Increasing amounts of crushed wheat fed with Persian clover herbage reduced ruminal pH and dietary fibre digestibility in lactating dairy cows

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 837 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Leddin ◽  
C. R. Stockdale ◽  
J. Hill ◽  
J. W. Heard ◽  
P. T. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Persian Clover ◽  
Linear Manner ◽  
Acetate Butyrate

Sixteen cows in early lactation were individually fed diets consisting of fresh Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum)-dominant pasture, offered to all cows at 3.7 kg DM/100 kg liveweight (LW); either alone or supplemented with amounts of crushed wheat ranging from ~0.3 to 0.9 kg DM/100 kg LW (four treatments with four cows per treatment). Cows fed Persian clover alone consumed 19 kg DM/day and total DM intake increased (P < 0.001) in a linear manner as the amount of wheat consumed increased, with no significant effects on clover intake. As the proportion of wheat in the diet increased, dietary neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentrations declined from 28 to 24%, and in vivo NDF (P = 0.055) and acid detergent fibre (ADF; P = 0.015) digestibilities also declined. There were no significant effects of proportion of wheat in the diet on apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter or gross energy. The extent to which negative associative effects on NDF digestion was associated with the clover could not be determined as it was not possible to distinguish between the NDF derived from clover or wheat, but the decline in ADF digestibility suggested that most of the response lay with the clover since the wheat only contained relatively small amounts of ADF. Ruminal fluid pH was below 6.0 for more than 18 h/day in all cows. There was no effect of wheat in the diet on average ruminal fluid pH, but lowest values during the day were negatively related (P < 0.05) to the proportion of wheat in the diet. As the proportion of wheat in the diet increased, ruminal fluid ammonia-N concentration (P < 0.001) and the acetate + butyrate to propionate ratio (P < 0.001) decreased. The proportion of wheat in the diet did not affect nylon bag estimates of NDF degradation rates for grain or forage. Although most data indicated that effects of proportion of wheat in the diet on the utilisation of consumed nutrients were small, the marginal milk response to additional wheat averaged only 0.9 kg energy-corrected milk/kg DM wheat.

Persian clover and maize silage. III. Rumen fermentation and balance of nutrients when clover and silage are fed to lactating dairy cows

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1783 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Persian Clover ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Trifolium Resupinatum

Six rumen fistulated dairy cows, at various stages of lactation, were housed in metabolism stalls on a total of nine occasions in three experiments in which various combinations of Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum) and maize (Zea mays) silage were offered. These experiments considered some aspects of digestion of Persian clover and Persian clover/maize silage diets in order to understand the good milk yield responses attributed to maize silage measured in previous research. Rumen ammonia concentrations and nylon bag degradation rates suggested that the cows made better use of one or both feeds when Persian clover and maize silage were offered together than they did when Persian clover was offered alone. While Persian clover and maize silage appeared to be a substantially inferior diet in terms of apparent in vivo digestibility coefficients and availability of nutrients when compared with Persian clover offered alone, milk yields were unaffected. In addition, no matter how much maize silage was offered, milk fat content remained constant. These results were attributed to an improved balance of absorbed nutrients.

scholarly journals Effects of feeding urea-treated triticale and oat grain mixtures on ruminal fermentation, microbial population, and milk production performance of midlactation dairy cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kacper Libera ◽  
Malgorzata Szumacher-Strabel ◽  
Mina Vazirigohar ◽  
Wiktor Zieliński ◽  
Rafal Lukow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Branched Chain

AbstractThe starch content of triticale and oat grains provides much of their readily available energy. Synchronizing energy and nitrogen in the rumen is important in optimizing profitability; for this reason, ammonia processing of these grains was evaluated for its potential to modify ruminal fermentation and to improve milk production performance. A mixture of ground triticale and oats (CONG, in a 60:40 ratio 40 by DM) was treated with urea (5 kg/1000 kg) and urease additive (20 kg/1000 kg) containing 200 g/kg of moisture, for 2 wk (UREG). The urea treatment enhanced the pH and CP content of grains by 34% and 52%, respectively. In a batch culture study, CONG or UREG as the only substrate was incubated in a buffered ruminal fluid. Compared to CONG, UREG increased pH, total VFA concentration, total gas, and disappearance of DM, while reducing CH4 production, whereas NH3 concentration increased and entodiniomorph counts tended to increase. In the in vivo study, cows were randomly allocated to two dietary groups (n = 24) and were offered TMR based on maize and grass silage, containing either 155 g/kg of CONG and 80 g/kg of soybean meal (CONT) or 155 g/kg of UREG and 59 g/kg of soybean meal (URET) for 31 d. Ruminal fluid was collected (n = 10) using rumenocentesis. The relative abundances of Streptococcus bovis decreased, but Megasphaera elsdenii, methanogens, and ammonia-producing bacteria increased by URET. Entodiniomorph and holotrich counts were decreased by URET. Feeding with URET increased ruminal pH and concentrations of total VFA, acetate, branched-chain VFA, and NH3. Feeding with URET also increased milk yield. These results demonstrate that replacing untreated triticale and oat grains with urea-treated grains can beneficially modulate ruminal microbiota and fermentation, consequently improving production performance and profitability.

The nutritive value of Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum) herbage grown under irrigation in northern Victoria

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1557 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Amino Acid Profiles ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Persian Clover ◽  
Trifolium Resupinatum

A series of experiments is described which considered the nutritive value of Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum) (cv. Maral) herbage grown under irrigation in northern Victoria. Digestion studies were undertaken with sheep and dairy cows, and the degradation of herbage samples in nylon bags was evaluated. Digestion coefficients were estimated, leaf and stem characteristics were measured, mineral and amino acid profiles were obtained, and protein degradabilities were assessed throughout the period of growth of Persian clover. Freshly harvested Persian clover herbage utilized before flowering appears to be an excellent feedstuff for ruminants, and its chemical composition remains relatively constant until late spring. In vivo OM digestibilities were in the range, 75-85%, although this depended on feeding level and time of the year. When vegetative, nitrogen content ranged from 3.0 to 4.6%, and neutral and acid detergent fibre levels were 24-34 and 21-27%, respectively. Acid detergent lignin concentrations were between 2.1 and 4.5% of dry matter. Dry matter contents of the herbage were often very low; this could influence intake and digestion. The chemical composition of leaves and petioles/stems were very different. The digestibility of the leaf fraction was often much lower than that of the petiole/stem fraction, but its nitrogen content was higher. Reasons for this, and their implications, are discussed. Protein degradability in the rumen was lower than expected (<70%); this was attributed to very fast rates of flow of digesta out of the rumen. Herbage minerals generally appeared to be adequate. Implications of the degree of degradation of individual amino acids and minerals in the rumen are discussed. The use of chemical characteristics to predict the digestibility of Persian clover herbage is considered and discussed.

Performance and body composition of young steers given stack-ammoniated hay with or without a supplement or untreated hay with a supplement

1989 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Gibb ◽  
R. D. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Grazing Season ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Highly Correlated

ABSTRACTAn experiment was carried out to investigate the performance of young steers given either ammoniated hay alone (TA), or supplemented daily with either 112 g fish meal (TF) or 2 kg barley (TB) or 2 kg barley-based concentrate (TC), compared with untreated hay supplemented with either urea (UU), to raise the nitrogen content of the diet to that of the ammoniated hay, or with 2 kg concentrate (UC). Serial slaughter of animals was carried out to examine the effects on body composition during the winter feeding period and subsequent grazing season.Ammoniation of the hay significantly increased the in vivo digestibility of organic matter, acid-detergent fibre, neutral-detergent fibre and cellulose fractions (0·672 v. 0·643, 0·740 v. 0·670, 0·758 v. 0·638 and 0·826 v. 0·741, respectively). When offered with 2 kg concentrate, intake of ammoniated hay was higher than that of the untreated hay. Empty body weight gains (EBWG) during the winter period were affected by treatment (174, 225, 293, 590, 631 and 692 g/day for treatments UU, TA, TF, UC, TB and TC, respectively), and were highly correlated with total gross energy intakes (56·0, 61·0, 62·9, 74·5, 73·2 and 83·1 MJ/day, respectively). As the rate of EBWG increased, the fat proportion (g/kg EBW) at turn-out also increased. During the grazing season animals which had been on treatments UU, TA and TF showed a marked degree of compensatory growth (759, 686 and 640 g/day EBWG, respectively) compared with treatments UC, TB and TC (623, 572 and 601 g/day EBWG, respectively), and differential rates of tissue gain. This resulted in reduced, though still significant, differences in EBW, although body composition (g/kg EBW) at final slaughter was similar for all treatments. Thus, whilst short-term advantages in intake and performance can be obtained by ammoniation of hay, the benefits so achieved may not persist due to subsequent compensatory growth at pasture.

Energy and nitrogen balance of lactating dairy cows given mixtures of urea-treated whole-crop wheat and grass silage

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
S. B. Cammell ◽  
D. E. Beever ◽  
D. J. Humphries ◽  
R. H. Phipps
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Gross Energy

AbstractEnergy and nitrogen balances were carried out with four multi-porous Holstein/Friesian cows offered four diets in a Latin-square experiment to evaluate urea-treated whole-crop wheat as a partial grass silage replacement for lactating dairy cows. Grass silage (GS) was produced from the primary growth of a perennial ryegrass sward. Spring wheat (cv. Axona) was harvested at 603 g dry matter (DM) per kg and preserved with 20 (WCW-20) or 40 (WCW-40)kg urea per t DM. The diets were 6 kg DM of a dairy concentrate daily with one of four forage treatments offered ad libitum. The forage treatments were GS alone, a 2:1 DM ratio of GS with WCW-40 (2:1 40), or a 1:2 DM ratio of GS with WCW-20 (1:2 20) or WCW-40 (1:2 40). Each period lasted 4 weeks with energy and nitrogen balances being carried out in respiration chambers over 6 days in the last week. Replacement of GS by diets containing WCW resulted in significant increases in DM intake (P < 0·01). Changes in milk yield and composition were small and non-significant but yields of milk fat and protein were higher on WCW diets than on GS diets (P< 0·05). With increasing proportions of WCW in the diet there were significant linear falls in apparent digestibility of DM (P < 0·001), organic matter (F < 0·001), neutral-detergent fibre (F < 0·01), acid-detergent fibre (F < 0·01), starch (F < 0·001) and nitrogen (P < 0·01). Gross energy intakes (P < 0·01) and faecal (P < 0·001), methane (P < 0·05) and milk (P < 0·05) energy outputs were higher with the WCW diets than with GS but urine energy and heat losses were unaffected. In consequence there were no significant differences among the diets in digestible or metabolizable energy (ME) intakes. However dietary ME concentrations (MJ ME per kg corrected DM) fell with increasing WCW inclusion from 11·54 on GS to a mean of 9·96 on the 1:2 diets (P < 0·001). It was calculated that the ME concentration of the WCW was only 8·1 MJ/kg corrected DM at maintenance intake, considerably lower than values used conventionally. There were no significant diet effects on the partition of ME or on the partial efficiency of ME utilization for milk production (k1). The increasing inclusion of WCW increased N losses in urine (P < 0·05) and faeces (F < 0·01) with no net effect on N digested or retained though there was a small increase in milk N output (P < 0·01). It is concluded that low digestibility is the major cause of the small milk response to the partial substitution of urea-treated WCW for grass silage with no evidence of a reduction in the efficiency of utilization of ME.

scholarly journals Effect of a Rumen-Protected Microencapsulated Supplement from Linseed Oil on the Growth Performance, Meat Quality, and Fatty Acid Composition in Korean Native Steers

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1253
Author(s):  
Chae-Hyung Sun ◽  
Jae-Sung Lee ◽  
Jalil Ghassemi Nejad ◽  
Won-Seob Kim ◽  
Hong-Gu Lee
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ruminal Fluid

We evaluated the effects of a rumen-protected microencapsulated supplement from linseed oil (MO) on ruminal fluid, growth performance, meat quality, and fatty acid composition in Korean native steers. In an in vitro experiment, ruminal fluid was taken from two fistulated Holstein dairy cows. Different levels of MO (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) were added to the diet. In an in vivo experiment, eight steers (average body weight = 597.1 ± 50.26 kg; average age = 23.8 ± 0.12 months) were assigned to two dietary groups, no MO (control) and MO (3% MO supplementation on a DM basis), for 186 days. The in vitro study revealed that 3% MO is an optimal dose, as there were decreases in the neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber digestibility at 48 h (p < 0.05). The in vivo study showed increases in the feed efficiency and average daily gain in the 3% MO group compared to the control group on days 1 to 90 (p < 0.05). Regarding meat quality, the shear force produced by the longissimus thoracis muscle in steers from the 3% MO group was lower than that produced by the control group (p < 0.05). Interestingly, in terms of the fatty acid profile, higher concentrations of C22:6n3 were demonstrated in the subcutaneous fat and higher concentrations of C18:3n3, C20:3n3, and C20:5n3 were found in the intramuscular fat from steers fed with 3% MO (p < 0.05). Our results indicate that supplementation with 3% MO supplements improves the growth performance and meat quality modulated by the omega-3 fatty acid content of meat in Korean native steers.

scholarly journals Relationship between Degradation Rates of Proteins in Vivo and Their Susceptibility to Lysosomal Proteases

1974 ◽  
Vol 249 (19) ◽  
pp. 6364-6365
Author(s):  
Harold I. Segal ◽  
James R. Winkler ◽  
Mary P. Miyagi
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Lysosomal Proteases

scholarly journals Synthesis and degradation rates of collagens in vivo in whole skin of rats, studied with 18O2 labelling

1986 ◽  
Vol 240 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Molnar ◽  
N Alpert ◽  
J F Burke ◽  
V R Young
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Collagen Turnover ◽  
Growing Rats ◽  
Soluble Collagen ◽  
Insoluble Collagen ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Labelling Procedure ◽  
Skin Biopsies ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

Rats of synthesis and degradation in vivo of collagens in 0.5 M-acetic acid-soluble and -insoluble extracts from skins of three growing rats were determined by using a labelling procedure involving exposure of the animals to an atmosphere of 18O2 for 36 h. For comparison, rats also received injections of [2H]proline. Serial skin biopsies were taken at frequent intervals over 392 days. Enrichment of 18O and 2H in the hydroxyproline of the collagen fractions was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Changes in size of the soluble and insoluble collagen pools were considered in the evaluation of isotope kinetic data. The insoluble collagen fraction showed no degradation. The efflux (mean +/- S.D., expressed as mumol of hydroxyproline) from the soluble collagen pool was estimated to be 59.9 +/- 1.9 per day from the 18O data, and 25.5 +/- 7.5 per day from the 2H results. The finding indicates significant reutilization of 2H-radiolabelled proline for hydroxyproline synthesis. From these isotope data and estimates of size of the collagen pools it was determined that 55% of the collagen disappearing from the soluble pool was due to maturation into insoluble collagens and 45% of the disappearance was a result of actual degradation of soluble collagen. These results confirm the utility of 18O2 as a non-reutilizable label for studies of collagen turnover in vivo.

Effect of maceration of bromegrass-alfalfa silage on ruminal degradability and performance of lactating dairy cows

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-315
Author(s):  
D. R. Ouellet ◽  
H. Lapierre ◽  
J. Chiquette
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Limited Effect ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Lactational Performance ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Ruminal Degradability ◽  
Alfalfa Silage ◽  
And Performance

Maceration of bromegrass-alfalfa sward increased effective ruminal degradability of dry matter, neutral detergent fibre, and gross energy, but decreased the degradability of protein. Despite improvement in ruminal degradation kinetics, inclusion of the macerated silage (43% of total mixed ration dry matter) between weeks 7 and 15 of lactation had limited effect on lactational performance. Key words: Forage, silage, maceration, rumen degradability, lactation

scholarly journals Effects of monensin inclusion and level of intake in limit-feeding strategies for beef cows1

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb J Boardman ◽  
Tryon A Wickersham ◽  
Levi A Trubenbach ◽  
Jason E Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Limit Feeding

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of intake management and ionophore inclusion on diet utilization under managed intake conditions in beef cattle. Two experiments utilized common diets fed at 120% (H) or 80% (L) of maintenance with either 0 or 200 mg/d monensin in a factorial arrangement. Forty cows were fed for 56 d (Exp. 1) to evaluate effects on diet utilization and energy retention; diets were fed to 16 ruminally cannulated steers (Exp. 2) to determine effects on digestion, energy value, and ruminal fermentation. Cows fed H had greater body weight (BW) gain (P &lt; 0.01) and retained energy (RE; P &lt; 0.01), although estimated heat production was also greater (P &lt; 0.01). Monensin had limited effects on overall BW gain (P = 0.97). Monensin had no effect on RE (P = 0.94) or calculated heat energy (HE; P = 0.53) despite effects on diet utilization observed in steers. In steers, L increased (P &lt; 0.01) digestion of dry matter, organic matter, acid detergent fiber, and gross energy (GE) and reduced (P &lt; 0.01) passage rate; monensin did not affect digestion (P &gt; 0.15) but did reduce passage rate (P &lt; 0.03). Monensin lowered (P &lt; 0.01) acetate:propionate ratio and increased (P &lt; 0.05) ruminal pH. Monensin did not alter feed required for maintenance; however, limit-feeding reduced apparent daily maintenance requirement to 62.85 kcal/kg BW0.75, a 26% reduction from model-predicted values.

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