Factors associated with calf mortality in tropically adapted beef breeds managed in extensive Australian production systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim L. Bunter ◽  
David J. Johnston ◽  
Matthew L. Wolcott ◽  
Geoffry Fordyce
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Calf Survival ◽  
Calf Mortality ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Almost All

Data from 9296 calves born to 2078 dams over 9 years across five sites were used to investigate factors associated with calf mortality for tropically adapted breeds (Brahman and Tropical Composite) recorded in extensive production systems, using multivariate logistic regression. The average calf mortality pre-weaning was 9.5% of calves born, varying from 1.5% to 41% across all sites and years. In total, 67% of calves that died did so within a week of their birth, with cause of death most frequently recorded as unknown. The major factors significantly (P < 0.05) associated with mortality for potentially large numbers of calves included the specific production environment represented by site-year, low calf birthweight (more so than high birthweight) and horn status at branding. Almost all calf deaths post-branding (assessed from n = 8348 calves) occurred in calves that were dehorned, totalling 2.1% of dehorned calves and 15.9% of all calf deaths recorded. Breed effects on calf mortality were primarily the result of breed differences in calf birthweight and, to a lesser extent, large teat size of cows; however, differences in other breed characteristics could be important. Twin births and calves assisted at birth had a very high risk of mortality, but <1% of calves were twins and few calves were assisted at birth. Conversely, it could not be established how many calves would have benefitted from assistance at birth. Cow age group and outcome from the previous season were also associated with current calf mortality; maiden or young cows (<4 years old) had increased calf losses overall. More mature cows with a previous outcome of calf loss were also more likely to have another calf loss in the subsequent year, and this should be considered for culling decisions. Closer attention to the management of younger cows is warranted to improve calf survival.

Genetic parameters for calf mortality and correlated cow and calf traits in tropically adapted beef breeds managed in extensive Australian production systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim L. Bunter ◽  
David J. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Maternal Effects ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Correlated Response ◽  
Genetic Associations ◽  
Calf Survival ◽  
Calf Mortality

The genetic associations between cow teat and udder traits with maternal contributions to calf mortality were studied in Brahman (BRAH) and Tropical Composite (TCOMP) cattle managed in extensive production systems of northern Australia. Data from 9286 purebred and crossbred calves, progeny of 2076 cows and 149 sires, were recorded from 2003 to 2011. Calf weights at birth (BWT) and weaning (WWT) were routinely recorded. The event of calf death before weaning (DWEAN) was analysed as a repeated-measure of the cow. Cows were also scored at each calving for front- and back-teat size and udder size (US) on an ascending five-point scale. Heritabilities for front-teat size, back-teat size and US were 0.38 ± 0.05, 0.31 ± 0.05 and 0.49 ± 0.01, and estimates were the same for BRAH and TCOMP. The heritability of DWEAN was higher in BRAH (0.09 ± 0.02) than in TCOMP (0.02 ± 0.01). Variance ratios for maternal genetic effects contributing to variation in BWT and WWT were 0.13 ± 0.02 and 0.18 ± 0.05, and tended to be larger in TCOMP than in BRAH. Teat and udder scores were moderately correlated phenotypically (0.37 ± 0.01) and genetically (0.53 ± 0.04) with each other. Both traits were uncorrelated genetically with calf birthweight but positively correlated with WWT and DWEAN. The genetic correlation between average teat score at calving and DWEAN was larger (0.54 ± 0.05) than that between US and DWEAN (0.33 ± 0.06), whereas the genetic correlation between US and maternal effects for WWT was larger (0.60 ± 0.08) than the corresponding value for average teat score with maternal WWT (0.37 ± 0.13). Correlations between BWT and WWT were high for both direct (0.63 ± 0.07) and maternal (0.50 ± 0.09) genetic effects. Genetic correlations between maternal effects for BWT or WWT with DWEAN were both negative (–0.23 ± 0.10 and –0.21 ± 0.04), while the correlation between BWT and WWT for maternal effects was positive (0.54 ± 0.09), showing that larger calves at birth are less likely to die before weaning and have heavier weaning weights from maternal genetic contributions to these traits. Selection on maternal components of BWT and WWT should be accompanied by recording for teat and udder characteristics to assist in preventing any undesired correlated response in teat or udder size, which can have detrimental outcomes for calf survival, despite expectations of higher milk yield.

Adjustment of birth weight for weighing age and relationship of standardized birth weight with early mortality in N'Dama calves under traditional husbandry systems in The Gambia

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-308
Author(s):  
K. Agyemang
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Calf Mortality ◽  
Major Factors

AbstractBirth-weight data recorded between 1986 and 1991 on 3453 N'Dama calves from the village production systems of The Gambia were analysed to identify major factors influencing this trait and to quantify the relationship between birth weight and early calf mortality. Birth weights were measured over a range of time, from a few hours to 14 days after birth. Least-squares analysis of the fixed effects of site, year and season of birth, parity of dam, sex, age in days at which birth weight was recorded and random effects of herd and cow nested within site showed that all these factors significantly influenced this trait.A subset of these data (no. = 2452) was used to derive adjustment factors which were applied to the larger data set to standardize birth weights to a common age measurement. Results from these adjustments showed that birth weights recorded between the 7th and 14th day after birth should be decreased by proportionately 0·12 to 0·14 to be comparable with those measured on day of birth.Maximum likelihood analyis of cumulative calf mortality to 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of age using age-standardized data (no. = 3156), which excluded deaths of traumatic origin, showed that mortality was highly influenced by birth weight. Calves were grouped into three classes, namely below-average, average and above-average of sitemates' values. Mortality rates among the three groups during the first 30 days of life were 3·6, 0·9 and 0·3%. The corresponding values at day 120 were 13·8, 6·3 and 5·0%. The average age at death during the first 120 days in the three groups were 51, 58 and 73 days. Mortality rates among calves born in the wet season were higher than those born in the dry season (e.g. 9·9 v. 5·9% for mortality to day 120).Examination of data on calving distribution and milk production patterns of the dams of the calves used in this study as well as the causes of deaths among the calves indicated that although dam effect was an important determinant of calf survival other factors such as the vigour of the calf at birth, weather conditions and disease environment at the tethering and grazing areas were important as well.

The Effect of Patient and Hospital Characteristics on Total Costs of Peripheral Bypass in New York State

2021 ◽  
pp. 153857442199331
Author(s):  
Nicole Ilonzo ◽  
Cody Goldberger ◽  
Songhon Hwang ◽  
Ajit Rao ◽  
Peter Faries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Bypass Surgery ◽  
New York State ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Peripheral Bypass ◽  
Extreme Risk ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Fourth Quartile

Introduction: With the aging U.S. population, peripheral vascular procedures will become increasingly common. The objective of this study is to characterize the factors associated with increased total costs after peripheral bypass surgery. Methods: Data for 34,819 patients undergoing peripheral bypass surgery in NY State were extracted using the Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) database for years 2009-2017. Patient demographics, All Patient Refined Diagnostic Related Groups (APR) severity score, mortality risk, hospital volume, and length of stay data were collected. Primary outcomes were total costs and length of stay. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: 28.1% of peripheral bypass surgeries were performed in New York City. 7.9% of patients had extreme APR severity of illness whereas 32.0% had major APR severity of illness. 6.3% of patients had extreme risk of mortality and 1 in every 5 patients (20%) had major risk of mortality. 24.9% of patients were discharged to a facility. The mean length of stay (LOS) was 9.9 days. Patient LOS of 6-11 days was associated with +$2,791.76 total costs. Mean LOS of ≥ 12 days was associated with + $27,194.88 total costs. Multivariate analysis revealed risk factors associated with an admission listed in the fourth quartile of total costs (≥$36,694.44) for peripheral bypass surgery included NYC location (2.82, CI 2.62-3.04), emergency surgery (1.12, CI 1.03-1.22), extreme APR 2.08, 1.78-2.43, extreme risk of mortality (2.73, 2.34-3.19), emergency room visit (1.68, 1.57-1.81), discharge to a facility (1.27, CI 1.15-1.41), and LOS in the third or fourth quartile (11.09, 9.87-12.46). Conclusion: The cost of peripheral bypass surgery in New York State is influenced by a variety of factors including LOS, patient comorbidity and disease severity, an ER admission, and discharge to a facility.

A comparison of two contrasting milk production systems for high genetic merit autumn calving dairy cows in a grassland based production environment

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 76-76
Author(s):  
C.P. Ferris ◽  
F.J. Gordon ◽  
D.C. Patterson ◽  
C.S. Mayne
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Short Term Study ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
High Feed ◽  
Feed Value

In a previous short term study, Ferris et al. (1997) demonstrated that similar levels of nutrient intake and animal performance could be obtained by either increasing silage feed value and reducing concentrate feed level, or by reducing silage feed value and increasing concentrate feed level. The principles established in this study were incorporated into this trial to examine two systems of milk production over a full lactation, including both the winter and grazing periods.Forty high genetic merit dairy cows (PTA95 fat + protein = 38.2 kg), in their second or subsequent lactation, were used in a continuous design full lactation study. Animals had a mean calving date of 1 November and were allocated to one of two systems of milk production, HF or HC, within 36 hours of calving. During the winter, animals on system HF were offered a silage with high feed value characteristics, supplemented with 5.5 kg of concentrate (crude protein concentration of 280 g/kg DM) through an out-of-parlour feeding system.

Developing twinning cattle for commercial production

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 930 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Cummins ◽  
C. A. Morris ◽  
B. W. Kirkpatrick
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Term Selection ◽  
Calf Survival ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Meat Animal

Long-term selection programs in the United States and New Zealand have developed twinning herds. In Nebraska, the United States Meat Animal Research Centre population had a calving rate of 1.56 per parturition in 2004. They have shown that the location of ovulation has an important effect on the success of pregnancy and that ovulations ≥3 are probably undesirable. These cattle have issues associated with calving difficulty and calf survival, which present challenges for commercial application. Intensive management using existing technology and/or future genetic improvement to address these traits are required to realise the potential benefits to beef production systems.

DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTION OF CAUSES OF CAMEL CALF LOSSES BETWEEN PASTORALISTS AND SCIENTISTS

2003 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. KAUFMANN
Keyword(s):  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Knowledge Systems ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Calf Mortality ◽  
Management Changes ◽  
Calf Rearing

Management deficiencies on the part of the pastoralists were claimed to be one of the major causes of the high losses of camel (Camelus dromedarius) calves contributing to low productivity of camel herds. In the present study, calf deaths, and the causes thereof, were analysed in connection with pastoral calf management in order to assess possible relationships. Progeny history data on 1506 Rendille, 789 Gabra and 1206 Somali calves born between 1980 and 1995 provided quantitative information on losses and the underlying causes. Assessment of the causes of death, and analysis of related management practices, led to suggestions for management changes. In feedback seminars with pastoralists, however, it became apparent that these management changes would not be adopted because they contradicted the pastoralists' assumptions on the causes of calf mortality. The discussions revealed that differences between pastoralists' and scientists' perceptions determined different opinions on proper calf-rearing management practices. Combining different knowledge systems offers the possibility of a more complete understanding, which is required for the derivation of adoptable calf mortality-reducing interventions that are compatible with the knowledge and production systems of the pastoralists.

Long-term mortality rates and associated risk factors following primary and revision knee arthroplasty

2022 ◽  
Vol 104-B (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Liam Zen Yapp ◽  
Nick D. Clement ◽  
Matthew Moran ◽  
Jon V. Clarke ◽  
A. Hamish R. W. Simpson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Revision Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Long Term Mortality

Aims The aim of this study was to determine the long-term mortality rate, and to identify factors associated with this, following primary and revision knee arthroplasty (KA). Methods Data from the Scottish Arthroplasty Project (1998 to 2019) were retrospectively analyzed. Patient mortality data were linked from the National Records of Scotland. Analyses were performed separately for the primary and revised KA cohorts. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was calculated for the population at risk. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards were used to identify predictors and estimate relative mortality risks. Results At a median 7.4 years (interquartile range (IQR) 4.0 to 11.6) follow-up, 27.8% of primary (n = 27,474/98,778) and 31.3% of revision (n = 2,611/8,343) KA patients had died. Both primary and revision cohorts had lower mortality rates than the general population (SMR 0.74 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.74); p < 0.001; SMR 0.83 (95% CI 0.80 to 0.86); p < 0.001, respectively), which persisted for 12 and eighteight years after surgery, respectively. Factors associated with increased risk of mortality after primary KA included male sex (hazard ratio (HR) 1.40 (95% CI 1.36 to 1.45)), increasing socioeconomic deprivation (HR 1.43 (95% CI 1.36 to 1.50)), inflammatory polyarthropathy (HR 1.79 (95% CI 1.68 to 1.90)), greater number of comorbidities (HR 1.59 (95% CI 1.51 to 1.68)), and periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) requiring revision (HR 1.92 (95% CI 1.57 to 2.36)) when adjusting for age. Similarly, male sex (HR 1.36 (95% CI 1.24 to 1.49)), increasing socioeconomic deprivation (HR 1.31 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.52)), inflammatory polyarthropathy (HR 1.24 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.37)), greater number of comorbidities (HR 1.64 (95% CI 1.33 to 2.01)), and revision for PJI (HR 1.35 (95% 1.18 to 1.55)) were independently associated with an increased risk of mortality following revision KA when adjusting for age. Conclusion The SMR of patients undergoing primary and revision KA was lower than that of the general population and remained so for several years post-surgery. However, approximately one in four patients undergoing primary and one in three patients undergoing revision KA died within tenten years of surgery. Several patient and surgical factors, including PJI, were associated with the risk of mortality within ten years of primary and revision surgery. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(1):45–52.

Augmented Reality in der Produktion*/Augmented Reality in production systems – seeing things nobody else can see

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (03) ◽  
pp. 153-157
Author(s):  
J. Gutjahr ◽  
G. Riexinger ◽  
F. Strieg
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Production Planning ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Industrie 4.0 ◽  
Production Operation ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Fraunhofer Institute ◽  
Manufacturing Engineering ◽  
Planning Production

Das Fraunhofer-Institut für Produktionstechnik und Automatisierung IPA in Stuttgart entwickelt Augmented-Reality-Lösungen für das Produktionsumfeld. Die in diesem Beitrag vorgestellten Arbeiten und Anwendungen sind im „Applikationszentrum Industrie 4.0“ Teil der Showcases Mensch und IT. Abteilungsübergreifend wurden verschiedene Anwendungsbereiche für Augmented Reality in der Produktion erforscht und anwendungsnahe Lösungen entwickelt. Ausgewählte Arbeiten werden im Beitrag getrennt nach den Themenbereichen Produktionsplanung, Produktionsbetrieb, Instandhaltung sowie Montage vorgestellt. &nbsp; The Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA in Stuttgart develops augmented reality solutions for the production environment. This article presents research activities and applications that are part of human and IT showcases within the “Application Center Industrie 4.0”. Different areas of application for Augmented Reality in production have been evaluated and application-driven solutions developed. The article presents selected findings in the fields of production planning, production operation, maintenance and assembly.

scholarly journals Major causes and risk factors associated with calf mortality in dairy farms in Khartoum State, Sudan

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Mansour Abdullatief ◽  
E. Abdelgadir Atif ◽  
E. M. El Zubeir Ibtisam
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Calf Mortality ◽  
Causes And Risk Factors

scholarly journals Factors associated with 56-day non-return rate in dairy cattle

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 648-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramiro Fouz ◽  
Fernando Gandoy ◽  
María Luisa Sanjuán ◽  
Eduardo Yus ◽  
Francisco Javier Diéguez
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Models ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Return Rate ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
North West ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Service Conception ◽  
Major Factors

The objective of this work was to identify factors associated with the 56-day non-return rate (56-NRR) in dairy herds in the Galician region, Spain, and to estimate it for individual Holstein bulls. The experiment was carried out in herds originated from North-West Spain, from September 2008 to August 2009. Data of the 76,440 first inseminations performed during this period were gathered. Candidate factors were tested for their association with the 56-NRR by using a logistic model (binomial). Afterwards, 37 sires with a minimum of 150 first performed inseminations were individually evaluated. Logistic models were also estimated for each bull, and predicted individual 56-NRR rate values were calculated as a solution for the model parameters. Logistic regression found four major factors associated with 56-NRR in lactating cows: age at insemination, days from calving to insemination, milk production level at the time of insemination, and herd size. First-service conception rate, when a particular sire was used, was higher for heifers (0.71) than for lactating cows (0.52). Non-return rates were highly variable among bulls. Asignificant part of the herd-level variation of 56-NRR of Holstein cattle seems attributable to the service sire. High correlation level between observed and predicted 56-NRR was found.

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