scholarly journals Growth of Brahman cross heifers to 2 years of age in the dry tropics

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
Geoffry Fordyce ◽  
Kerri Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Northern Forest ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
Supplementation Period ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Height Gain

Growth of 1368 Brahman cross heifers from 6 year cohorts was monitored over the 2 years post-weaning in Australia’s northern forest, a low-animal-growth dry tropical environment. Heifers weighing 47–266 kg at weaning were managed in groups weighing <100 kg, 100–149 kg, 150–199 kg, and >199 kg during the post-weaning dry season. Weaner heifers were allocated to receive 300 g/day of a protein meal during the dry season or to basic nutritional management to sustain health. Heifers in three cohorts were allocated to first mating at 1 or 2 years of age, in four cohorts to vaccination against androstenedione, and in a small proportion of two cohorts to ovariectomy post-weaning. Growth was highly variable between seasons and years; average cohort liveweight by the start of 2-year-old mating was 256–319 kg. Heifer groups not receiving protein supplementation gained –16 to 21 kg (2 kg average) during 6-month dry seasons, and 49–131 kg (101 kg average) during wet seasons to reach an average of two-thirds of mature liveweight (445 kg) and 95% of mature hip height (1350 mm) by the start of mating at 2 years. Average body condition score (1–5) fluctuated by 1–2 units between seasons. Hip height gain continued, irrespective of season, commencing at ~0.60 mm/day at 6 months of age, and decelerating by ~0.00075 mm/day through to 2.5 years of age. Standard errors of predicted means across analyses were ~0.015 for average daily weight gains, 0.4 mm for average monthly height gain and 0.06 score units for average seasonal body condition score change. Post-weaning dry-season supplementation increased gains in liveweight, height and body condition score by an average of 0.1 kg/day, 0.1 mm/day and 0.5 units, respectively, during the supplementation period. Periods of poor nutrition or high nutritional demand secondary to reproduction suppressed daily gains in liveweight and hip height, at which times body condition score was also reduced. Subsequent to this, partial to full compensation occurred for all measures. Ovariectomy had negative effects on growth. Androstenedione vaccination had no effect on growth. The main conclusion is that heifer growth in Australia’s dry tropical northern forest region is highly variable between seasons and years, thus limiting significant proportions of some cohorts from reaching target weights for mating at 2 years of age, even after compensatory growth.

Effects of supplementation and stocking rate on body condition and production parameters of multiparous beef cows

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Renquist ◽  
J. W. Oltjen ◽  
R. D. Sainz ◽  
J. M. Connor ◽  
C. C. Calvert
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Production Parameters ◽  
Condition Score

AbstractFall-calving multiparous Angus × Hereford cows 3 to 10 years of age were stratified by age in a three by two factorial treatment arrangement to evaluate the efficacy of modifying stocking rate and supplementation strategy to manage cow body condition and production parameters over a 5-year study. Efficacy was evaluated quarterly in association with calving, breeding, weaning, and mid way between weaning and calving (i.e. in August). Three protein supplementation strategies (none, standard, strategic) were imposed across both a moderate (0·3 cows per ha) and a high (0·4 cows per ha) stocking rate. In the strategically supplemented group, protein supplement was provided to cows with a body condition score <5·5 at the quarterly evaluations. There was an effect of supplementation on pregnancy rate, which in combination with previously established culling practices resulted in different age profiles amongst supplementation strategies in years 2 to 5 (P < 0·01). Two statistical analyses were therefore conducted to dissociate the confounding effects of supplementation strategy and age. One model included the effect of stocking rate, supplementation strategy, production year, and all interactions; the second included the addition of age and its interactive effects. Stocking rate and supplementation strategy affected pregnancy rate in each of the models (P = 0·003 and P = 0·10, respectively). Standard, non-supplemented and strategically supplemented animals had estimated pregnancy rates of 0·83, 0·76, and 0·79, respectively (P = 0·10). The effects of nutrition on both calving interval and birth weight were independent of the model employed. Animals that were not supplemented had extended calving intervals (P = 0·06), but there was no effect of stocking rate (P > 0·10). Birth weight was not affected by supplementation strategy or stocking rate (P > 0·10). The lower 205-day weights of calves on a heavy compared with moderate stocking rate was independent of age (P = 0·02). However, the increased 205-day weight of calves born to strategically supplemented cows compared with those born to unsupplemented cows was only evident when data were not corrected for differences in age among groups (P = 0·03). Likewise, analyses of cow condition parameters using models without and with age resulted in different interpretations. These results suggest that strategic and standard supplementation result in similar animal performance and that the improvement in herd productivity associated with altering stocking rate and supplementation may partially be due to altered herd age dynamics.

Adding condensed tannins to the diet increases ovulation rate in sheep

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 853 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Banchero ◽  
A. Vázquez ◽  
M. Vera ◽  
G. Quintans
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
Supplementation Period ◽  
Native Pasture ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Effective Use

The objective of the present study was to investigate whether adding condensed tannins (T) to the diet of sheep increases ovulation rate (OR). In all, 281 mature Polwarth ewes (49.9 ± 6.0 kg and body condition score (BCS) of 2.02 ± 0.24 units) were heat-synchronised (oestrus = Day 1) and sorted in the following four treatment diets: (1) native pasture alone (82.6 g of CP and 8.4 MJ metabolisable energy (ME)/kg DM) (NP; n = 70); (2) native pasture (NP) plus a supplement of 0.45 kg of soybean meal (S) from Day 10 to Day 14 (NP+S; n = 71); (3) NP plus a supplement of 0.45 kg S and 25 g of T, to get an estimated concentration of T in the diet of 1.5% (NP+S+1.5T; n = 69); and (4) NP plus a supplement of 0.45 kg S and 42 g of T, to get a concentration of T of 2.5% (NP+S+2.5T; n = 71). OR was measured 8 days after the second heat by rectal ultrasound (Day 25). The estimated consumption of crude protein (CP) during the supplementation period was 129, 261, 237 and 200 g/ewe.day for NP, NP+S, NP+S+1.5T and NP+S+2.5T ewes, respectively. NP+S+1.5T ewes had an OR of 1.90, which was higher (P < 0.05) than those for NP+S+2.5T and NP+S ewes (1.68 and 1.70, respectively). All supplemented ewes had a higher OR than did NP ewes (1.48, P < 0.05). Although NP+S+1.5T ewes ate less protein than did NP+S ewes, their OR was higher, as a result of a more effective use of the protein. The higher concentrations of 2.5% T in the diet might have not evoked a response in OR.

scholarly journals Effect of short period feed supplementation during early lactation on performance of cows and calves raised in extensive system

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1381-1387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cássio Cassal Brauner ◽  
Marcelo Alves Pimentel ◽  
Leonardo de Melo Menezes ◽  
Jean Pierre Martins Machado ◽  
José Carlos Ferrugem Moraes
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Feed Supplementation ◽  
Supplementation Period ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Calf Performance

Thirty-two multiparous Angus cows at moderate body condition score (3 in a 1-5 scale) received feed supplementation at the beginning of lactation for a short time to determine the effect on milk yield and composition and on performance of cows and calves. Supplementation started on days 22 ± 3.2 after calving. The cows were randomly distributed into two groups (n =16), one group receiving feed supplementation for 35 days (supplemented group), and the other without supplementation (control group). Each cow received 0.6% of its body weight in individual troughs daily. Both groups were kept in native pasture condition during supplementation period. Milk yield evaluation, performance of cows and calves were controlled on day 0 (initial), day 14 (middle) and day 35 (final) of the supplementation period. There was no effect of feed supplementation on milk yield or on any other milk component in both groups, and on calf performance as well. Milk composition differed among periods, when fat was the highest in the middle of supplementation and lactose was the highest in the end of the period. Supplemented cows presented more daily average weight gain at the final period of supplementation than cows from the control group. Beef cow with moderate body condition score can gain weight during the lactation period as a response to increase of energy availability in a short period without any influence on milk production and composition as well as a consequence on calf performance.

Performance and metabolic status of grazing beef heifers receiving increasing protein supplementation pre- and postpartum

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deilen Sotelo ◽  
Mário Fonseca Paulino ◽  
Luciana Navajas Rennó ◽  
Edenio Detmann ◽  
Roman Maza Ortega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Metabolic Status ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Mineral Mixture ◽  
Daily Gain

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of prepartum and postpartum protein supplementation on nutrient intake and digestibility, productive performance and metabolic status of beef heifers on tropical pasture. Twenty-eight pregnant beef heifers with bodyweight and body condition score of 459.7 ± 6.8 kg and 5.8 ± 0.10 respectively, were used. The experiment was performed according to a completely randomised design, with the following four treatments: 0.0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 kg/animal.day of protein supplement containing 25% crude protein. All animals received a mineral mixture ad libitum. The experiment lasted 210 days, divided into three experimental periods. The supplementation level increased the intake of all evaluated nutrients, digestibility of organic matter, neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein, as well as higher average daily gain prepartum and bodyweight of calves at birth (P &lt; 0.05). Protein supplement at the levels evaluated did not affect body condition score (P &gt; 0.05). An interaction effect between treatment × days in relation to calving occurred for concentrations of serum urea nitrogen, total proteins, albumin and globulins (P &lt; 0.05). Supplementation did not affect glucose, triglyceride, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate or progesterone (P &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, supply of up to 1.2 kg/day of protein supplement for grazing beef heifers optimises forage intake and average daily gain before calving, and improves the indicators of the protein status.

scholarly journals Natural and improved natural pastures on the reproductive performance of first-calf beef cows

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 690-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soraya Tanure ◽  
Bernardo Augusto Albornoz Pötter ◽  
José Fernando Piva Lobato
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Condition Score

This work evaluated the reproductive performance of first-calf cows at three years of age, submitted or not to protein supplementation at yearling on natural pastures. After calving, cows were managed on natural or improved pastures. The feeding managements were the following: on natural pastures as yearlings and during pregnancy, post-calving period and breeding season; on natural pastures with protein supplement as yearlings and only natural pasture during pregnancy, post-calving and breeding season; on natural pastures as yearlings and during pregnancy and on improved natural pastures (Lolium multiflorum L., Trifolium repens cv. Yi and Lotus corniculatus cv. São Gabriel) during the post-calving period and breeding season; on natural pastures with protein supplement at yearling, on natural pastures during pregnancy, and on improved natural pasture during post-calving period and breeding season. Cows did not differ on body weight, but from calving to the beginning of breeding season, cows on improved natural pastures presented higher weight gain than those on natural pastures (0.203 vs. 0.109 kg/day). Cows in post-calving on natural pastures lost 1.0 point of body condition score during mating, determinant of the lowest pregnancy rate and later conception in relation to cows on improved natural pasture. Pregnant cows presented higher body weight (440 vs. 413 kg) and body condition score (4.14 vs. 3.66 points) than open cows at the end of the breeding season.

Energieaufnahme und Körpermasseentwicklung von Warmblutfohlen, die beim Absetzen den Betrieb wechseln

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (04) ◽  
pp. 220-224
Author(s):  
J. K. Mack ◽  
H. P. Remler ◽  
E. Senckenberg ◽  
E. Kienzle
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Klinische Relevanz ◽  
Condition Score

Zusammenfassung Ziel der Studie war, den Energiebedarf von Warmblutfohlen zu überprüfen, die durch einen Betriebswechsel beim Absetzen erhöhtem Stress ausgesetzt sind. Material und Methoden: Neun Hengstfohlen, die als Absetzer von verschiedenen Züchtern gekauft und gemeinsam aufgestallt wurden, nahmen an der Studie vom Absetzen im Alter von etwa 6 Monaten bis zu einem Alter von etwa 1 Jahr teil. Das Absetzen erfolgte im heimischen Betrieb oder nach gemeinsamem Transport von Stute und Fohlen bei Ankunft im neuen Bestand. Die Fohlen erhielten Heulage (später erster Schnitt), Hafer und Fohlenaufzuchtfutter. Um eine individuelle Kraftfutterzuteilung zu ermöglichen, wurden die Fohlen zweimal täglich separat angebunden. Erhoben wurden die Gesamtaufnahme der Heulage aller Fohlen gemeinsam pro Tag, die tägliche individuelle Kraftfutteraufnahme sowie in 4-wöchigen Abständen Körpermasse und Body Condition Score (BCS). Ergebnisse: Die tägliche Energieaufnahme der Fohlen betrug 74 MJ verdauliche Energie (68 MJ umsetzbare Energie) pro Tier. Die Fohlen wurden mit vergleichsweise niedrigem BCS von 4,2 ± 0,4 (Skala von 1 bis 9) und einer durchschnittlichen Körpermasse von 285 ± 30 kg aufgestallt. Sie erreichten am Ende der Studie im Alter von 319 ± 22 Tagen eine Körpermasse von 326 ± 24 kg und einen BCS von 4,2 ± 0,4. Die Energieaufnahme der Fohlen war höher und ihre Gewichtsentwicklung langsamer als in einer parallel laufenden Studie mit Fohlen, die im Gestüt geboren und aufgewachsen und dementsprechend beim Absetzen weniger Stress ausgesetzt waren. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Fohlen mit relativ niedriger Körpermasse und BCS und erheblichem Stress zum Zeitpunkt des Absetzens benötigen deutlich mehr Energie als Fohlen, die beim Absetzen in ihrer gewohnten Umgebung verbleiben und dadurch weniger Stressoren unterliegen.

Fütterung von Hunden und Katzen in Deutschland

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (06) ◽  
pp. 391-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Dillitzer ◽  
C. Sauter-Louis ◽  
E. Kienzle ◽  
N. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Klinische Relevanz ◽  
Condition Score

Zusammenfassung Gegenstand und Ziel: Gewinn epidemiologischer Daten zur Fütterung von Hunden und Katzen in Deutschland. Material und Methoden: 865 Hundeund 243 Katzenbesitzer wurden anhand standardisierter Fragebögen zu ihrem Tier (Alter, Geschlecht, Gewicht, Ernährungszustand, Gesundheit), dessen Fütterung inklusive Belohnungen und Zusätzen, den Gründen für eine Futterumstellung und zur eigenen Person (Alter, Geschlecht, Schulbildung, Beruf) befragt. Die Befragungen fanden in Tierarztpraxen, Hundeschulen, Tierheimen, Parkanlagen und via Internet statt. Zudem wurde der Body Condition Score (BCS) der Tiere durch ihre Besitzer sowie die Interviewerin beurteilt. Ergebnisse: Das Durchschnittsalter der Hunde lag bei 4,8 Jahren, das der Katzen bei 6,8 Jahren. Das Gewicht reichte beim Hund von 2,2 bis 95 kg, bei der Katze von 2 bis 11 kg. Rund 52% der Hunde und Katzen waren übergewichtig (BCS 6–9). Zwischen der Beurteilung der Besitzer bzw. der Interviewerin gab es Differenzen. Viele Besitzer unterschätzten den BCS und erkannten vor allem beginnendes Übergewicht (BCS 6–7) nicht. 58% der Hundeund 90% der Katzenbesitzer verwendeten ausschließlich handelsübliche Fertigfutter, 35% bzw. knapp 10% kombinierten diese mit zusätzlichen Futtermitteln. Knapp 8% der Hundeund < 1% der Katzenbesitzer verfütterten selbst zubereitete Rationen. Ältere (> 7 Jahre) und kranke Hunde erhielten häufiger selbst hergestellte Rationen. Ältere Besitzer (≥ 46 Jahre) tendierten vermehrt dazu, das Futter selbst zuzubereiten, während die Schulbildung und die Berufstätigkeit keinen Einfluss auf die Fütterung hatten. Ein Zusammenhang zwischen Art der Fütterung und BCS bestand nicht. Besitzer mit geringerer Schulbildung sowie Hausfrauen und Rentner hatten häufiger übergewichtige Tiere. Futterbelohnungen erhielten 95% der Hunde und 65% der Katzen. Ältere und berufstätige Besitzer gaben prozentual seltener Belohnungen. Schlussfolgerungen: Übergewicht ist das größte ernährungsbedingte Problem. Im Vergleich zu früheren Studien hat sich die Zahl übergewichtiger Tiere erhöht. Klinische Relevanz: Tierbesitzer sollten frühzeitig auf Übergewicht hingewiesen werden, da sie den Beginn der Adipositas häufig nicht wahrnehmen. Die meisten Tierbesitzer verabreichen Belohnungen, was bei Diäten berücksichtigt werden muss.

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