Effects of dietary calcium propionate on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing lambs

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
German D. Mendoza-Martínez ◽  
Juan M. Pinos-Rodríguez ◽  
Héctor A. Lee-Rangel ◽  
Pedro A. Hernández-García ◽  
Rolado Rojo-Rubio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Fermentation Pattern ◽  
Calcium Propionate

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of two levels of calcium propionate on lamb performance and some carcass characteristics. Twenty-one male Creole lambs with an initial weight of 25.3 ± 3.3 kg were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 0, 10, and 20 g of calcium propionate/kg of diet (dry matter basis). Intake, daily gain, feed conversion, carcass weight, and rib eye area were not affected (P < 0.05) by calcium propionate addition. Ruminal fermentation was not altered (rumen pH, volatile fatty acids concentration, and fermentation pattern), and ruminal ammonia-N presented a quadratic response (P < 0.05). In fat from the longissimus dorsi muscle, oleic acid showed a linear decrease (P < 0.05) and α-linolenic presented a linear increment (P < 0.05). The addition of 10 or 20 g of calcium propionate in diets containing 350 g/kg grain and 100 g/kg molasses did not modify the productive performance of lambs or ruminal fermentation, and minor changes were detected in long-chain fatty acid in intramuscular fat.

scholarly journals PSVII-6 Effects dietary herbal vitamin E on lamb performance, ruminal fermentation, blood biochemical profile, and meat oxidative stability

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 160-161
Author(s):  
José A Martinez-Aispuro ◽  
German D Mendoza ◽  
Jose L Cordero ◽  
Marco A Ayala ◽  
Pedro A Hernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Oxidative Stability ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate four levels of a natural vitamin E on lamb performance, blood metabolites, rumen metabolism and meat quality characteristics. Thirty-six male lambs (29.24 SD 2.54 kg Hampshire x Suffolk) were used in a completely randomized experimental design. Treatments consisted of dietary inclusion of Herbal E-50 (Nuproxa) at 0, 1, 2 and 3 g/kg dry matter (DM) for for 60 days in lambs that did not receive any additional source of vitamin E. A quadratic response was observed on daily gain, final body weight, feed conversion, intake blood cholesterol and glucose. The estimated optimal level of herbal E obtained of herbal E levels for average daily gain was 1.76 ± 0.10 g/kg and 1.84 ± 0.77 g/kg for feed conversion. Ruminal pH and the major volatile fatty acids were not affected by herbal E. A quadratic response was observed on blood cholesterol (P < 0.10) and glucose (P < 0.01). Dietary herbal E increased linearly counts of erythrocytes (P < 0.05), platelet (P < 0.10), proteins and globulins (P < 0.01) whereas the albumin/globulin ratio was linearly reduced (P < 0.01). Meat texture was improved (quadratic; P < 0.05) and the reducing/antioxidant capacity was improved linearly (P < 0.001) with herbal E. Redness measured at 7 d was also improved with herbal E (P < 0.05; lineal effect). The lamb performance can be improved with 1.8 g/kg Herbal E 50 in finishing lamb diets. The inclusion of herbal E feed plant additive improved the daily gain in finishing lambs, feed efficiency and improved meat oxidative stability.

scholarly journals Comparison of Two Sampling Techniques for Evaluating Ruminal Fermentation and Microbiota in the Planktonic Phase of Rumen Digesta in Dairy Cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Flavia de Assis Lage ◽  
Susanna Elizabeth Räisänen ◽  
Audino Melgar ◽  
Krum Nedelkov ◽  
Xianjiang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Dissolved Hydrogen

The objective of this experiment was to compare ruminal fluid samples collected through rumen cannula (RC) or using an oral stomach tube (ST) for measurement of ruminal fermentation and microbiota variables. Six ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cows fed a standard diet were used in the study. Rumen samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 h after the morning feeding on two consecutive days using both RC and ST techniques. Samples were filtered through two layers of cheesecloth and the filtered ruminal fluid was used for further analysis. Compared with RC, ST samples had 7% greater pH; however, the pattern in pH change after feeding was similar between sampling methods. Total volatile fatty acids (VFA), acetate and propionate concentrations in ruminal fluid were on average 23% lower for ST compared with RC. There were no differences between RC and ST in VFA molar proportions (except for isobutyrate), ammonia and dissolved hydrogen (dH2) concentrations, or total protozoa counts, and there were no interactions between sampling technique and time of sampling. Bacterial ASV richness was higher in ST compared with RC samples; however, no differences were observed for Shannon diversity. Based on Permanova analysis, bacterial community composition was influenced by sampling method and there was an interaction between sampling method and time of sampling. A core microbiota comprised of Prevotella, S24-7, unclassified Bacteroidales and unclassified Clostridiales, Butyrivibrio, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, unclassified Ruminococcaceae, Ruminococcus, and Sharpea was present in both ST and RC samples, although their relative abundance varied and was influenced by an interaction between sampling time and sampling method. Overall, our results suggest that ruminal fluid samples collected using ST (at 180 to 200 cm depth) are not representative of rumen pH, absolute values of VFA concentrations, or bacterial communities &gt;2 h post-feeding when compared to samples of ruminal fluid collected using RC. However, ST can be a feasible sampling technique if the purpose is to study molar proportions of VFA, protozoa counts, dH2, and ammonia concentrations.

scholarly journals The Effect of Replacing Wildrye Hay with Mulberry Leaves on the Growth Performance, Blood Metabolites, and Carcass Characteristics of Sheep

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2018
Author(s):  
Hua Sun ◽  
Yang Luo ◽  
Fangfang Zhao ◽  
Yaotian Fan ◽  
Jingnan Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Mulberry Leaves ◽  
Ph Values

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of partially substituting for conventional forage, Chinese wildrye (CW), with mulberry leaves (ML) on the growth, digestion, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, and meat quality of sheep in a 65-day feedlot study. Thirty-two four-month-old male small-tailed Han sheep (25.15 ± 1.03 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments. The dietary treatments consisted of four proportions of ML (0, 8, 24, and 32%) as a substitute for CW (designated as ML0, ML8, ML24, and ML32, respectively). Rumen digesta and blood samples were collected at day 63 of the trial. Carcass traits were assessed after slaughter at the end of performance period. The results from this study revealed no differences in average daily bodyweight gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and final body weight (FBW) among treatments. The apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was higher in the sheep fed with ML than in those fed CW. The ML24 treatment had a higher digestibility of crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE). There were no differences (p = 0.13) in ruminal pH values among the treatments. However, there was more microbial protein (p < 0.01) in ML24 and ML32 treatments than the ML0 treatment. Ruminal concentrations of acetate and butyrate were significantly different among treatments, although no difference in concentrations of total volatile fatty acid were found. Additionally, no differences were detected for serum parameters except blood urea nitrogen (BUN). No differences were observed for carcass weight (p = 0.62), dressing percentage (p = 0.31) or longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) area (p = 0.94) among treatments. However, intramuscular fat was higher in the ML24 treatment than in the ML0 treatment. (p < 0.01). There were higher pH values of the 24-h longissimus dorsi in the ML24 treatment than in the ML0 treatment. In addition, the saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was lower (p < 0.01) and the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content higher (p < 0.01) in the ML24 treatment than in the ML0 treatment. In conclusion, the partially substitution of mulberry leaves for Chinese wildrye in the diet of sheep had a beneficial influence on the growth performance, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics. The inclusion of 24% (air dry basis) mulberry leaf hay in the ration of sheep is recommended based on these findings.

scholarly journals Addition of calcium propionate to finishing lamb diets

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
José A. Martínez-Aispuro ◽  
María Teresa Sánchez-Torres ◽  
German D. Mendoza-Martínez ◽  
José L. Cordero Mora ◽  
José L. Figueroa-Velasco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Calcium Propionate ◽  
Daily Gain

Calcium (Ca) propionate can be added to ruminant diets as a glucogenic substrate. However, due to its hypophagic effect, it is necessary to establish the optimal dose that can be used to replace grains in finishing diets for lambs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the effect of four concentrations of Ca propionate in lamb diets on productive performance and rumen fermentation. Thirty two Hampshire x Suffolk lambs (23.82 ± 0.40 kg initial body weight), distributed in a completely randomized design, were given a diet with four concentrations of Ca propionate (g kg−1): 0, 10, 20 or 30 g, for 42 days. The results were tested for linear or quadratic responses. The final weight, average daily gain and feed: gain ratio showed quadratic responses (P ≤ 0.01). The optimal dose was established at 13.77 g kg−1 DM. Addition of Ca propionate did not affect variables related to rumen fermentation (pH, total volatile fatty acids, acetate, butyrate or rumen ammonia-N; P ≥ 0.05) . Nonetheless, glucose and propionate concentrations showed a quadratic response (P ≤ 0.05). The highest concentrations of propionate in rumen were observed with 15.14 g kg−1 DM. Results indicate that Ca propionate can be included in a dose of up to 13.77 g kg−1 DM in feedlot rations, to attain best lamb performance.

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Calcium Propionate Supplementation on Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Messenger RNA Expression and Growth Performance in Finishing Rambouillet Lambs

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 566
Author(s):  
Oswaldo Cifuentes-Lopez ◽  
Héctor A. Lee-Rangel ◽  
German D. Mendoza ◽  
Pablo Delgado-Sanchez ◽  
Luz Guerrero-Gonzalez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Calcium ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Calcium Propionate

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of feeding different levels concentrations of dietary calcium propionate (CaPr) on lambs’ growth performance; ruminal fermentation parameters; glucose–insulin concentration; and hypothalamic mRNA expression for neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP), and proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Thirty-two individually fed lambs were randomly assigned to four treatments: (1) control diet (0 g/kg of CaPr), (2) low CaPr, (30 g/kg dry matter (DM)), (3) medium CaPr, (35 g/kg DM), and (4) high CaPr (40 g/kg DM). After 42 days of feeding, lambs were slaughtered for collecting samples of the hypothalamus. Data were analyzed as a complete randomized design, and means were separated using linear and quadratic polynomial contrast. Growth performance was not affected (p ≥ 0.11) by dietary CaPr inclusion. The ruminal concentration of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) increased linearly (p = 0.04) as dietary CaPr increased. Likewise, a linear increase in plasma insulin concentration (p = 0.03) as dietary CaPr concentration increased. The relative mRNA expression of NPY exhibited a quadratic effect (p < 0.01), but there were significant differences in the mRNA expression of AgRP and POMC (p ≥ 0.10). Dietary calcium propionate did not improve lamb growth performance in lambs feed with only forage diets. Intake was not correlated with feed intake with mRNA expression of neuropeptides.

scholarly journals Effect of unconventional by-product on growth performance, digestibility, carcass characteristics, blood profile and cecal microbial activity in New Zealand white rabbits

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmin M.M. Mahmoud ◽  
Abd El-Kader Mahmoud Kholif ◽  
Mabrouk Elsabagh
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Liver Function ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Blood Profile

Abstract This study addressed the effect of unconventional by-products on growth performance, carcass characteristics, some blood parameters, and caecal activities in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. A total of 48 weaned NZW rabbits (748 ± 9.50 g BW, 6 weeks old), randomly assigned into three treatment groups (16 each, individually housed), were fed a basal diet containing BBP at 0.00 (Control), 1.00 (Broc1) or 3.00 (Broc2) % on a dry matter (DM) basis as feed additives, for 8 weeks. The Broc2 rabbits showed the highest (P < 0.05) body weight gain and feed intake followed by the Broc1 group compared to the control one. Feed conversion ratio and performance index did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments. Nutrient digestibility was higher (P < 0.05) for Broc1 and Broc2 rabbits compared to the control. Both Broc1 and Broc2 rabbits showed higher (P < 0.05) empty edible carcass, giblets, dressing, head, liver, heart and kidney weights, but showed a lower non-edible carcass weight compared to the control. Blood proteins and liver function enzymes were increased (P < 0.05) whereas the glucose, total cholesterol, uric acid and creatinine were decreased (P < 0.05) in Broc1 and Broc2 rabbits compared to the control. The caecal concentration of total volatile fatty acids was increased (P < 0.05) but that of ammonia was decreased (P < 0.05) with Broc1 and Broc2 groups of rabbits compared to those of control. Thus, dietary supplementation of BBP at 3% of DM in rabbits’ diets could improve their growth performance, carcass traits, liver function and blood profile as well as the caecal fermentation parameters.

scholarly journals PSXII-26 Withdrawing monensin by the end of finishing period increases intake and changes ruminal fermentation patterns of cannulated Nellore cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 415-416
Author(s):  
João Victor T Dellaqua ◽  
André Luiz N Rigueiro ◽  
Antonio M Silvestre ◽  
Leandro Aparecido F Silva ◽  
Katia Lirian R Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
State University ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Nellore Cattle ◽  
Fermentation Pattern

Abstract This study, conducted at São Paulo State University feedlot, Dracena, Brazil, was designed to evaluate the effects of increasing diet energy content and withdrawing monensin (MON) by the end of the finishing period, while combined with virginiamycin (VM), on rumen fermentation patterns and DMI of Nellore cattle. The experiment was designed as a 5 x 5 Latin square, in which five 32-mo-old Nellore steers (531 ± 22 kg) cannulated in the rumen were utilized. Each period lasted 28-d, which was divided into phases as follows: 14-d adaptation (66% to 78% concentrate), 7-d finishing 1 (84% concentrate) and 7-d finishing 2 (88% concentrate). The treatments were: MON throughout phases, VM throughout phases, MON+VM throughout phases, MON+VM during adaptation and only VM during finishing 1 and 2, and MON+VM during adaptation and finishing 1 and only VM during finishing 2. Monensin and VM were added into diets at 30 and 25 ppm, respectively (DM basis). Rumen fermentation pattern was assessed by measuring ruminal pH and by collecting samples for SCFA determination on the last day of each phase. No treatment effect was observed (P &gt; 0.05) for any of the SCFA variables measured, except for acetate:propionate, where cattle fed MON+VM throughout phases had greater ratio than those fed MON throughout phases on finishing 1 (P = 0.02; Table 1). Cattle consuming only VM in the study presented greater DMI throughout phases (P &lt; 0.01), which did not negatively impact rumen pH (Table 2). Feeding MON+VM and withdrawing MON on finishing 2 did not affect SCFA concentrations, but decreased DMI, when compared to cattle fed VM either throughout phases or just during finishing, without affecting rumen pH. Thus, increasing diet energy content and withdrawing MON by the end of finishing period negatively impacted DMI without altering ruminal fermentation pattern.

scholarly journals Effects of yeast culture supplement on digestion of nutrients and rumen fermentation in cattle fed on grass silage barley diet

1991 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 443-453
Author(s):  
Pekka Huhtanen
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Yeast Culture ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Total Digestion ◽  
Fermentation Pattern ◽  
Cell Wall Carbohydrates

The effects of including yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae plus growth medium; 5 x 106 organisms/g) on the digestion of dietary constituents in the rumen and total digestive tract were studied in a pair of monozygote twin bulls. The animals were fitted with cannulae in the rumen and in the proximal duodenum. A diet of grass silage, barley and rapeseed meal (445, 445 and 90 g/kg total dry matter (DM)) was fed, with and without addition of 10 g per day of yeast culture (YC), in two treatment sequences. The addition of YC had no effect on the mean values of rumen pH, ammonia N concentration or molar proportions of volatile fatty acids. Also, the postprandial changes in rumen fermentation pattern were similar when the diet did and did not contain the YC supplement. The peak concentration of lactic acid 1 h after feeding tended to be higher in cattle receiving the YC diet (13.9 v 6.0 mmol/l). Apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM) (mean 0.780) and the proportion of OM digestion occurring in the rumen (mean 0.603) were not affected by YC. Likewise, there was no effect on rumen or total digestion of cell wall carbohydrates, and the results for the degradation of hay DM in the rumen and for particle-associated carboxymethylcellulase and xylanase activities indicated that YC had no effect on the rumen environment that could affect fibre digestion. Supplemental yeast did not affect the rate of microbial N synthesis (28.0 and 28.6 g/kg OM apparently digested in the rumen). The results indicate that the addition of YC to the diet is not likely to improve the efficiency of digestion and fermentation in the rumen of cattle given a diet based on grass silage and barley.

Effect of dietary inclusion of safflower meal on ruminal fermentation, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of lambs

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-267
Author(s):  
Germán Buendía-Rodríguez ◽  
Laura H. Vallejo ◽  
Mona M.Y. Elghandour ◽  
Abdelfattah Z.M. Salem ◽  
Victor Mlambo
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Post Feeding

This study examines the effect of including graded levels of safflower meal (SM) [0 (SM0), 150 (SM15), or 200 g kg−1 dry matter (SM20)] in diets of Katahdin–Pelibuey lambs on ruminal fermentation, growth performance, and meat quality. Experimental diets were randomly allocated to 24 lambs (29.25 ± 0.55 kg) in a 60 d feeding trial. On day 30, rumen fluid was collected from each sheep at 0, 3, and 6 h after morning feeding to measure pH, ammonia, and volatile fatty acids. Feed intake, nutrient digestibility, growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality were also measured. Feed intake, ruminal volatile fatty acids concentration, dry matter, and crude protein digestibility were not affected (P > 0.05) by diets. Lambs fed on SM15 had higher (P < 0.05) ruminal pH at 3 and 6 h post feeding compared with those on SM0 and SM20. Inclusion of SM increased (P < 0.05) ruminal ammonia concentration at 3 and 6 h post feeding; however, daily gain decreased with increasing levels of SM. Diets did not affect (P > 0.05) carcass and meat quality traits. Feeding SM-containing diets resulted in similar feed utilization, carcass characteristics, and meat quality to the control diet while improving ruminal fermentation parameters.

scholarly journals Chromium and selenium-enriched yeast for castrated finishing pigs: effects on performance and carcass characteristics

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 3851 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Garcia Caramori Júnior ◽  
Charles Kiefer ◽  
Eduardo Viana Ferreira ◽  
Bruno Serpa Vieira ◽  
Henrique Carvalho Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Dorsi Muscle

To evaluate the effect of organic chromium (Cr) and selenium (Se) supplementation on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs, 300 castrated males were distributed in a randomized block design with three treatments and five replications of 20 pigs each. Treatments consisted of different diets, formulated to reach or exceed Rostagno et al. (2011) nutritional requirements, as follows: 1) control - basal diet without organic Cr and Se supplementation from 70 to 130 kg of body weight; 2) CrSe70 - basal diet supplemented with 0.8 mg kg-1 of Cr- and 0.6 mg kg-1 of Se-enriched yeast from 70 to 130 kg of body weight; 3) CrSe100 - basal diet without organic Cr and Se supplementation from 70 to 100 kg of body weight followed by basal diet supplemented with 0.8 mg kg-1 of Cr- and 0.6 mg kg-1 of Se-enriched yeast from 100 to 130 kg of body weight. Performance was evaluated by measuring body weight, daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio. At the end of experimental period, pigs were sacrificed and lean meat percentage, longissimus dorsi muscle depth, back fat thickness, and carcass bonus index were determined using prediction equations generated by the software Hennessy System GP4 after carcass scanning with an electronic probe. Data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and in case of significant differences (P ? 0.05), means were compared by SNK multiple-range test. Daily feed intake (P = 0.008) and feed conversion ratio (P = 0.004) decreased for pigs supplemented with Cr- and Se-enriched yeast from 70 to 100 kg of body weight. Otherwise, pigs supplemented between 100 and 130 kg of body weight increased (P = 0.032) daily feed intake in comparison to the control group. Regarding carcass characteristics, Cr- and Se-enriched yeast supplementation increased (P = 0.019) longissimus dorsi muscle depth in both CrSe70 and CrSe100 treatments. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Cr- and Se-enriched yeast for castrated male pigs between 70 and 130 kg of body weight increases longissimus dorsi muscle depth in carcass without affecting final body weight or daily weight gain of the animals.

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