Nitrate is safe to feed ad libitum in molasses roller drums as a source of non-protein nitrogen

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Goopy ◽  
R. S. Hegarty
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Angus Cattle ◽  
Methane Production Rate ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake

We investigated voluntary intake, growth and safety of cattle offered low-quality forage diets plus isonitrogenous molasses-based liquid supplements containing either urea (U) or a calcium nitrate-containing compound (NO3). We hypothesised that changing the nitrogen source from U to calcium nitrate would not jeopardise animal health or affect intake. Angus cattle (n = 24) were allocated to six pens, with three pens each receiving a molasses supplement containing U or a molasses supplement containing NO3 for 31 days. There was a trend (P = 0.06) for the NO3 treatment group to consume more of the (oaten chaff) basal diet than the U treatment group. The U group consumed more supplement than did the NO3 group (1.31 vs 0.40 kg DM/head.day s.e.m. = 0.094, P < 0.0001), but total DM intake was not different (6.45 vs 6.10 kg/head.day, P = 0.15). Mean final animal liveweight was not different between treatments. Methaemoglobin levels were higher in the NO3 group (2.1 vs 1.3%, P < 0.001). Low consumption of nitrate was also reflected in there being no effect of nitrate on the methane production rate when assessed in open-circuit calorimetry chambers (7.1 vs 7.0 g/head.2 h, P = 0.898). It is confirmed that nitrate may be safely provided to cattle when dissolved at 154 g/kg in a molasses-based liquid supplement available ad libitum, but may not be an effective methane mitigant due to low NO3 intake. It is speculated that nitrate may be a useful tool to limit voluntary intake of non-protein nitrogen supplements.

Voluntary intake and apparent digestibility in ponies offered alfalfa based forages ad libitum

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 90-90
Author(s):  
J. J. Hyslop ◽  
S. Calder
Keyword(s):  
Basal Diet ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
The Uk

There is increased interest in using forages other than grass hay as the basal diet for equines in the UK. Whilst a range of short-chopped dehydrated alfalfa based forages may be used as alternatives to grass hay in equine diets, there is very little information available on their likely intake characteristics, apparent digestibilities or their nutritive values. The objectives of the current experiment were:- 1) to determine the voluntary feed intake (VFI) characteristics of three alfalfa based forages when offered ad libitum to ponies, 2) to determine the in vivo apparent digestibility, digestible energy (DE) and digestible crude protein (DCP) contents of these forages and 3) to compare the actual energy and protein intakes with theoretical energy and protein requirements.

Tropical cattle methane emissions: the role of natural statins supplementation

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1294 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Ramírez-Restrepo ◽  
C. J. O'Neill ◽  
N. López-Villalobos ◽  
J. Padmanabha ◽  
C. McSweeney
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Methane Yield ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Rhodes Grass

A natural food-based supplementation in the basal diet (BD) of cattle for lowering methane emissions was conducted over a 2.5-month period in 2013 at Lansdown Research Station, in north Queensland, Australia. Using eight rumen-cannulated Belmont Red Composite steers [436 ± 18.2 kg liveweight (LW); least squares means ± s.e.m.] fed a diet mixture of 0.85 CSIRO’s Ridley beef finisher pellets and 0.15 Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana); Experiment 1 compared for 7 weeks dose-dependent effects of the fermented-Monascus purpureus red rice powder (FRR) on dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency and tolerability. Consistent with the developed feeding methodology, the second experiment used four (461 ± 18.2 kg LW) fistulated Belmont Red Composite steers to assess rumen fermentation parameters and methane emissions measured in an open-circuit respiratory chamber system over ~4 weeks. Overall, LW increased throughout the study. In Experiment 1, the supplementation of FRR containing a natural lovastatin (monakolin K) reached 120 g/day (i.e. 2.88 ± 0.057 mg monakolin K/kg LW) fed in two approximately equal portions at 0900 hours and 1600 hours. However, once the diet was equal to or higher than 110 g/day of FRR, adverse effects were evident in terms of DMI (P < 0.05) and animal physiology. Compared with the BD, dietary intake of 40 g of FRR/day (i.e. 0.92 ± 0.034 mg monakolin K/kg LW) was associated (P < 0.05) with increased DMI and reduced methane yield (g/kg DMI) emissions. However, the effect was transient and not observed as FRR increased to 100 g/day. It was concluded that the adverse effects of FRR on animal health precludes further investigation with high doses of supplementation, and the transient reduction in methane yield was probably due to rumen adaptation.

Controlling voluntary intake of molasses-based supplements in grazing cattle

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Urea Content ◽  
Grazing Cattle ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Molasses-based liquid supplements fed ad libitum are widely used to provide additional metabolisable energy, non-protein N (NPN) and other nutrients to grazing cattle, but it is often difficult to achieve target intakes of supplementary nutrients. Experiments examined the effects of increasing concentrations of phosphoric acid, urea and ammonium sulfate on the voluntary intake (VI) of molasses-based supplements offered ad libitum to heifers grazing tropical pastures. In Experiment 1, the VI of a supplement containing 78 g urea/kg and 26 g phosphoric acid/kg as-fed (M80U+PA) was 3.61 g DM/kg liveweight (LW) per day, and provided 181 mg NPN and 32.4 mg phosphorus (P)/kg LW per day. Increasing the urea content of the supplement to 137 g/kg (M140U+PA) or 195 g/kg (M200U+PA) reduced VI of supplement DM, NPN and P by up to 76%, 44% and 80%, respectively. VI of supplement containing ammonium sulfate (M140+AS+PA) was lower (P < 0.05) than that of M140U+PA supplement, and tended (P > 0.05) to be lower than that of M200U+PA supplement. In experiment 2, the VI by heifers of a supplement containing 200 g urea/kg (M200U) was 1.53 g supplement DM/kg LW per day, which provided 186 mg NPN/kg LW per day. Inclusion of 49 g phosphoric acid/kg as-fed in this supplement (M190U+50PA) reduced (P < 0.05) VI of supplement DM and NPN by 33% and 36%, respectively, while inclusion of 97 g phosphoric acid/kg (M180U+100PA) reduced (P < 0.05) VI of supplement DM and NPN by 43% and 48%, respectively. The M190U+50PA and M180U+100PA supplements provided 16 and 26 mg P/kg LW per day, respectively. Heifers not fed supplements gained 0.07 kg/day, and the M200U supplement increased (P < 0.05) LW gain to 0.18 kg/day. LW gain was further increased (P < 0.05) by the M190U+50PA to 0.28 kg/day, indicating a growth response to supplementary P. No adverse effects of the supplements on animal health were observed in any of the experiments. In conclusion, addition of urea and/or phosphoric acid to molasses supplements effectively reduced VI of supplementary DM, NPN and P, and in the circumstances of Experiment 2, both molasses-urea and P supplements increased heifer LW.

scholarly journals Growth performance and nutrients digestibility of yankasa sheep fed sugarcane waste silage

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-147
Author(s):  
R.M. Ashiru ◽  
S.A. Maigandi ◽  
I.R. Muhammad ◽  
I.M. Suleiman
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Salt Lick ◽  
Ad Libitum

A Feeding trial was conducted for twelve weeks (eighty four days) to assess the performance of Yankasa sheep fed ensiled sugarcane waste (ESCW) enhanced with non – protein nitrogen (urea and poultry litter) sources and soybean meal. Sixteen (16) Yankasa rams (mean body weight 25kg±0.46; aged 8 to 15 months) were randomly allotted to the treatments groups viz; T1 (100% SCW plus urea, unensiled) as control, T2 (100% SCW plus urea, ensiled), T3 (75%SCW plus 25% SBM, ensiled) and T4 (75% SCW plus 25% PL, ensiled) with four animals per treatment in a randomised complete block design (RCBD). The experimental diets were offered as basal diet along with clean drinking water and mineral salt lick ad-libitum, while a concentrate diet was formulated containing 16.26% CP and offered at 1.5% body weight to each of the experimental animals. The results obtained indicated non significant (P>0.05) differences in the treatment means of all the growth parameters evaluated however, all the values obtained for T3 and T4 were numerically higher. The digestibility of DM, CF and NFE showed that T3 and T4 gave significantly (P<0.05) higher values. In conclusion ensilage of SCW with urea, soybean meal and poultry litter enhanced its utilization by Yankasa rams, since all the animals in all the treatments gained weight. It is therefore recommended that SCW could be enhanced and ensiled with either urea (4% : 100% SCW), SBM (25% : 75% SCW) or PL (25%:75% SCW) for dry season sheep feeding.Keywords digestibility, sugarcane waste, non-protein nitrogen, Yankasa sheep

Intake and utilization of energy from ammonia-treated and untreated wheat straw by steers and wether sheep given a basal diet of grass pellets and hay

1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Oosting ◽  
H. A. Boekholt ◽  
M. J. N. Los ◽  
C. P. Leffering
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Higher Ed ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake

AbstractTwo experiments, experiment 1 with six steers in a 3 × 3 Latin-square design and experiment 2 with four wether sheep in a cross-over design, were conducted to study the effect of species and ammonia treatment on intake and utilization of the energy of untreated wheat straw. Treatments were: (1) untreated wheat straw offered ad libitum on top of a basal diet (B) consisting of hay (0·25) and grass pellets (0·75) (UWS), (2) ammoniated wheat straw offered ad libitum plus B (AWS) and (3) ammoniated wheat straw offered at a restricted level plus B (AWS-). B was offered as a maintenance diet for both species and AWS- was only studied in steers. Voluntary intake of AWS zvas higher than that of UWS. No significant differences emerged between whole rations UWS and AWS with regard to energy digestion (ED), energy metabolizability (ρ = metabolizable energy (ME) I gross energy (GE)) and losses of digestible energy (DE) in urine and methane (average 187 J/KJ DE), but the efficiency of utilization of ME for growth (kg) was significantly higher for AWS than for UWS. ED and ρ of the straw part of the ration was significantly higher for AWS than for UWS. AWS- and AWS did not differ significantly with regard to ED, ρ and DE losses in methane and urine. Steers had a higher intake per kg0·75 per day than wether sheep. Across species, digestible energy intake (DEI) of the whole ad libitum fed diets was related to live weight (M)0·946 (s.e. of exponent 0·0152). ED and ρ of the straw part of the rations did not differ significantly between species, but steers had a significantly higher ED and ρ of β than wether sheep. Steers excreted a significantly lower proportion of DE in urine and a significantly higher proportion of DE in methane than did wethers. Total energy losses in urine and methane, however, did not differ between species.

A comparison of the voluntary intake and digestibility by beef cows of diets based on oat straw and supplemented with different forms of non-protein nitrogen

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Fishwick ◽  
J. J. Parkins ◽  
R. G. Hemingway ◽  
N. S. Ritchie
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility

ABSTRACTPregnant beef cows were given 2 kg barley per day and oat strawad libitum. The digestibility of the organic matter of the diet was approximately 53% when urea included in the barley was given in one or four feeds per day. Supplementation of the barley with di-ureido isobutane improved the organic matter digestibility to 56·7%. When a solution containing urea, phosphorus, calcium and sodium was included in the straw the digestibility of the diet was 59·0%. These improved digestibilities were not associated with any differences in the concentrations of ammonia in the rumen liquor or blood of the cows.

PSVII-3 Evaluation of dietary OmniGen AF supplementation and PG600 injection on reproductive characteristics of gilts

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 411-411
Author(s):  
Jun Chen ◽  
Jung Wook Lee ◽  
Jim J Monegue ◽  
Richard Niblett ◽  
Kim Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Reproductive Characteristics ◽  
Ovary Weight ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Diet Control ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract A cooperative study evaluated effects of supplemental dietary OmniGen AF (OG; Phibro Animal Health Corporation) on reproductive characteristics of gilts. Crossbred gilts (n = 56; initial body weight = 152.3 ± 9.7 kg) were assigned to treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design [diet (OG or control) and PG600 (Merck Animal Health, El Dora, KS) injection (Yes or No)]. Dietary treatments were: 1) corn-SBM basal diet (control) that met NRC (2012) requirement estimates, or 2) control plus 0.75% OG and were fed 35 to 40 d prior to breeding. A common diet formulation was used by both stations. Gilts were estrous-synchronized by 14-d feeding of Matrix (Merck Animal Health). PG600 injections occurred 24 hours after Matrix withdrawal. Gilts were weighed at breeding and preslaughter (at d 39 to 48 postbreeding) and were euthanized to evaluate reproductive characteristics. There were no OG x PG600 interactions on any response measures (P &gt; 0.15). Mean responses did not differ (P &gt; 0.20) when gilts were fed control or OG diets, respectively, for total uterus weight (6,065 vs. 5,883 g), uterine horn length (129.2 vs. 123.9 cm), ovary weight (9.66 vs. 9.94 g), total corpora lutea (CL) number (25.0 vs. 25.3), individual CL weight (0.41 vs. 0.43 g), total follicular fluid weight (3.17 vs. 3.03 g), individual placenta weight (86.3 vs. 86.4 g), total fetuses (14.2 vs. 13.0), and fetus crown-rump length (7.97 vs. 7.66 cm). Supplementation with OG reduced (P = 0.04) individual placenta fluid volume of gilts (150.6 vs. 115.4 mL). PG600 injection increased (P &lt; 0.001) ovary weight (9.03 vs. 10.57 g), total CL (18.09 vs 32.27) and reduced CL weight (0.46 vs. 0.38 g). The results demonstrated classic PG600 responses on reproductive characteristics but no effects of 0.75% OG supplementation nor an interaction between the two factors.

Effects of nutrition in late pregnancy on subsequent milk production in Ewes

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Lower Content ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Total Birth ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake

SUMMARY1. Scottish Half-bred ewes carrying twin foetuses were fed individually to make live-weight gains in the last six weeks of pregnancy of (1) 20%, (2) 10% and (3) 0% of their live weight in week 14 of pregnancy. In lactation the ewes were fed ad libitum. The lambs were removed 12 to 16 hr after parturition and the ewes were machine-milked twice daily for the first six weeks of lactation.2. Total birth weights per ewe of twin lambs from the treatments were (1) 10·10 kg, (2) 9·44 kg and (3) 8·18 kg and differed significantly.3. The level and pattern of voluntary intake in lactation did not differ significantly between the treatments. Total dry-matter intakes in the six weeks of lactation were (1) 121·9 kg (2) 105·9 kg and (3) 109·5 kg.4. The pregnancy treatments affected the level of milk production and the shape of lactation curves. The total yields in the first six weeks of lactation were (1) 58·8 kg, (2) 43·5 kg and (3) 26·9 kg. Higher contents of fat and protein and the lower content of lactose in the milk from treatment-3 ewes on days 1 and 3 of lactation indicated a slower onset of lactation in these ewes. Between days 7 and 35 of lactation the contents of fat and SNF were lowest on treatment 3 but the differences were not significant.5. The live-weight changes in lactation, which were in inverse order to the gains in late pregnancy, were (1) 3·4 kg, (2) 5·5 kg and (3) 9·5 kg.

scholarly journals NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FRESH AND DRIED MARROW-STEM KALE HARVESTED AT TWO DIFFERENT PERIODS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. PELLETIER ◽  
E. DONEFER
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Plant Constituents ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Three yearling Cheviot × Suffolk ewes and three Columbia wethers were confined in metabolic cages and fed ad libitum fresh and dried marrow-stem kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala D.C.) harvested in mid- and late October. Chemical analyses of the forages indicated no marked effects on any of the plant constituents due to drying or advancing maturity. Digestibility measurements demonstrated that marrow-stem kale (MSK) was a highly digestible material with an average dry matter digestibility of 78%. The fresh forages had higher (P < 0.05) dry matter and gross energy digestibility values than the dried form. Dry matter digestibility coefficients were higher (P < 0.05) for late October as compared with the earlier harvest. A trend toward higher (P > 0.05) voluntary intake values due to drying maturity was observed with an average relative intake of 80%. The nutritive value index averaged 65, thus indicating a digestible energy intake similar to a high-quality (legume) forage.

scholarly journals Energy balances of eight volunteers fed on diets supplemented with either lac ti to1 or saccharose

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. H. Van Es ◽  
Lisette De Groot ◽  
J. E. Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Basal Diet ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Office Work ◽  
Accurate Picture ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Energy Equilibrium ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Respiratory Gases

1. Complete 24 h energy and nitrogen balances were measured for eight subjects both while consuming a basal diet supplemented with 49 g saccharose/d (diet S) and while consuming the same basal diet but supplemented with 50 g lactitol monohydrate/d (diet L).2. The subjects ate the two diets for 8 d. Faeces and urine were collected for the final 4 d. Exchange of respiratory gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methane) was measured during the final 72 h while the subjects stayed in an open-circuit respiration chamber, 11 m3, and simulated office work. Before eating diet L, subjects ate 50 g lactitol daily for 10 d.3. On diets L and S, faecal moisture content averaged 0.787 and 0.753 g/g respectively, the difference being significant (P < 0.05). On diet L, energy and nitrogen digestibilities and energy metabolizability averaged 0, 922, 0.836 and 0-881 respectively, and on diet S 0.935, 0.869 and 0.896 respectively; the differences were also significant (P < 0.05). Urinary energy losses and N balances were not significantly different for the two diets.4. In all subjects only traces of methane were produced but hydrogen production differed significantly (P < 0.05) for diets L and S, being 2.3 and 0.4 litres (normal temperature and pressure)/d respectively.5. Intakes of metabolizable energy (ME) were corrected, within subjects, to energy equilibrium and equal metabolic body-weight. The corrected ME intakes did not show differences between diets. However, when on diet L the subjects were probably less active than when on diet S because differences within subjects of ankle actometer counts between diets showed a high correlation with the corresponding differences in corrected ME intakes (r 0.92). Further correction of ME intake toward equal actometer activity showed a significant (P < 0.05) difference between diets: for maintaining energy equilibrium 5.6 (SE 0.8; P < 0.05) % more ME from diet L was needed than from diet S. The reliability of this 5.6% difference depends on whether or not one ankle actometer gives an accurate picture of the subject's physical activity.6. The energy contribution to the body is clearly smaller from lactitol than from saccharose, certainly due to the effect of lactitol on digestion, and probably also due to the effect on the utilization of ME.

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