Progress in comprehending the phytate–phytase axis in chicken-meat production

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (10) ◽  
pp. 1767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy F. Moss ◽  
Sonia Yun Liu ◽  
Peter H. Selle
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Sodium Pump ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Phytate Degradation ◽  
Dependent Transport ◽  
The Impact

After an extended delay, the level of acceptance of exogenous phytases by the global chicken-meat industry is now almost complete. Contemporary bacterial phytases degrade phytate primarily in the gizzard. The extent of phytate degradation determines the extent to which phytate-bound phosphorus (P) is liberated; however, studies designed to investigate phytate degradation along the digestive tract have generated some confusing outcomes. This may be related to the reactivity of the phytate moiety, coupled with problems with inert dietary markers and perhaps a lack of complete and uniform extractions of phytate from digesta due to variations in digesta pH and phytate solubility. Quite recently, phytase was shown to have profound impacts on sodium (Na) digestibility coefficients in four segments of the small intestine. This has obvious implications for intestinal uptakes of glucose and amino acids via their respective Na+-dependent transport systems and it is possible that phytate and phytase have reciprocal impacts on ‘sodium pump’ (Na+, K+-ATPase) activity. It has been recently demonstrated unequivocally that phytase has the capacity to increase amino acid digestibility coefficients to the extent that phytase may generate a ‘proximal shift’ in the sites of amino acid absorption. The impact of phytase on starch digestibility is more equivocal and phytase responses may stem more from enhanced glucose absorption rather than starch digestion. The acceptance of phytase is hardly surprising, given its capacity to increase P utilisation coupled with numerous other positive influences that are still being properly realised.

scholarly journals Progress towards reduced-crude protein diets for broiler chickens and sustainable chicken-meat production

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Yun Liu ◽  
Shemil P. Macelline ◽  
Peter V. Chrystal ◽  
Peter H. Selle
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Reduced Crude Protein

AbstractThe prime purpose of this review is to explore the pathways whereby progress towards reduced-crude protein (CP) diets and sustainable chicken-meat production may be best achieved. Reduced-CP broiler diets have the potential to attenuate environmental pollution from nitrogen and ammonia emissions; moreover, they have the capacity to diminish the global chicken-meat industry’s dependence on soybean meal to tangible extents. The variable impacts of reduced-CP broiler diets on apparent amino acid digestibility coefficients are addressed. The more accurate identification of amino acid requirements for broiler chickens offered reduced-CP diets is essential as this would diminish amino acid imbalances and the deamination of surplus amino acids. Deamination of amino acids increases the synthesis and excretion of uric acid for which there is a requirement for glycine, this emphasises the value of so-called “non-essential” amino acids. Starch digestive dynamics and their possible impact of glucose on pancreatic secretions of insulin are discussed, although the functions of insulin in avian species require clarification. Maize is probably a superior feed grain to wheat as the basis of reduced-CP diets; if so, the identification of the underlying reasons for this difference should be instructive. Moderating increases in starch concentrations and condensing dietary starch:protein ratios in reduced-CP diets may prove to be advantageous as expanding ratios appear to be aligned to inferior broiler performance. Threonine is specifically examined because elevated free threonine plasma concentrations in birds offered reduced-CP diets may be indicative of compromised performance. If progress in these directions can be realised, then the prospects of reduced-CP diets contributing to sustainable chicken-meat production are promising.

scholarly journals Steady-state physiological variations across a graded series of Na,K-ATPase-amplified cells.

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
P G Pauw ◽  
R N Sheck ◽  
J F Ash
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Electrochemical Potential ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
System L ◽  
Sodium Dependent ◽  
Dependent Transport

Measurements of internal ion concentrations, amino acid pools, and membrane potential were made across a series of HeLa subclones which are amplified for the genes for the sodium- and potassium-activated ATPase (Na,K-ATPase). These subclones expressed heterogeneous levels of ouabain-binding sites, allowing us to construct a graded amplification series. While [K+]i levels did not vary systematically across the series studied, [Na+]i ranged from 9 to 20 mM as a function of Na,K-ATPase expression. Steady-state accumulation of tetraphenylphosphonium in low versus high potassium was used to measure membrane potential. Values for [Na+]i and the membrane potential were used to calculate the sodium electrochemical potential, which was also found to be a function of Na,K-ATPase expression. Measurements of acid-soluble amino acid pools in cell lysates demonstrated that amino acids which are substrates for sodium-dependent transport systems, or which can potentially exchange through system L for a substrate of a sodium-dependent system, varied as a function of the sodium electrochemical potential. This confirmed our prediction of increased amino acid pool sizes in Na,K-ATPase-amplified lines based on observations of elevated flux through the sodium-independent system L. Finally, we measured lactate production and glycolytic potential in a subset of clones and found that both were reduced in subclones with elevated Na,K-ATPase.

scholarly journals Impact of Changing Consumer Lifestyles on Intention to Purchase towards Green and Halal Foods of the Chicken Meat Industry in Malaysia

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Foo Weng Toong ◽  
Aye Aye Khin ◽  
Ali Khatibi
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Consumer Market ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Price Consciousness ◽  
Intention To Purchase ◽  
Consumer Lifestyles ◽  
The Impact

<p>The study is to present the impact of changing consumer lifestyle on intention to purchase towards green and <em>Halal</em> foods of the chicken meat industry in Malaysia. The objective of the study is to investigate the factors affecting on intention to purchase towards green and <em>Halal</em> foods of the chicken meat industry in Malaysia. Those factors are natural content, convenience, knowledge of <em>Halal</em> and green foods issue, familiarity, price consciousness, attitude towards purchasing and demographic profile. There are 377 respondents with using simple random sampling and questionnaires for interviewing. Descriptive analysis, correlation, ANOVA and factor analysis will be tested into this study. This study would be provided the benefits of consumers’ lifestyle towards the intention to purchase towards green and <em>Halal</em> foods as the selecting of the chicken meat in consumer market. Moreover, the implication of this study is to get the niche market (which is <em>Halal</em> and green marketing) knowledge and information towards the chicken meat industry in Malaysia.</p>

Composition and characterisation of kafirin, the dominant protein fraction in grain sorghum

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 1163
Author(s):  
Peter H. Selle ◽  
Bernard V. McInerney ◽  
Leon R. McQuade ◽  
Ali Khoddami ◽  
Peter V. Chrystal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Fraction ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
The Past ◽  
Amino Acid Profiles ◽  
Sorghum Protein

Context Sorghum is an important feed grain for chicken-meat production in Australia. However, it is usually considered inferior to wheat – the foremost feed grain. Kafirin, the dominant protein fraction in sorghum, may be a major contributor to this inferiority due to its negative influence on starch digestion and energy utilisation. Aims The objective of this study was to determine kafirin concentrations in sorghum relative to crude protein and amino acid profiles of both kafirin and total sorghum protein. Methods Concentrations of amino acids and kafirin in 19 Premium Grains for Livestock Program sorghum varieties were quantified. These data were combined with that of up to 14 Poultry Research Foundation sorghum varieties to generate the most exhaustive documentation of its kind. The methodology developed to quantify kafirin concentrations in sorghum is thoroughly described. In addition, essential amino acid profiles in 25 grain sorghums from Australian surveys completed in 1998, 2009 and 2016 were compared statistically. Also, consideration was given to relevant near-infrared spectroscopy predicted data from 992 sorghum varieties from 2014 to 2019. Key results The average kafirin concentration of 48.2 g/kg represented 51.9% of the 92.9 g/kg crude protein (N × 5.81) content in 33 varieties grain sorghum. Kafirin holds a substantial 62.7% share of leucine as the concentration was 8.53 g/kg in kafirin as opposed 13.73 g/kg in total sorghum protein. The proposal was advanced that kafirin contents of local sorghum crops have increased during the past two decades from the 1998, 2009 and 2016 surveys of amino acid profiles in grain sorghum. Conclusions Kafirin concentrations in Australian sorghum crops may have increased over the past two decades, which may be having a negative impact on the performance of broiler chickens offered sorghum-based diets. Implications Breeding programs should be directed towards sorghums with lesser kafirin proportions of sorghum protein and/or modified kafirin protein bodies to enhance the nutritive value of sorghum as a feed grain for chicken-meat production.

scholarly journals Bir Devlet Üniversitesindeki (Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi) Personel ve Öğrenciler Arasında Farklı Etlik Piliç Barınma ve Besleme Sistemlerinin Tüketici Tercihi ve Algısı

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1643-1649
Author(s):  
Canan Kop Bozbay
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Academic Staff ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Broiler Meat ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Fish Meat ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
The Impact

In this study, an investigation of the preference and perception of the different broiler housing and feeding systems among staff and students of Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Turkey was undertaken. A structured questionnaire was administered with a face-to-face to 790 randomly selected respondents [257 academic staff (academicians), 166 non-academic staff (worker with a secondary school national graduate diploma) and 367 undergraduate students (students)]. Most respondents preferred chicken (63.3%) and beef (32.0%) meats to fish meat (4.7%). The number of academicians preferred broiler meat (16.8%) was lower than those of students (52.6%) and workers (30.6%). There were significant differences among respondents in terms of preference and perception of different production sources of chicken meat. The proportion of academicians who preferred conventional broiler meat (68.2%) was higher than students (25.4%) and workers (6.4%). The impact of mediatic information (disinformation) about broiler meat relating to ingredients and/or feed additives used in broiler nutrition was higher on academics and students compared to workers. The results of the study indicated that as the level of education increases, the negative perception increased due to false media reports about chicken meat production and subsequently, the preference for chicken meat decreased.

scholarly journals Discrimination of two amino acid transport activities in 4F2 heavy chain- expressing Xenopus laevis oocytes

1998 ◽  
Vol 333 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelika BRÖER ◽  
Bernd HAMPRECHT ◽  
Stefan BRÖER
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Amino Acid Transport ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Xenopus Laevis Oocytes ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
Transport Activity ◽  
Independent System ◽  
Leucine Transport ◽  
Dependent Transport

Expression of the type II membrane proteins of the rbAT/4F2hc family in Xenopus laevisoocytes results in the induction of amino acid transport activity. To elucidate the mechanism of action, amino acid transport was investigated in oocytes expressing the surface antigen 4F2hc. Leucine transport was mediated by a Na+-independent and a Na+-dependent transport mechanism. Both systems could be further discriminated by their stereochemical constraints. Isoleucine, with a branch at the β-position, shared only the Na+-independent transport system with leucine. Both transport systems were sensitive to inhibition by arginine, but only the Na+-independent system was sensitive to inhibition by 2-aminobicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid. When compared with known transport systems the two transport activities could be described as similar to, but not identical with, mammalian systems b0,+ and y+L. The Na+-independent b0,+-like transport system was found both in rbAT and 4F2hc expressing oocytes, indicating that both proteins act in a similar way.

scholarly journals Impacts of red meat production on biodiversity in Australia: a review and comparison with alternative protein production industries

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Williams ◽  
R. J. Price
Keyword(s):  
Protein Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
Relative Potential ◽  
Terrestrial Biodiversity ◽  
The Impact

All food production systems are under pressure to comply with societal expectations that the produce is not only of good nutritional value but is also sustainably produced. This review compares the performance of the red meat industry in Australia against white meat, plant-protein and other protein production systems across a range of biodiversity pressures through a review of over 500 peer-reviewed and other scientific sources. The review finds that taking into account the past legacy of red meat production systems, these industries make the largest relative potential contribution to the impact on terrestrial biodiversity in Australia, by both the area covered and the nature of the impacts. The review also finds that many initiatives of the beef and sheep industries have the potential to improve the management of biodiversity. To minimise the impact of beef and sheep meat systems on biodiversity, the conservation of natural resources needs to become a core and integral part of production systems, rather than it being perceived as an optional extra if times are good. To help address these challenges, stewardship payments for the ecosystem services (such as carbon, water and biodiversity) provided by the farming community to the wider society warrant further consideration.

scholarly journals Role of nutrient-sensing taste 1 receptor (T1R) family members in gastrointestinal chemosensing

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (S1) ◽  
pp. S8-S15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soraya P. Shirazi-Beechey ◽  
Kristian Daly ◽  
Miran Al-Rammahi ◽  
Andrew W. Moran ◽  
David Bravo
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Acid Activation ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Apical Domain ◽  
The Impact

Luminal nutrient sensing by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) expressed on the apical domain of enteroendocrine cells activates intracellular pathways leading to secretion of gut hormones that control vital physiological processes such as digestion, absorption, food intake and glucose homeostasis. The taste 1 receptor (T1R) family of GPCR consists of three members: T1R1; T1R2; T1R3. Expression of T1R1, T1R2 and T1R3 at mRNA and protein levels has been demonstrated in the intestinal tissue of various species. It has been shown that T1R2–T1R3, in association with G-protein gustducin, is expressed in intestinal K and L endocrine cells, where it acts as the intestinal glucose (sweet) sensor. A number of studies have demonstrated that activation of T1R2–T1R3 by natural sugars and artificial sweeteners leads to secretion of glucagon-like peptides 1&2 (GLP-1 and GLP-2) and glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). GLP-1 and GIP enhance insulin secretion; GLP-2 increases intestinal growth and glucose absorption. T1R1–T1R3 combination co-expressed on the apical domain of cholecystokinin (CCK) expressing cells is a luminal sensor for a number of l-amino acids; with amino acid-activation of the receptor eliciting CCK secretion. This article focuses on the role of the gut-expressed T1R1, T1R2 and T1R3 in intestinal sweet and l-amino acid sensing. The impact of exploiting T1R2–T1R3 as a nutritional target for enhancing intestinal glucose absorption and gut structural maturity in young animals is also highlighted.

Molecular mechanisms involved in the transport of antibiotics into bacteria

Parasitology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 96 (S1) ◽  
pp. S25-S44 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Chopra
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Drug Uptake ◽  
Peptide Transport ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Facilitated Diffusion ◽  
Phosphotransferase System ◽  
Bacterial Membranes ◽  
Carrier Mediated Transport ◽  
Dependent Transport

SUMMARYMany clinically useful antibacterial drugs have intracellular target sites. Therefore, in order to reach their targets, these compounds must be able to cross bacterial outer and cytoplasmic membranes. Considerable information is available on the mechanisms by which antibiotics cross bacterial membranes and, in many cases, it is now possible to define the molecular basis of their uptake. Passage of drugs across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria can occur by diffusion through porin channels (e.g. β-lactams and tetracyclines), by facilitated diffusion using specific carriers (e.g. albomycin), or by self-promoted uptake (e.g. aminoglycosides and polymyxins). Transfer of antibiotics across the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is usually mediated by active, carrier-mediated, transport systems normally operating to transport essential solutes into the cell. For example, the antibiotic streptozotocin bears sufficient structural resemblance toN-acetyl-D-glucosamine to be transported by the phosphoenolpyruvate : phosphotransferase system, and D-cycloserine is recognized by the D-alanine, proton motive force dependent transport system. However, in some cases (e.g. tetracycline) although carrier-mediated transport is implied by the observation that drug uptake is energy dependent, the nature of the membrane carrier(s) responsible is unknown. Knowledge acquired from studies on bacterial peptide transport has been successfully used to deliver (or smuggle) amino acid mimetics disguised as peptides into the bacterial cell. These amino acid mimetics, although often poorly transported in their own right, are frequently potent inhibitors of bacterial peptidoglycan or lipopolysaccharide synthesis once they have gained access to the interior of the cell.

Steady-state physiological variations across a graded series of Na,K-ATPase-amplified cells

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-123
Author(s):  
P G Pauw ◽  
R N Sheck ◽  
J F Ash
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Electrochemical Potential ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
System L ◽  
Sodium Dependent ◽  
Dependent Transport

Measurements of internal ion concentrations, amino acid pools, and membrane potential were made across a series of HeLa subclones which are amplified for the genes for the sodium- and potassium-activated ATPase (Na,K-ATPase). These subclones expressed heterogeneous levels of ouabain-binding sites, allowing us to construct a graded amplification series. While [K+]i levels did not vary systematically across the series studied, [Na+]i ranged from 9 to 20 mM as a function of Na,K-ATPase expression. Steady-state accumulation of tetraphenylphosphonium in low versus high potassium was used to measure membrane potential. Values for [Na+]i and the membrane potential were used to calculate the sodium electrochemical potential, which was also found to be a function of Na,K-ATPase expression. Measurements of acid-soluble amino acid pools in cell lysates demonstrated that amino acids which are substrates for sodium-dependent transport systems, or which can potentially exchange through system L for a substrate of a sodium-dependent system, varied as a function of the sodium electrochemical potential. This confirmed our prediction of increased amino acid pool sizes in Na,K-ATPase-amplified lines based on observations of elevated flux through the sodium-independent system L. Finally, we measured lactate production and glycolytic potential in a subset of clones and found that both were reduced in subclones with elevated Na,K-ATPase.

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