽  
Elliot Block ◽  
David R. Glimm ◽  
John J. Kennelly
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Reproductive Efficiency ◽  
Bovine Growth Hormone ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Exogenous Growth

Unprecedented numbers of technical papers, abstracts, and short communications have been published in the past decade regarding the effects of exogenous bovine growth hormone on milk production, health, and reproductive efficiency of treated dairy cows. In well-managed dairy herds, exogenous growth hormone increases milk production without altering normal variability in milk composition. This has held true regardless of dairy breed tested, geographical location studied, or feeding management system used. Also consistent across studies is the rapidity of the galactopoietic effect of administered bovine growth hormone, which arises from altered partitioning and use of post-absorptive nutrients and increased synthetic capacity of the mammary gland. Growth hormone and its associated peptide, insulin-like growth factor-I, are now known to provide chronic lipolytic, diabetogenic, and gluconeogenic signals to target tissues culminating in increased mammary gland availability of glucose and nonesterified fatty acids. Together with yet ill-defined effects on mammary secretory tissue, this homeorhetic control of metabolism elicited by exogenous growth hormone is so efficient that treated cows are not more susceptible to metabolic disorders than untreated cows. However, some studies have reported an increased frequency of mastitis in groups of treated cows. This has been attributed mainly to increased milk volume in the mammary glands of treated cows and no convincing data are available that show decreased mammary gland immunity as a result of growth hormone treatments. On the contrary, an expanding body of evidence implicates growth hormone as a key neuroendocrine factor that is required for immunological competence. Trends of decreased reproductive efficiency in cows treated with growth hormone have also been reported, but available data imply that this is probably an indirect effect via prolonged negative energy balance in cows treated in early lactation rather than a direct negative effect on estrous cycling via altered reproductive hormone profiles. The objectives of the present review are to bring into focus and summarize pertinent biological discoveries regarding the treatment of dairy cows with recombinant bovine growth hormone, and to explore areas where additional growth hormone research is needed or warranted. Key words: Growth hormone, somatotropin, dairy cows, insulin-like growth factor-I

scholarly journals Circulating maternal and umbilical cord steroid hormone and insulin-like growth factor concentrations in twin and singleton pregnancies

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 232-236
Author(s):  
L. C. Houghton ◽  
M. Lauria ◽  
P. Maas ◽  
F. Z. Stanczyk ◽  
R. N. Hoover ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Fetal Circulation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Singleton Pregnancies ◽  
Igfbp 3

AbstractIn addition to being associated with a higher risk of complications during pregnancy, twinning may also be a proxy for altered hormonal exposure for mothers and twin offspring, with implications for their health later in life. We compared maternal and fetal steroid hormone and insulin-like growth factor concentrations between singleton (n=62) and twin (n=41) pregnancies. Maternal concentrations of androgens, estrogens, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, IGF-binding protein (BP)-3 and prolactin were quantified during the third trimester and at delivery, as well as in the fetal circulation at birth. Geometric means accounting for gestational age were calculated for hormone concentrations and compared between matched twin and singleton pregnancies. Most maternal hormone concentrations were modestly higher in twin than in singleton pregnancies in the third trimester (ranging from 8.3% for IGF-1 to 17.1% for estradiol) and at delivery (ranging from 11.1% for IGFBP-3 to 15.2% for estriol). Cord serum hormones were generally similar in twin and singleton pregnancies, except for IGFBP-3, which was 200% lower in twins. The modest differences in maternal hormones in late gestation seem unlikely to explain alterations in hormonally related disease risk in mothers of twins compared with singletons. The large deficit of IGFBP-3 in the fetal circulation of twins at birth may allow for sufficient concentrations of IGF-2 for growth and development in an environment of shared nutritional resources.

Several insulin-like growth factor-I analogues and complexes of insulin-like growth factors-I and -II with insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 fail to mimic the effect of growth hormone upon lactation in the rat

1994 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
D J Flint ◽  
E Tonner ◽  
J Beattie ◽  
M Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Growth Factor I ◽  
Igfbp 3

Abstract Lactation was suppressed in rats using a combined treatment of bromocriptine (to reduce prolactin concentrations) and a specific antiserum to rat GH administered twice daily for 2 days. When milk production had ceased, as determined by litter weight loss and the absence of milk in the stomachs of pups, attempts were made to reinitiate lactation using prolactin, GH, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) precomplexed to recombinant human IGF-binding protein-3 (hIGFBP-3) or IGF-I plus IGF-II precomplexed to hIGFBP-3. Despite the fact that all treatments except prolactin led to increases in serum IGFs and IGFBP-3, only prolactin and GH provoked the reinitiation of milk production as determined by increased litter weight gain, milk in the stomach of pups and a significant increase in the weight of the mammary glands. Since the mammary gland has been shown to produce IGFBPs which may inhibit IGF action we also tested three IGF-I analogues, R3-IGF-I, Long-IGF-I and Long-R3-IGF-I. R3-IGF-I has a single amino acid substitution (Glu to Arg) at position 3 whereas Long-IGF-I has a 13 amino acid N-terminal extension. These modifications dramatically reduce the ability of these analogues to bind to IGFBPs although they remain active at the IGF-I receptor. Such IGF analogues would therefore be expected to be active irrespective of the production of inhibitory IGFBPs. However, none was effective in reinitiating lactation, even at doses which have been shown to be biologically effective in terms of nitrogen retention. We therefore conclude that, despite the fact that GH induces increases in serum IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBP-3 when administered to lactating rats, the combination of all of these factors fails to reinitiate lactation. The biological significance of these changes and the mechanism by which GH stimulates milk secretion, when there appear to be no GH receptors on mammary epithelial cells, remain unclear, although the fact that both GH and prolactin were able to prevent reductions in DNA content of the gland suggest that regulation of apoptosis may be involved. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 140, 211–216

Growth Hormone Increases Breast Milk Volumes in Mothers of Preterm Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-282
Author(s):  
Alistair J. Gunn ◽  
Tania R. Gunn ◽  
Diana L. Rabone ◽  
Bernhard H. Breier ◽  
Werner F. Blum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Recombinant Human Growth Hormone ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Igfbp 3

Aims. To determine the galactopoietic response to recombinant human growth hormone (hGH) in mothers of premature infants with inadequate lactation. Study Design. Prospective placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Subjects. Twenty healthy mothers on no concurrent medication, with infants born between 26 and 34 weeks' gestation with insufficient milk production for their infants' needs. Interoentions. Ten mothers received hGH, .2 IU/kg/day subcutaneously to a maximum of 16 IU/day, for 7 days, while 10 mothers received the same volume of placebo. One mother from each group withdrew from the study. Outcome Measures. Maternal milk production and plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), and growth hormone (GH) were determined before starting treatment and 1 day after stopping therapy. A nurse measured the amount of milk expressed (5 to 6 times daily) plus, if the infant was suckling, weighed the infant before and after feeding. Results. The mothers were enrolled 35 ± 26 days after birth; at this time the infants weighed 1.89 ± .64 kg. Milk production in hGH-treated mothers increased from 139 ± 49 mL/day to 175 ± 46 mL/day after 7 days of treatment (arise of 31%). Placebo-treated mothers showed no significant change from 93 ± 50 mL/day to 102 ± 69 mL/day (arise of 7.6%, not significant). Milk production increased in all treated mothers but decreased in 4 of 9 placebo mothers. Plasma concentrations of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 increased in hGH-treated mothers but not placebo-treated mothers; there was no change in plasma GH levels in either group. No adverse effects were seen with hGH treatment in the mothers or infants. Conclusions. hGH therapy in mothers with lactational insufficiency can improve breast milk volumes.

EFFECT OF GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR AND(OR) THYROTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR ON HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS AND MILK PRODUCTION IN DAIRY COWS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. LAPIERRE ◽  
D. PETITCLERC ◽  
G. PELLETIER ◽  
L. DELORME ◽  
P. DUBREUIL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Saline Group ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Growth Hormone Releasing Factor ◽  
Injection Period

In a 2 × 2 factorial design, 32 cows (n = 8 per treatment) averaging 196 d of lactation received, for 10 consecutive days, daily subcutaneous injections of saline (group 1), human growth hormone-releasing factor (1-29)NH2 (GRF, 10 μg kg−1 BW; group 2), thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF, 1 μg kg−1 BW; group 3), or GRF (10 μg kg−1 BW) plus TRF (1 μg kg−1 BW; group 4). Blood was collected from 24 cows (n = 6 per treatment) on the first and last day of injection. The synergistic action of the two hypothalamic factors on growth hormone (GH) release was maintained throughout the experiment (P < 0.05). Prolactin (Prl) concentrations increased (P < 0.01) after TRF administration on both sampling days. There was no interaction between the two peptides on thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations. TSH response to TRF (P < 0.01) observed on the first day was not detectable (P > 0.10) on the 10th day of injection and the TRF-induced T4 response decreased (P < 0.05) from day 1 to day 10. GRF treatment increased (P = 0.06) insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations while TRF had no effect (P > 0.10). Milk production and composition and feed intake were recorded from 10 d before to 10 d after the injection period. Data were averaged for the last 5 d of each 10-d period. Milk production during the injection period averaged 18.8, 20.6, 20.7, and 22.3 kg d−1 for groups 1–4, respectively. Effects of GRF and TRF were additive. Treatment with TRF did not change milk composition but GRF treatment decreased milk protein content. Feed intake did not differ (P > 0.10) between treatments. In summary, the synergy between GRF and TRF on GH concentration was sustained through a 10-d treatment period. Despite this synergy, GRF and TRF had only an additive effect on milk production. Further investigation is needed to confirm whether this successful combination of these two hypothalamic factors can be used on a Song-term basis. Key words: GRF, TRF, milk production, hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, cows (dairy)

The effects of monensin on milk production and levels of metabolites in blood and rumen fluid of Holstein-Friesian cows in early lactation

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 933 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Granzin ◽  
G. McL. Dryden
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

Summary. Monensin was fed to Holstein–Friesian cows in early lactation to study its effects on concentrations of blood metabolites, feed intake, body condition and milk production. In the first experiment, 18 Holstein–Friesian cows were randomly stratified into 6 similar groups of cows based on parity and previous milk yield. Cows within these groups were assigned randomly to be fed either 0, 150 or 300 mg of monensin per day. Monensin was fed as a component of a 1 kg grain supplement at 0600 h daily from 14 days prepartum to 84 days postpartum. Mean milk yields (kg/day) of cows supplemented with monensin at 150 mg/day (23.0) and 300 mg/day (23.7) were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of unsupplemented cows (21.1). Milk fat and protein contents were not affected by monensin feeding but daily yields of milk fat and protein differed significantly (P<0.05) between treatments. Monensin supplemented at 300 mg per day significantly (P<0.05) reduced the molar proportion of rumen acetate and increased the molar proportion of rumen propionate. Monensin fed at either 150 or 300 mg/day significantly (P<0.05) increased the ratio of plasma glucose: β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), but had no effect on concentrations of blood acetoacetate, serum nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), plasma glucose or BHB. Monensin had no effect on liveweight change or condition score. In the second experiment, 12 Holstein–Friesian cows in early lactation were blocked on parity into 3 groups of 4 cows, and 2 cows within each block were of either high, or low genetic merit. Monensin (none or 320 mg per day) and genetic merit were assigned as a 2 by 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Monensin supplementation commenced 28 days prepartum and ended 56 days postpartum. Monensin caused a significant (P<0.05) increase in feed intake (21.6 v. 23.2 kg/day) and significantly reduced plasma BHB concentration (64.0 v. 6.7 mg/dL). Cows with a higher genetic merit had a significantly (P<0.05) higher milk yield (27.2 kg/day) compared to cows of low genetic merit (26.3 kg/day). Low genetic merit cows fed monensin had significantly (P<0.05) lower daily milk fat yield, lower serum NEFA concentration and higher plasma glucose concentration compared to low genetic merit cows not fed monensin, or high genetic merit cows. Serum insulin and bovine somatotrophin concentrations were unaffected by the treatments. The results of these experiments suggest that with Holstein–Friesian cows in early lactation, the increase in hepatic propionate supply caused by monensin supplementation increases glucose synthesis and subsequent milk production when the requirements of the mammary gland for glucose are not otherwise being met. If the glucose requirements of the mammary gland are being satisfied, monensin decreases ketogenesis and the mobilisation of adipose tissue. Monensin had a positive effect on intake in this study.

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