Preliminary study on the effects of ammonium nicotinate on in vitro ruminal fermentation as determined using rumen simulation technique (Rusitec)

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla R. Soliva ◽  
Carmen Kunz
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Simulation Technique ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Low Protein

The objective of the present in vitro study was to investigate the effects of different dietary supplementation levels of ammonium nicotinate (NA-NH4), a precursor product when manufacturing nicotinic acid (NA), on ruminal fermentation traits. Four experimental runs were carried out incubating ruminal fluid from a donor cow by using rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). A low-protein (109 g/kg feed dry matter) basal diet, consisting of maize silage, hay and concentrate, served as the first control. Supplements were NA at 4.7 mg/day (second control), NA-NH4 at supplementation rates of 2.7, 5.4, 10.7 and 21.4 mg/day, or NH4-sulfate at 2.53 mg/day (the third control). All NA-containing treatments were supplemented with the same amount of sulfate as supplied with the third control treatment. None of the NA-supplements affected any of the fermentation traits significantly compared with the first control treatment, except for a decrease in total short-chain fatty acids at the highest supplementation rate of NA-NH4. No differences were found between the treatments containing the same amount of NA, i.e. the second control and the NA-NH4 treatment at 5.4 mg/day. Comparing the different NA-NH4 supplementation rates revealed that 5.4 mg/day of NA-NH4 resulted in a lower amount of nitrogen (N) recovered in ammonia than the highest NA-NH4 supplementation rate, and increased non-ammonia N. The findings confirmed the suitability of NA-NH4, instead of pure NA, as a feed supplement; however, increasing NA-NH4-supplementation above the typical rate for dairy cattle might negatively affect ruminal fermentation.

scholarly journals Effects of Rich in Β-Glucans Edible Mushrooms on Aging Gut Microbiota Characteristics: An In Vitro Study

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evdokia K. Mitsou ◽  
Georgia Saxami ◽  
Emmanuela Stamoulou ◽  
Evangelia Kerezoudi ◽  
Eirini Terzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Edible Mushrooms ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Alterations of gut microbiota are evident during the aging process. Prebiotics may restore the gut microbial balance, with β-glucans emerging as prebiotic candidates. This study aimed to investigate the impact of edible mushrooms rich in β-glucans on the gut microbiota composition and metabolites by using in vitro static batch culture fermentations and fecal inocula from elderly donors (n = 8). Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, Hericium erinaceus and Cyclocybe cylindracea mushrooms derived from various substrates were examined. Gut microbiota composition (quantitative PCR (qPCR)) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs; gas chromatography (GC)) were determined during the 24-h fermentation. P. eryngii induced a strong lactogenic effect, while P. ostreatus and C. cylindracea induced a significant bifidogenic effect (p for all <0.05). Furthermore, P. eryngii produced on wheat straw and the prebiotic inulin had comparable Prebiotic Indexes, while P. eryngii produced on wheat straw/grape marc significantly increased the levels of tested butyrate producers. P. ostreatus, P. eryngii and C. cylindracea had similar trends in SCFA profile; H. erinaceus mushrooms were more diverse, especially in the production of propionate, butyrate and branched SCFAs. In conclusion, mushrooms rich in β-glucans may exert beneficial in vitro effects in gut microbiota and/or SCFAs production in elderly subjects.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the microbial population in ruminal fluid using real time PCR in steers treated with virginiamycin

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 276-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.J. Guo ◽  
J.Q. Wang ◽  
D.P. Bu ◽  
K.L. Liu ◽  
J.P. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Bacteria

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of virginiamycin (VM ) supplementation on ruminal fermentation and microbial populations in steers. Four ruminally cannulated Chinese Luxi steers (BW 559.4 &plusmn; 30.1 kg) were used in a crossover design experiment with an experimental period of 28 days. The forage to concentrate ratio of the basal diet was 35:65 on dry matter basis. The experiment consisted of control treatment and treatment with control diet plus VM at a dose of 30 mg/kg concentrate (DM basis). Rumen fluid was collected at 07:30 prefeeding, at 11:30 and 17:30 postfeeding on day 27 and 28. A part of the pooled sample from rumen fluid was transferred to anaerobic culture by a roll-tube technique and analysed for species-specific real-time PCR quantification. The remaining pooled rumen fluid sample was analyzed for pH, VFA, ammonia N and l-lactic acid. The results showed that VM increased the ruminal pH (6.70 vs. 6.63; P &lt; 0.05), but it decreased ammonia nitrogen (4.94 vs. 6.19 mg/100 ml; P &lt; 0.01) and mean counts of amylolytic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria (P &lt; 0.01) as compared to the control. The additive VM did not affect the l-lactic acid concentration (1.39 vs. 1.26 mmol/l) in rumen fluid. Compared to the control, the steers receiving VM have altered a trend of quantification of Selenomonas ruminantium, Anaerovibrio lipolytica, Ruminococcus albus and Streptococcus bovis in rumen fluid (0.05&lt;p&lt;0.1) as compared to the control. However, VM had no significant effect on Lactobacillus spp. (P = 0.41), Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (P = 0.35), on the genus Ruminococcus (P = 0.25), Ruminococcus flavefaciens (P = 0.52), Prevotella ruminicola (P = 0.54), on the genus Prevotella (P = 0.67) and Megasphaera elsdenii (P = 0.97). In this study, we found that VM had selective effects on ruminal bacteria and influenced ruminal fermentation by changing a part of the specific ruminal bacteria populations.

Effects of black seed oil and Ferula elaeochytris supplementation on ruminal fermentation as tested in vitro with the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec)

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 736 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Klevenhusen ◽  
K. Deckardt ◽  
Ö. Sizmaz ◽  
S. Wimmer ◽  
A. Muro-Reyes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Simulation Technique ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Black Seed

Plant bioactive compounds are currently viewed as possible feed additives in terms of methane mitigation and improvement of ruminal fermentation. A range of analyses, including the botanical characterisation, chemical composition and in vitro efficiency, have to be conducted before testing the compounds in vivo. Therefore, the aims of this study were (1) to identify the main bioactive components of black seed (Nigella sativa) oil (BO) and of the root powder of Ferula elaeochytris (FE), and (2) to investigate their effects on ruminal fermentation in vitro, when supplemented in different dosages to a diet (1 : 1, forage : concentrate), using the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). Main compounds of BO were thymoquinone and p-cymene and α-pinene in FE. Supplementation of the diet with BO and FE did not affect concentration of volatile fatty acids but ammonia concentrations decreased with both supplements (P < 0.001). No effects of supplements on protozoal counts were detected but in vitro disappearance of DM and organic matter tended to increase with 50 mg/L FE (P < 0.1), compared with the control.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of GuttaFlow2 in Filling Artificial Internal Resorption Cavities: An in vitro Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 445-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Y Hajeer ◽  
Yara Mohammad ◽  
Hisham Alafif ◽  
Oula Yassin
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Free Flow ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Injection Technique ◽  
Filling Material ◽  
The Third ◽  
Gutta Percha

ABSTRACT Introduction Obturation of root canal with internal resorption represents a major challenge in Endodontics. In spite of that, usual obturation techniques are often employed without considering the best technique to solve this problem. The goal of this study was to investigate the ability of GuttaFlow2 in filling artificial internal resorption cavities. Materials and methods The study sample included 36 human upper central incisors that were prepared using Protaper system (F4). Internal resorption cavities were prepared by cutting each tooth at 7 mm from the apex and preparing hemispherical cavities on both the sides and then re-attaching them. The sample was randomly separated into three groups (n = 12 in each group). In the first group, thermal injection technique (Obtura II) was employed and served as the control group. In the second group, injection of cold free-flow obturation technique with a master cone (GF2-C) was employed, whereas in the third group injection of cold free-flow obturation without a master cone (GF2) was followed. The teeth were re-cut at the same level as before and examined under a stereomicroscope. Subsequently, the captured images were transferred to AutoCAD program to measure the percentage of total filling “TF,” gutta-percha “G,” sealer “S,” and voids “V” out of the total surface of the cross sections. Results All materials showed high filling properties in terms of “total filling,” ranging from 99.17% (for Obtura II) to 99.72% (for GF2-C). Regarding gutta-percha percentages of filling, they ranged from 83.15 to 83.93%, whereas those for the sealer ranged from 5.71 to 15.24%. GuttaFlow2 group with a master cone appeared to give the best results despite the insignificant differences among the three groups. Conclusion The GuttaFlow2 with a master cone technique seemed to be a promising filling material and gave results similar to those observed with Obtura II. It is recommended for use to obturate internal resorption cavities in clinical practice due to its good adaptability to root canal walls, ease of handling, and application. Clinical significance Internal resorption defects can be successfully filled with GuttaFlow2 material when supplemented with a master cone, and the results are comparable with those obtained with the Obtura II technique. How to cite this article Mohammad Y, Alafif H, Hajeer MY, Yassin O. An Evaluation of GuttaFlow2 in Filling Artificial Internal Resorption Cavities: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(6):445-450.

scholarly journals In vitro Effect of Essential Oils on Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Nitrogen Yield of High Concentrate Dairy Cow Diet

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-341
Author(s):  
Seyed Masoud Davoodi ◽  
Mohsen Danesh Mesgaran ◽  
Ali Reza Vakili ◽  
Reza Valizadeh ◽  
Abdollah Ghasemi Pirbalouti
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Plant Essential Oils ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Vitro Effect

Present study was conducted to investigate the effect of including plant essential oils on in vitro ruminal fermentation and microbial nitrogen synthesis of a dairy cow diet rich in concentrate. The treatments consisted of the diet alone (control; BD) as well as containing 50 and 100 μl L-1 essential oil of thyme (BDT), mint (BDM), savory (BDS), or a mixture of the essential oils at the rate of 1:1:1 (BDmix). Essential oils decreased gas production at 24, 48 and 96 h of incubation compared with that of BD. However, mint at the rate of 50 or 100 μl L-1 resulted an increase in the microbial nitrogen when compared to BD, BDS and BDT. The nitrogen content of truly undegraded residu (NDFN) content and NH3-N concentration were lower, while the dry matter digestibility was greater in the BDmix, regardless of dosage levels, as compared with the control. The inclusion of a mixture of essential oils at 50 μl L-1 to the basal diet caused intensified dry matter disappearance, in comparison to other treatments. Results showed that the synergetic effects of essential oils together in a dairy cow diet of rich in concentrate can alter rumen microbial fermentation and improve microbial protein yield.

scholarly journals Effects of Fermented Oat Straw as a Lovastatin Carrier on in vitro Methane Production and Rumen Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaury Ábrego-Gacía ◽  
Héctor M. Poggi-Varaldo ◽  
Alfredo Mendoza-Vargas ◽  
Francisco G. Mercado-Valle ◽  
Elvira Ríos-Leal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Microbiota ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Oat Straw

To date, there is an urgent need for implementing practical strategies to reduce CH4 emissions from ruminants. Lovastatin (Lv) is a specific inhibitor of methanogenic archaea. Due to the high cost of pure Lv, solid-state fermentation might be an economical bioprocess to produce Lv and facilitate its use in ruminant nutrition. The goal of this work was to assess the effects of supplementing fermented oat straw as a lovastatin carrier (FOS) to a high-grain ration on in vitro CH4 inhibition and rumen microbiota in beef cattle. The experimental design of in vitro rumen fermentation was completely randomized with four concentrations of Lv in the diet mixture. The supplementation with FOS to give Lv concentration of 100 and 150 mg L−1 in the ruminal fermentation medium significantly inhibited methanogenesis at similar levels. This suggested that less than 20% of FOS was required in the ration to achieve up to 38% of CH4 mitigation without affecting the chemical composition and nutritional value of the ration. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and profile showed that only the treatments with Lv at 100 and 150 mg L−1 decreased the concentration of total SCFAs; the molar ratio of propionate significantly increased with respect to that of the control. Treatment with Lv at 150 mg L−1 did not result in significant differences in the alpha and beta diversity indices compared to the control. However, significant changes in the relative abundance of some microorganisms were detected, such as an increase in Ruminococcus and a decrease in Prevotella. The predominant 99%+ MA in all controls, treatment, and inocula samples belonged to the Methanobrevibacter genus and very small (negligible) unclassified Methanobacterium genus (Euryarchaeota phylum). Interestingly, the reduction of relative abundance of MA was 39.17%, very close to the percent reduction of CH4 production, 38%. Our data showed that there was a parallel and similar percent decrease of both CH4 production and relative abundance of the predominant MA in our experiment, although the statistical significance was not complete. Finally, our results hold promise for significantly decreasing ruminal CH4 by 38%. Thus, our work is one step toward the sustainable management of the livestock sector.

scholarly journals Partial substitution of fish oil for linseed oil enhances beneficial fatty acids from rumen biohydrogenation but reduces ruminal fermentation and digestibility in growing goats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lam Phuoc Thanh ◽  
Noppharat Phakachoed ◽  
Wisitiporn Suksombat ◽  
Juan J Loor ◽  
Tran Thi Thuy Hang
Keyword(s):  
Fish Oil ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Growing Goats

Abstract This study was performed to investigate effects of partial replacement of fish oil (FO) for linseed oil (LO) on digestibility, ruminal fermentation and biohydrogenation in growing goats. Experiment 1 was carried out in four growing male goats aged 6 months in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Goats were fed a basal diet supplemented with 25 g/kg dry matter either LO alone or in combination with tuna FO. Treatments were developed by replacing FO for LO at ratios of 0, 5, 10 and 15 g/kg DM corresponding to FO-0, FO-5, FO-10 and FO-15, respectively. Experiment 2 was carried out in an in vitro incubation system including 12 fermenters with the same four treatments. Each fermenter consisted of 40 mL goat ruminal fluid, 160 mL warm buffer, 2 g mixed substrates, and 50 mg FO-0, FO-5, FO-10 or FO-15. Fish oil inclusion reduced (P &lt; 0.05) digestibility and nitrogen retention in Exp. 1. Increasing doses of FO in the diet induced a strong drop (P &lt; 0.001) in ruminal total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and protozoa population at 3 h post incubation, but did not affect individual VFA proportions. Substitution of FO for LO decreased mean concentrations of C18:0 (P = 0.057), c-9,c-12 C18:2 and C18:3n-3 (P &lt; 0.001), but increased (P &lt; 0.001) C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3. Feeding FO-10 enhanced formation of ruminal c-9,t-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentration compared with FO-0. Overall, combined data suggest that to improve ruminal concentrations of C20:5n-3, C22:6n-3, and c-9,t-11 CLA for deposition in tissues or milk with minimal risk of affecting digestibility and ruminal fermentation, a dietary supplementation of 15 g/kg LO and 10 g/kg FO would be suitable.

Use of different carbohydrate sources associated with urea and implications for in vitro fermentation and rumen microbial populations

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Santos ◽  
F. F. R. Carvalho ◽  
M. M. Carriero ◽  
A. L. R. Magalhães ◽  
A. M. V. Batista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Profile ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Nellore Cattle ◽  
True Protein

Context Alternative feed sources have been investigated as replacements for green forages and cereal grains traditionally used in ruminant feed. We hypothesised that, when replacing sources of true protein with non-protein nitrogen (NPN) in the ruminant diet, the efficiency of utilisation of the NPN may be affected by the source of energy and that different energy resources used as alternatives to maize may improve efficiency and maximise ruminal fermentation characteristics. Aims The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of diets containing different carbohydrate sources associated with urea on in vitro ruminal fermentation and rumen microbial profile. Methods Four diets based on Tifton 85 Bermuda grass hay (584 g/kg dry matter) were tested as substrates: cornmeal + soybean meal (C + SM, typical diet), cornmeal + urea (C + U), cassava scraping + urea (CS + U), and spineless cactus + urea (SC + U). The experimental design consisted of randomised blocks with four treatments and five blocks. Five adult Nellore cattle with permanent fistula in the rumen were used as inoculum donors. The semi-automatic in vitro gas production technique was used in two experiments. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to monitor the changes in the rumen microbial community. Key results The diets containing C + U and CS + U decreased (P &lt; 0.05) concentrations of isobutyrate, isovalerate, and valerate after 24 h of incubation, and all diets containing urea decreased (P &lt; 0.05) concentrations of isobutyrate, isovalerate and valerate after 96 h and increased (P &lt; 0.05) acetate:propionate ratio. After 96 h of incubation, the diets containing CS + U and SC + U resulted in a lower (P &lt; 0.05) population of Ruminococcus flavefaciens than the C + U diet, and a lower (P &lt; 0.05) population of Streptococcus bovis than the C + SM diet. Conclusions From our results, a diet containing cassava scraping produces more methane per unit of degraded organic matter, which reduces fermentation efficiency. Diets that contain corn with either soybean meal or urea result in greater degradability with lower gas production rates than diets that contain either cassava scrapings or spineless cactus with urea. Diets containing urea as a total substitution for soybean meal alter the production of short-chain fatty acids and reduce the populations of S. bovis and R. flavefaciens. Implications Use of urea to replace soybean meal in the ruminant diet alters ruminal fermentation and rumen microbial population.

scholarly journals Roughage to Concentrate Ratio and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Inclusion Could Modulate Feed Digestion and In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Kampanat Phesatcha ◽  
Burarat Phesatcha ◽  
Metha Wanapat ◽  
Anusorn Cherdthong
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
Feed Digestibility ◽  
Live Yeast

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of the roughage-to-concentrate (R:C) ratio and the addition of live yeast (LY) on ruminal fermentation characteristics and methane (CH4) production. The experimental design was randomly allocated according to a completely randomized design in a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement. The first factor was four rations of R:C at 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, and 20:80, and the second factor was an additional four doses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (live yeast; LY) at 0, 2.0 × 106, 4.0 × 106, and 6.0 × 106 colony-forming unit (cfu), respectively. For the in vitro method, during the incubation, the gas production was noted at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. The rumen solution mixture was collected at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h of incubating after inoculation. Cumulative gas production at 96 h was highest in the R:C ratio, at 20:80, while the addition of LY improves the kinetics and accumulation of gas (p > 0.05). Maximum in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) at 24 h after incubation were achieved at the R:C ratio 20:80 and the addition of LY at 6 × 106 cfu, which were greater than the control by 13.7% and 12.4%, respectively. Ruminal pH at 8 h after incubation decreased with an increased proportion of concentrates in the diet, whereas it was lowest when the R:C ratio was at 20:80. Increasing the proportion of a concentrate diet increased total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) and propionic acid (C3), whereas the acetic acid (C2) and C2-to-C3 ratios decreased (p < 0.05). TVFA and C3 increased with the addition of LY at 6 × 106 cfu, which was greater than the control by 11.5% and 17.2%, respectively. No interaction effect was observed between the R:C ratio and LY on the CH4 concentration. The calculated ruminal CH4 production decreased with the increasing proportion of concentrates in the diet, particularly the R:C ratio at 20:80. The CH4 production for LY addition at 6 × 106 cfu was lower than the control treatment by 17.2%. Moreover, the greatest populations of bacteria, protozoa, and fungi at 8 h after incubation were found with the addition of LY at 6 × 106 cfu, which were higher than the control by 19.0%, 20.7%, and 40.4%, respectively. In conclusion, a high ratio of roughage and the concentrate and addition of LY at 6.0 × 106 cfu of the total dietary substrate could improve rumen fermentation, improve feed digestibility, and reduce the CH4 production.

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