Effect of intercropping forage peas (Pisum sativum L.) with winter wheat (Tritium vulgare L.) or triticale (Triticale hexaploide Lart.) on DM yield, nutritive characteristics when harvested at different stages of growth

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 949 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
G. N. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Total Contribution ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Boot Stage

An experiment was undertaken over 2 years (2007–09) to determine the effect of intercropping forage peas with either forage winter wheat or triticale for whole-crop silage. Monocultures of triticale (T100), wheat (W100) and forage peas (P100) and plus cereal–pea combinations of 75% triticale : 25% pea (T75), 50% triticale : 50% pea (T50), 25% triticale : 75% pea (T25), 75% wheat : 25% pea (W75), 50% wheat : 50% pea (W50), 25% wheat : 75% pea (W25), with ratios based on sowing rate, were evaluated for DM yield and nutritional characteristics at a range of growth stages. It was hypothesised that an increase in the ratio of peas to cereal would not adversely affect DM yield and would have a positive impact on nutritive characteristics across a range of harvest times based on growth stages of the cereal component of mixes. In Year 1, at the boot stage of growth of cereals, P100 had a lower DM yield than W100 and all triticale-based treatments, while in Year 2 P100 had a lower DM yield than all other treatments. By the soft dough growth stage in Year 1, all triticale treatments except T25 had higher DM yields than P100 and in Year 2 P100 had a lower DM yield than all triticale treatments and W100. The crude protein (CP) concentration of P100 at the boot stage of growth was higher than T100, T75, T50, W100 and W50 in Year 1 and all treatments in Year 2. At soft dough, P100 had a higher CP concentration than all other treatments in both years, while T25 and W25 had higher CP concentrations than their respective monocultures. In Year 1 at soft dough, W100 had a lower estimated ME concentration than other wheat treatments and P100, while in Year 2, T50 and W50 had higher values than T100 and W100, respectively. Bi-cropping forage peas with winter cereal forage crops did not adversely affect DM yields at a range of different harvest times, but did not consistently and significantly improve nutritive characteristics. Despite relatively high sowing rates of forage peas, their total contribution in mixes with cereals to DM yield was low, indicating that their ability to compete with winter cereals under the high fertility conditions of the experiment was low. When grown as a monoculture peas tended to produce lower DM yields but had higher CP concentrations and a higher harvested CP/ha at the soft dough stage of growth. The timing of harvesting will affect DM yields and nutritive characteristics and can be manipulated depending upon the end use of the feed grown and also to allow greater flexibility in the sowing of subsequent forages. Consideration should also be given to the growing of monocultures of winter cereals and forage peas and developing systems to mix during ensiling to capture both DM yield potential and optimum nutritive characteristics.

scholarly journals Growth and Phenology of Vulpia Myuros in Comparison with Apera Spica-Venti, Alopecurus Myosuroides and Lolium Multiflorum in Monoculture and in Winter Wheat

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1495
Author(s):  
Muhammad Javaid Akhter ◽  
Bo Melander ◽  
Solvejg Kopp Mathiassen ◽  
Rodrigo Labouriau ◽  
Svend Vendelbo Nielsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Neighborhood Design ◽  
Alopecurus Myosuroides ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Arable Weed

Vulpia myuros has become an increasing weed problem in winter cereals in Northern Europe. However, the information about V. myuros and its behavior as an arable weed is limited. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2017/18 and 2018/19, at the Department of Agroecology in Flakkebjerg, Denmark to investigate the emergence, phenological development and growth characteristics of V. myuros in monoculture and in mixture with winter wheat, in comparison to Apera spica-venti, Alopecurus myosuroides and Lolium multiflorum. V. myuros emerged earlier than A. myosuroides and A. spica-venti but later than L. multiflorum. Significant differences in phenological development were recorded among the species. Overall phenology of V. myuros was more similar to that of L. multiflorum than to A. myosuroides and A. spica-venti. V. myuros started seed shedding earlier than A. spica-venti and L. multiflorum but later than A. myosuroides. V. myuros was more sensitive to winter wheat competition in terms of biomass production and fecundity than the other species. Using a target-neighborhood design, responses of V. myuros and A. spica-venti to the increasing density of winter wheat were quantified. At early growth stages “BBCH 26–29”, V. myuros was suppressed less than A. spica-venti by winter wheat, while opposite responses were seen at later growth stages “BBCH 39–47” and “BBCH 81–90”. No significant differences in fecundity characteristics were observed between the two species in response to increasing winter wheat density. The information on the behavior of V. myuros gathered by the current study can support the development of effective integrated weed management strategies for V. myuros.

scholarly journals Aroma Profile, Microbial and Chemical Quality of Ensiled Green Forages Mixtures of Winter Cereals and Italian Ryegrass

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 512
Author(s):  
Alemayehu Worku ◽  
Tamás Tóth ◽  
Szilvia Orosz ◽  
Hedvig Fébel ◽  
László Kacsala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Chemical Quality ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Aroma Profile ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Mold And Yeast

The objective of this study was to evaluate the aroma profile, microbial and chemical quality of winter cereals (triticale, oats, barley and wheat) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) plus winter cereal mixture silages detected with an electronic nose. Four commercial mixtures (mixture A (40% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 30% of two cultivars of winter oats + 20% of winter barley + 10% of winter wheat), mixture B (50% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 40% of winter barley + 10% of winter wheat), mixture C (55% of three types of Italian ryegrass + 45% of two cultivars of winter oat), mixture D (40% of three types of Italian ryegrass + 30% of two cultivars of winter oat + 15% of two cultivars of winter triticale + 10% of winter barley + 5% of winter wheat)) were harvested, wilted and ensiled in laboratory-scale silos (n = 80) without additives. Both the principal component analysis (PCA) score plot for aroma profile and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classification revealed that mixture D had different aroma profile than other mixture silages. The difference was caused by the presence of high ethanol and LA in mixture D. Ethyl esters such as ethyl 3-methyl pentanoate, 2-methylpropanal, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate and ethyl-3-methylthiopropanoate were found at different retention indices in mixture D silage. The low LA and higher mold and yeast count in mixture C silage caused off odour due to the presence of 3-methylbutanoic acid, a simple alcohol with unpleasant camphor-like odor. At the end of 90 days fermentation winter cereal mixture silages (mixture A and B) had similar aroma pattern, and mixture C was also similar to winter cereal silages. However, mixture D had different aromatic pattern than other ensiled mixtures. Mixture C had higher (p < 0.05) mold and yeast (Log10 CFU (colony forming unit)/g) counts compared to mixture B. Mixture B and C had higher acetic acid (AA) content than mixture A and D. The lactic acid (LA) content was higher for mixture B than mixture C. In general, the electronic nose (EN) results revealed that the Italian ryegrass and winter cereal mixtures (mixture D) had better aroma profile as compared to winter cereal mixtures (mixture A and B). However, the cereal mixtures (mixture A and B) had better aroma quality than mixture C silage. Otherwise, the EN technology is suitable in finding off odor compounds of ensiled forages.

Adaptation of winter cereal species to shade and competition in a winter/spring cereal forage mixture

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Baron ◽  
E. A. de St Remy ◽  
D. F. Salmon ◽  
A. C. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Carbon Exchange ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Shoot Weight

Spring planted mixtures of spring and winter cereals maximize dry matter yield and provide fall pasture by regrowth of the winter cereal. However, delay of initial harvest may reduce the winter cereal component and therefore subsequent regrowth yield. Research was conducted at Lacombe, Alberta to investigate the effect of time of initial cut (stage), winter cereal species (species) and cropping system (monocrop and mixture) on winter cereal shoot weight, leaf carbon exchange efficiency and shoot morphology. These parameters may be related to adaptation of winter cereals to growth and survival in the mixture. Winter cereal plants were grown in pails embedded in monocrop plots of fall rye (Secale cereale L.), winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and in binary mixtures with Leduc barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The plants were removed when the barley reached the boot (B), heads emerged (H), H + 2, H + 4 and H + 6 wk stages. Shoot weight was generally smaller in the mixture than in the monocrop and wheat was reduced more than fall rye and triticale in the mixture compared to the monocrop. Dark respiration rate (r = −0.54) and carbon exchange (r = 0.36) under low light intensity were correlated (P < 0.05) to shoot size in the mixture. Fall rye and winter triticale had lower dark respiration rates than winter wheat. Leaf area index (LAI) was closely correlated (r = 0.83 and 0.84) with shoot weight in both the mixture and monocrop. While species failed to exhibit clear cut differences for LAI, fall rye and winter triticale were reduced less than winter wheat in the mixture relative to the monocrop. Stage was the dominant factor affecting winter cereal growth in both cropping systems, but fall rye and triticale exhibited superior morphological features, and their carbon exchange responses to light were more efficient than wheat, which should allow them to be sustained longer under the shaded conditions of a mixture. Key words: Delayed harvest, shade, spring and winter cereal mixtures, adaptation, carbon exchange, respiration

scholarly journals Post-Anthesis Photosynthetic Properties Provide Insights into Yield Potential of Tartary Buckwheat Cultivars

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dabing Xiang ◽  
Chengrui Ma ◽  
Yue Song ◽  
Qi Wu ◽  
Xiaoyong Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Tartary Buckwheat ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Fagopyrum Tataricum ◽  
The Difference

Photosynthesis is the basis for plant productivity, and improvement of photosynthetic efficiency is an important way to improve crop yield. However, the relationship between photosynthetic parameters and the yield of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) under rainfed conditions is unclear. A two-year field trial was conducted during 2016 and 2017 to assess the photosynthetic capacity of different leaves, dry matter accumulation, and yield of four Tartary buckwheat cultivars from flowering to maturity. The leaves of all cultivars aged gradually after flowering, and the leaf chlorophyll (Chl) and soluble protein (SP) contents, net photosynthetic rates (Pn), transpiration rates (Tr), and stomatal conductance (Gs) tended to decline. The Chl, SP, Pn, Tr, and Gs of cultivars (cvs.) XiQiao2 and QianKu3 were significantly higher than those of LiuKu3 and JiuJiang at each sampling time from 18 days after anthesis to maturity, but the intercellular CO2 content (Ci) showed the opposite trend. Cultivars XiQiao2 and QianKu3 produced more total dry matter (mean 17.1% higher), had higher harvest index (HI, mean 16.4% higher), and yield (mean 29.0% higher) than cvs. LiuKu3 and JiuJiang at maturity, and the difference was remarkably consistent. The yield of all the cultivars was positively correlated with leaf Chl, SP, Pn, Tr, and Gs, but negatively correlated with Ci. At late growth stages, the high-yielding cultivars maintained higher Chl, SP contents, Pn, Tr, and Gs, and showed higher dry matter accumulation and lower Ci than the low-yielding cultivars, consistent with their higher leaf photosynthetic capacity. The important factors determining the yield of Tartary buckwheat were maintaining higher leaf Chl and SP content and photosynthetic capacity and delaying aging during the grain formation stage. Enhanced rates of photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation led to higher post-anthesis accumulation of biomass with a positive impact on grain number and higher yield.

scholarly journals Submergence sensitivity of durum wheat, bread wheat and barley at the germination stage

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iduna Arduini ◽  
Cecilia Orlandi ◽  
Laura Ercoli ◽  
Alessandro Masoni
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Wheat Bread ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
High Concern

Soil waterlogging at initial growth stages can cause heavy yield losses of winter cereals. Therefore, the screening for submergence tolerance traits in seeds of commercial varieties is of high concern worldwide. Ten Italian varieties of durum wheat (<em>Triticum durum</em> Desf.), bread wheat (<em>T. aestivum</em> L.) and barley (<em>Hordeum vulgare</em> L.) were investigated for their ability to germinate in submerged conditions and to recover after submergence periods of three to 15 days. Submergence prevented germination and decreased germinability, at rates that increased with duration of submergence. Sensitivity ranked in the order: barley &gt;durum wheat &gt;bread wheat. We related the higher sensitivity of barley to its slower germination and slightly higher leakage of electrolytes, whereas the percentage of abnormal seedlings was lower than in other species. It was less than 4%, compared to less than 15 and 8% in durum wheat and bread wheat, respectively. Wide varietal differences were found in all species. According to variety, after 6-day submergence, germinability ranged from 2 to 42% in barley, from 5 to 80% in durum wheat, and from 30 to 77% in bread wheat. Varieties with more than 40% seed survival were three, six and seven per species, in the same order. The differential submergence sensitivity of varieties indicates a potential to select for waterlogging tolerance within Italian genotypes of winter cereal crops.

scholarly journals Using UAV Collected RGB and Multispectral Images to Evaluate Winter Wheat Performance across a Site Characterized by Century-Old Biochar Patches in Belgium

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 2504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramin Heidarian Dehkordi ◽  
Victor Burgeon ◽  
Julien Fouche ◽  
Edmundo Placencia Gomez ◽  
Jean-Thomas Cornelis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
P Value ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Crop Performance ◽  
Crop Health

Remote sensing data play a crucial role in monitoring crop dynamics in the context of precision agriculture by characterizing the spatial and temporal variability of crop traits. At present there is special interest in assessing the long-term impacts of biochar in agro-ecosystems. Despite the growing body of literature on monitoring the potential biochar effects on harvested crop yield and aboveground productivity, studies focusing on the detailed crop performance as a consequence of long-term biochar enrichment are still lacking. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate crop performance based on high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery considering both crop growth and health through RGB and multispectral analysis, respectively. More specifically, this approach allowed monitoring of century-old biochar impacts on winter wheat crop performance. Seven Red-Green-Blue (RGB) and six multispectral flights were executed over 11 century-old biochar patches of a cultivated field. UAV-based RGB imagery exhibited a significant positive impact of century-old biochar on the evolution of winter wheat canopy cover (p-value = 0.00007). Multispectral optimized soil adjusted vegetation index indicated a better crop development over the century-old biochar plots at the beginning of the season (p-values < 0.01), while there was no impact towards the end of the season. Plant height, derived from the RGB imagery, was slightly higher for century-old biochar plots. Crop health maps were computed based on principal component analysis and k-means clustering. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to quantify century-old biochar effects on crop performance during the entire growing period using remotely sensed data. Ground-based measurements illustrated a significant positive impact of century-old biochar on crop growth stages (p-value of 0.01265), whereas the harvested crop yield was not affected. Multispectral simplified canopy chlorophyll content index and normalized difference red edge index were found to be good linear estimators of harvested crop yield (p-value(Kendall) of 0.001 and 0.0008, respectively). The present research highlights that other factors (e.g., inherent pedological variations) are of higher importance than the presence of century-old biochar in determining crop health and yield variability.

Winter survival and yield of early-seeded winter wheat and triticale

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Salmon ◽  
V. S. Baron ◽  
A. C. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Spring Cereals

On the Canadian prairies, winter cereals such as rye (Secale cereale L.), triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. EM Thell) have shown potential for forage production when spring-seeded as monocrops (WMC) or as intercrops (IC) and doublecrops (DC) in binary combinations with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or oat (Avena sativa L.). Producers are frequently tempted to overwinter the winter cereals for seed production in the second year. The current study evaluated the influence of forage harvest during the establishment year on the winter hardiness and seed production of winter wheat and triticale in the WMC, IC, and DC cropping systems. Clippings of the WMC and IC as well as planting of the DC were timed to correspond to jointing (DS1), boot (DS2), late milk (DS3) and grain harvest (DS4). Planting of the winter cereal after grain harvest (DS4) of the spring cereal simulated the conventional cropping system. All plots were clipped in late fall to remove aftermath prior to overwintering. Consequently treatments first clipped at DS1 received five clippings compared with DS4 which received only two clippings. Subsequent winter survival and grain yield of both winter species were reduced in the WMC and IC compared with DC treatments. However, increasing the frequency of clipping during the year of establishement in the WMC and IC improved grain yield and winter survival in the winter wheat compared with treatments receiving less frequent or no clipping. Less consistent results were observed for winter triticale. Overwintering spring-planted winter wheat and triticale is not a suitable means for seed production compared with conventional fall planting or reseeding to spring cereals. Key words: Spring cereals, winter cereals, winter survival

scholarly journals Forage supply systems for dryland dairy farms in southern Australia

2006 ◽  
pp. 255-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.F. Chapman ◽  
J.L. Jacobs ◽  
G.N. Ward ◽  
G.B. O'Brien ◽  
S.N. Kenny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Models ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Operating Profit ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Double Cropping ◽  
Productivity Gains ◽  
Supply Systems

Continued improvements in home grown forage consumption are needed to support the long-term profitability of the dairy industry in southern Australia. Most home grown forage currently comes from perennial ryegrass pastures, which have significant limitations in the southern Australia environment. These limitations threaten future productivity gains, and we therefore consider opportunities for using other plant species. Data on the production of alternative perennial grasses, brassica summer crops, C4 summer crops and winter cereals grown for whole-crop silage are limited and generally show large variation in yields between sites and years. Simulation models suggest that, once the base ryegrass pasture is well-utilised, incorporating complementary forages can return $70 - $100/ha extra operating profit for every additional tonne of home grown forage DM consumed per ha. Double cropping (winter cereal or annual ryegrass followed by a summer crop of turnips or maize) and summer-active pastures such as tall fescue show particular promise. Further information is required on how to integrate these forages into whole farm feeding systems to realise the additional profit with manageable business and environmental risk. Keywords: dairy systems, forage production, pastures, forage crops, simulation models

COMPETITIVE ABILITY OF WINTER CEREAL–COMMON VETCH INTERCROPS AGAINST STERILE OAT

2008 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. VASILAKOGLOU ◽  
K. DHIMA ◽  
A. LITHOURGIDIS ◽  
I. ELEFTHEROHORINOS
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Stem Number ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Avena Sterilis ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Sole Crop ◽  
The Common

SUMMARYIntercropping cereals with legumes for forage or food production is extensively used as a cropping practice in many parts of the world. A 2-year field study was conducted using common vetch (Vicia sativa), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum), triticale (× Triticosecale), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and oat (Avena sativa) sole crops as well as common vetch intercrops with each of these cereals in a 35:65 cereal:common vetch ratio based on seed numbers, to determine their ability to compete with sterile oat (Avena sterilis spp. sterilis). At nine weeks after planting, fewer sterile oat plants emerged in common vetch sole crop than in cereal sole crops. Intercropping of cereals with common vetch generally did not affect sterile oat stem number and biomass compared with cereal sole crops. At harvest, cereal sole crops provided greater total dry biomass (DB) than the common vetch sole crop. However, triticale and oat produced more DB than winter wheat and barley. In most cases intercropping reduced total DB compared with cereal sole crops. The results of this study indicated that intercropping of the four winter cereals with common vetch did not provide any significant competitive advantage against sterile oat. However, common vetch sole crop showed the greatest suppressive ability against sterile oat among the sole crops or intercrops studied.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Vegetation Indices for Estimating Vegetative N Status in Winter Wheat

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (17) ◽  
pp. 3712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Prey ◽  
Urs Schmidhalter
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Red Edge ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
N Use ◽  
N Status

Precise sensor-based non-destructive estimation of crop nitrogen (N) status is essential for low-cost, objective optimization of N fertilization, as well as for early estimation of yield potential and N use efficiency. Several studies assessed the performance of spectral vegetation indices (SVI) for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), often either for conditions of low N status or across a wide range of the target traits N uptake (Nup), N concentration (NC), dry matter biomass (DM), and N nutrition index (NNI). This study aimed at a critical assessment of the estimation ability depending on the level of the target traits. It included seven years’ data with nine measurement dates from early stem elongation until flowering in eight N regimes (0–420 kg N ha−1) for selected SVIs. Tested across years, a pronounced date-specific clustering was found particularly for DM and NC. While for DM, only the R900_970 gave moderate but saturated relationships (R2 = 0.47, p < 0.001) and no index was useful for NC across dates, NNI and Nup could be better estimated (REIP: R2 = 0.59, p < 0.001 for both traits). Tested within growth stages across N levels, the order of the estimation of the traits was mostly Nup ≈ NNI > NC ≈ DM. Depending on the number (n = 1–3) and characteristic of cultivars included, the relationships improved when testing within instead of across cultivars, with the relatively lowest cultivar effect on the estimation of DM and the strongest on NC. For assessing the trait estimation under conditions of high–excessive N fertilization, the range of the target traits was divided into two intervals with NNI values < 0.8 (interval 1: low N status) and with NNI values > 0.8 (interval 2: high N status). Although better estimations were found in interval 1, useful relationships were also obtained in interval 2 from the best indices (DM: R780_740: average R2 = 0.35, RMSE = 567 kg ha−1; NC: REIP: average R2 = 0.40, RMSE = 0.25%; NNI: REIP: average R2 = 0.46, RMSE = 0.10; Nup: REIP: average R2 = 0.48, RMSE = 21 kg N ha−1). While in interval 1, all indices performed rather similarly, the three red edge-based indices were clearly better suited for the three N-related traits. The results are promising for applying SVIs also under conditions of high N status, aiming at detecting and avoiding excessive N use. While in canopies of lower N status, the use of simple NIR/VIS indices may be sufficient without losing much precision, the red edge information appears crucial for conditions of higher N status. These findings can be transferred to the configuration and use of simpler multispectral sensors under conditions of contrasting N status in precision farming.

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