Energy requirements for maintenance and growth of entire male Bali cattle in East Timor

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliaty ◽  
S. Low ◽  
J. Fisher ◽  
G. McL. Dryden
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
East Timor ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Bos Javanicus ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Bali Cattle ◽  
Entire Male

The metabolisable energy (ME) requirements for maintenance and growth of entire male Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) were determined by regressing liveweight change on ME intake. Cattle were fed either a diet (DM basis) of 52.5% urea-treated rice straw plus 47.5% fresh leucaena forage (Expt 1), or fresh leucaena forage alone (Expt 2). In each experiment, liveweight change and feed intake were measured over 4 weeks, after a 1-week introductory period, and feed constituent digestibilities were measured during the final week. In Expt 1, 10 bulls between 1.5 and 3 years of age and weighing 123.7 ± 11.79 kg (mean ± s.d.) were allocated to DM intakes estimated to provide 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, or 2.0 times the estimated ME requirement for maintenance (based on calculations made from published CSIRO equations for tropical cattle species other than B. javanicus), with either one or two bulls per treatment. In Expt 2, the bulls were given treatments estimated to provide 0.85, 1.0, 1.4, 1.8, or 2.2 times the ME requirement for maintenance, with two bulls allocated to each treatment. The measured ME requirements for maintenance were 0.42 ± 0.369 and 0.40 ± 0.153 MJ/kg LW0.75.day (coefficient ± standard error, Expts 1 and 2, respectively). The ME requirement for ‘production’ (i.e. positive liveweight change of male Bali cattle under the specific conditions of the experiment) was calculated to be 39.2 MJ/kg liveweight gain in Expt 2. The calculated efficiency of use of dietary ME for production in Expt 2, was 0.34

Liveweight gain and feed intake of weaned Bali cattle fed grass and tree legumes in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dahlanuddin ◽  
O. Yanuarianto ◽  
D. P. Poppi ◽  
S. R. McLennan ◽  
S. P. Quigley
Keyword(s):  
Rice Bran ◽  
Block Design ◽  
The Other ◽  
Native Grass ◽  
Tree Legumes ◽  
Bos Javanicus ◽  
Chest Girth ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Bali Cattle ◽  
Entire Male

Two experiments were conducted with weaned entire male Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) between 6 and 12 months of age. A randomised block design was used in both experiments, which consisted of four treatments (diets), with five replicates (animals) per treatment. In both experiments, the average daily liveweight gain (LWG), feed and water intake and diet digestibility were determined over 8 or 10 weeks, with chest girth and wither height measured at the commencement and end of the experiments. In Experiment 1, the treatments were fresh native grass, native grass supplemented with fresh sesbania, fresh sesbania and fresh sesbania supplemented with rice bran. In Experiment 2, the treatments were sole diets of leucaena hay, sesbania hay, moringa hay or gliricidia hay supplemented with sesbania hay. In Experiment 1, animals fed sesbania supplemented with rice bran had higher DM intake than did animals fed the other three diets. DM digestibility (DMD) was significantly lower for weaners fed the native grass diet than for those fed the other diets. Animals fed sesbania or sesbania supplemented with rice bran had a higher LWG (0.34 and 0.43 kg/day, respectively) and estimated metabolisable energy (ME) intake (0.71 and 0.80 MJ of ME/kg W0.75.day, respectively) than did animals fed native grass alone (0.03 kg/day; 0.58 MJ of ME/kg W0.75.day) or native grass supplemented with sesbania (0.07 kg/day; 0.64 MJ of ME/kg W0.75.day). In Experiment 2, animals fed gliricidia hay had the lowest DM intake. DM intake of animals fed moringa hay was higher than that of animals fed gliricidia hay, but lower than the intake of animals fed sesbania hay or leucaena hay. DMD of the sesbania and leucaena hay diets was lower than that of the gliricidia and moringa hay diets. Animals fed leucaena and sesbania hays had a higher LWG (0.47 and 0.43 kg/day, respectively) and estimated ME intake (0.75 and 0.78 MJ of ME/kg W0.75.day, respectively) than did animals fed moringa hay (0.22 kg/day; 0.66 MJ ME/kg W0.75.day) or gliricidia hay supplemented with sesbania hay (0.0 kg/day; 0.48 MJ ME/kg W0.75.day). In conclusion, tree legumes can safely be fed to growing Bali cattle as the sole component of the diet and some of them will increase LWGs above that of native grasses, which are typically fed to Bali cattle in villages.

The level of tree legumes required to meet the maintenance energy requirements of Ongole (Bos indicus) cows fed rice straw in Indonesia

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 641 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Syahniar ◽  
R. Antari ◽  
D. Pamungkas ◽  
Marsetyo ◽  
D. E. Mayberry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Tree Legumes ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

Improving the productivity and profitability of smallholder cattle enterprises in Indonesia requires greater and more efficient utilisation of underutilised feed resources such as rice straw. The experiment tested the hypothesis that an Ongole cow with low energy requirements can maintain weight (W) on a rice straw-based diet with the addition of a small amount of tree legumes. Thirty-two Ongole cross (Bos indicus) cows were allocated to one of four treatments in a randomised block design with eight cows per treatment. Cows were offered untreated rice straw ad libitum with four levels of tree legumes (0, 11, 21, and 42 g DM/kg W0.75.day) for 20 weeks. Feed intake was determined daily and liveweight was measured every second week. There was no difference in total feed intake between the treatment groups (P > 0.05). Intake of tree legumes was higher when more was offered (P < 0.05), but cows did not consume all of the legumes offered to them. The inclusion of tree legumes in the diet had no effect on organic matter digestibility, ME content of the diet, liveweight gain or estimated energy balance of the cows (P > 0.05). Rice straw alone contained insufficient ME and rumen-degradable N to meet the maintenance requirements of the cows. From the regression relating liveweight change and ME intake for all cows across all diets, the inclusion of tree legumes in the diet at ~12 g DM/kg W0.75.day or 2.8 g DM/kg W.day was enough to meet the energy requirements for maintenance of Ongole cows fed rice straw ad libitum.

Metabolisable energy requirements for maintenance and gain of liveweight of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus)

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Quigley ◽  
Dahlanuddin ◽  
Marsetyo ◽  
D. Pamungkas ◽  
A. Priyanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Bos Javanicus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Bali Cattle ◽  
The Relationship

A series of liveweight gain (LWG), feed and water intake and digestibility experiments were conducted across eastern Indonesia. Thirty-six datasets of LWG, feed and water intake, and diet characteristics were used to determine the nutritional requirements of growing Bali cattle fed a wide range of diets that varied in crude protein content and apparent dry matter digestibility. Regression of average daily LWG against estimated metabolisable energy (ME) intake was conducted, and the ME requirements for maintenance of liveweight (LW, 0 kg/day) and LWG were determined. It was estimated that the ME required to maintain LW of this class of Bali cattle, across the range of diets evaluated, was 0.47 MJ ME/kg LW0.75.day and that 34 MJ ME was required for each kg LWG, or 29 g LWG/MJ ME. The relationship between estimated ME intake and LWG was not affected by the crude protein content of the diet. The data demonstrate that ME requirements for maintenance of LW of Bali cattle are comparable with values for other cattle species, but that this class of Bali cattle is generally less efficient in the use of ME for LWG across the range of diets evaluated.

Insulin secretion, body composition and pig performance are altered by feeding pattern

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald E. Newman ◽  
Jeffery A. Downing ◽  
Peter C. Thomson ◽  
Cherie L. Collins ◽  
David J. Henman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Entire Male

Three studies investigated the effect of feeding strategy on production performance and endocrine status of growing pigs. For Experiment 1, 20 entire male pigs (70.0 ± 4.6 kg) were allocated randomly to individual pens in one of four climate-controlled rooms. Pigs were fed for 23 days either ad libitum or entrained to feed bi-phasically for two 90-min periods. For Experiment 2, 20 entire male pigs (41.2 ± 3.5 kg) were housed as per Experiment 1. Pigs were fed for 49 days either ad libitum or fed bi-phasically for two 60-min periods. For Experiment 3, 100 female pigs (66.1 ± 3.5 kg) were randomly allocated to individual pens within a commercial piggery and fed for 42 days either ad libitum or bi-phasically for two 60-min periods. Ear vein catheters were inserted into 10 pigs from each group and hourly blood samples were collected for 24 h in Experiments 1 and 2 and for 11 h in Experiment 3. Plasma insulin, non-esterified fatty acid and glucose concentrations were determined in Experiments 1 and 2, and glucose and insulin concentrations in Experiment 3. Feed intake and performance were recorded in all experiments and carcass composition was assessed by computed tomography for Experiment 2. There were no differences in final liveweight between the two treatment groups for all experiments. Pigs fed for two 90-min periods (Experiment 1) showed no difference in feed intake when compared with feeding ad libitum. Pigs in Experiment 2 fed for two 60-min intervals consumed 2.49 kg/pig.day compared with those fed ad libitum that consumed 2.68 kg/day (P = 0.057). In Experiment 3, pigs fed twice daily consumed 2.82 kg/pig.day compared with 2.91 kg/pig.day in ad libitum-fed pigs (P = 0.051). Bi-phasic fed pigs in Experiment 2 had improved (P < 0.05) feed conversion efficiency compared with pigs fed ad libitum. For all experiments, there was no difference in plasma glucose concentrations between the two treatments. In all three experiments, the circulating insulin concentrations for pigs fed ad libitum remained at a constant level throughout the sampling period. However, plasma insulin concentrations for the bi-phasic fed pigs significantly increased ~1 h after both feeding periods during all three experiments. Insulin secretion of pigs fed for two 90-min periods differed from that of pigs fed for two 60-min periods. Plasma insulin concentration increased five-fold following feeding for 60 min, compared with that in pigs fed for 90 min, which increased two-fold. Bi-phasic-fed pigs from Experiment 2 had reduced (P < 0.05) total carcass fat and significantly increased muscle when compared with pigs fed ad libitum. The data showed that feeding pigs at two succinct periods aligned insulin secretion to the time of feeding. Pigs fed for 60 min, unlike those fed for 90-min intervals, had reduced feed intake in comparison to those fed ad libitum. This may suggest that the duration of the feeding bout is important for this response and this may in turn influence both energy balance and the way energy is partitioned.

The use of regression techniques on calorimetric data to estimate the metabolisable energy requirements of lactating dairy cows

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
T. Yan ◽  
F. J. Gordon ◽  
R. E. Agnew ◽  
M. G. Porter ◽  
D. C. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Gaseous Exchange ◽  
Calorimetric Data ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

The metabolisable energy (ME) requirement for maintenance (MEm) can be determined by measuring the fasting metabolism of the non-lactating cow, but this approach cannot encompass any differences in maintenance metabolic rate between lactating and non-lactating animals. The MEm and efficiency of ME use for lactation (k1) can also be estimated by regression of energy outputs against ME intake (MEI). During 1992 to 1995, a total of 221 Holstein/Friesian lactating dairy cows, which were offered grass silage-based diets, were subjected to gaseous exchange measurements in indirect open-circuit respiration calorimeters. The objective of the present study was to use these data to predict the MEm and k1 by a range of regression techniques for lactating dairy cows offered grass silage-based diets.

Effects of Protein and Roughage Sources in Total Mixed Ration on Voluntary Feed Intake, Nutrient Intake and Blood Metabolites in Black Bengal Goats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Polviset ◽  
N. Danopas
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Cassava Leaves ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake

Background: Agricultural productivity in Southeast Asian countries are important to produce food for human, thus the first priority to improve agricultural productivity is feed and feeding in livestock, especially in ruminants when rice straw and Napier grass are used as the roughage sources; in addition, cassava leaves and Leucaena leaves can be used as the protein sources. Interestingly, the strategy to improve feed in ruminant is through the use of total mixed rations (TMR) which are produced by combination of roughages, concentrates, minerals, vitamins and additives. Methods: During the period 2020-2021 a study with 2 × 2 factorial, in 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21 days per period tested the following TMR’s T1- 5% urea treated rice straw with dried Leucaena leaves, T2- 5% urea treated rice with dried cassava leaves, T3- fermented napier grass with dried Leucaena leaves and the T4- fermented napier grass with dried cassava leaves on voluntary feed intake, nutrient intake and blood metabolites in Black Bengal goats. Result: All treatments did not affect voluntary feed intake (kgDM/head/day and % BW) (P greater than 0.05), but feeding with 5% urea treated rice with dried cassava leaves, it was non significantly higher (0.71 kgDM/day). Furthermore, nutrient intake of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and rumination were not affected among all the four treatments (P greater than 0.05). Additionally, blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen and triglyceride concentrations in plasma were not influenced due to treatments (P greater than 0.05). Nevertheless, Feed cost (USD/kg) was reduced T3 and T4. In conclusion, feeding Black Bengal goat with fermented napier grass with dried Leucaena leaves and fermented napier grass with dried cassava leaves in the TMR were suitable because of the lowest price (0.13 USD/kg) when compared to the other treatments.

scholarly journals 89 Nutrition and Feeding of the Modern Hyperprolific Sow

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 75-75
Author(s):  
Laura L Greiner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Reproductive Tissue ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

Abstract Over the last 25 years, the sow has developed to have a leaner body mass to address the need for leaner, fast growing offspring. The leaner body mass results in a female that biologically can have a lower feed intake. Furthermore, the number of pigs born per litter and milk production have also increased during the same timeframe. Much research has been conducted over the years to investigate the amino acid and energy requirements of both the lactating and gestating sow; however, application of the research has resulted in varied responses. The varied responses can be related to sow health, environmental influences, litter growth rates, and anticipated body reserve changes during lactation. Furthermore, calculations associated with the regression of reproductive tissue after farrowing can complicate the analysis of amino acid requirements. This presentation will discuss some of the recent research associated with feeding the modern sow, potentially challenging some of the differences in data, and offering some thoughts on looking towards the next 25 years of sow production.

Effects of food intake and composition on the concentration of glucose in the blood of lactating cattle

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 333 ◽  
Author(s):  
TJ McClure
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Maize Meal ◽  
Ad Libitum

A group of 16 cows, each suckling one calf, were fed on rations composed of maize meal, cottonseed meal, urea and rice straw in one of four different ratios and at two levels, (a) ad libitum and (b) in restricted amounts. The composition of the feed affected intake. Both the gross intake and the estimated intake of metabolizable energy were closely correlated with liveweight change. The intake of metabolizable energy was correlated with blood glucose in the cows fed ad libitum, but not in the cows fed on restricted amounts of the rations. It was concluded that feed quality significantly affected the blood glucose concentration of the lactating cows, but that within the ranges used in this experiment, feed intake and the intake of metabolizable energy had little effect.

scholarly journals Effect of season on semen production and quality parameter in Indonesian Bali cattle (Bos javanicus)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigit Prastowo ◽  
Myristica Sucedona Trisna Kusuma ◽  
Nuzul Widyas ◽  
Adi Ratriyanto ◽  
Ahmad Pramono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Parameter ◽  
Bos Javanicus ◽  
Bali Cattle

Effect of pattern of energy intake during pregnancy and lactation on sow performance and productivity

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 17-17
Author(s):  
Pauline A. Lee ◽  
W.H. Close
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Energy Component ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Short And Long Term

There is now sufficient evidence to suggest that the ARC (1981) factorial estimates of the energy requirements of the sow during pregnancy are too high, due, possibly, to an over-estimation of the maintenance energy component (MEm). Revised values, based on an MEm value of 439 KJ ME/kg0.75, have therefore been calculated and the present experiment was designed to test these new estimates. An additional feature of the experiment is to determine whether variations in feed intake during lactation have an effect on the utilization of energy in subsequent pregnancies for maternal body weight gain. Since the experiment will be conducted over 4 parities it will be interesting to determine whether variations in feed intake during both pregnancy and lactation influence short- and long-term sow performance.

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