Platypus Venom and Envenomation.

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 314
Author(s):  
P. Temple-Smith ◽  
T. Grant
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Venom Gland ◽  
Axillary Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Rat Uterus ◽  
Intravenous Injections ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Subplantar Injection

Curiosity and controversy have surrounded the function of the crural system of the platypus since its discovery in the late 18th century. Early work on the venom confused rather than clarified the biological significance of the crural system. Many experiments gave conflicting results, especially concerning the coagulation effects of intravenous injections of venom extracts, although consistent observations were made of general vasodilation following intravenous injection into rabbits. More recent studies have shown that crural (venom) gland activity is seasonal and in synchrony with the breeding season. Secretion from the crural glands shows proteolytic activity and contains at least three major proteins, one of which has hyaluronidase activity. Subcutaneous injection of venom produced mild toxic effects whereas intravenous doses (75-90mg protein/kg) in mice were lethal. Whole venom induced local oedema after subplantar injection in rats and a 4.2kD peptide isolated from the venom caused relaxation of rat uterus in vitro. At least 16 incidents of envenomation by the platypus have been recorded in humans but no fatalities have been reported. In most human cases, envenomation resulted in immediate and severe local pain and oedema, sometimes associated with nausea, cold sweats, dull gastric pain and vomiting, hyperaesthesia and swelling of the axillary lymph nodes. Significant functional impairment of the upper limb for some weeks or months has been observed. Various treatments have been used to alleviate the symptoms of envenomation with differing successes. Envenomation has also been recorded in platypuses and dogs. The effects of these envenomations will be discussed.

Cortical Morphologic Features of Axillary Lymph Nodes as a Predictor of Metastasis in Breast Cancer: In Vitro Sonographic Study

2008 ◽  
Vol 191 (3) ◽  
pp. 646-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak G. Bedi ◽  
Rajesh Krishnamurthy ◽  
Savitri Krishnamurthy ◽  
Beth S. Edeiken ◽  
Huong Le-Petross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Lymph

scholarly journals Antigen-driven long term-cultured T cells proliferate in vivo, distribute widely, mediate specific tumor therapy, and persist long-term as functional memory T cells.

1986 ◽  
Vol 163 (5) ◽  
pp. 1100-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Cheever ◽  
D B Thompson ◽  
J P Klarnet ◽  
P D Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Tumor Therapy ◽  
Axillary Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Specific Tumor ◽  
Donor T Cells ◽  
In Vivo Growth

Mice bearing disseminated syngeneic FBL-3 leukemia were treated with cyclophosphamide plus long term-cultured T cells immune to FBL-3. The cultured T cells for therapy had been induced to grow in vitro for 62 d by intermittent stimulation with irradiated FBL-3. At the time of therapy, such antigen-driven long term-cultured T cells were greatly expanded in number, proliferated in vitro in response to FBL-3, and were specifically cytotoxic. Following adoptive transfer, donor T cells persisting in the host were identified and counted using donor and host mice congenic for the T cell marker Thy-1. The results show that antigen-driven long term-cultured T cells proliferated rapidly in vivo, distributed widely in host lymphoid organs, and were effective in tumor therapy. Moreover, the already rapid in vivo growth rate of donor T cells could be augmented by administration of exogenous IL-2. When cured mice were examined 120 d after therapy, donor L3T4+ T cells and donor Lyt-2+ T cells could be found in large numbers in host ascites, spleen, and mesenteric and axillary lymph nodes. The persisting donor T cells proliferated in vitro, and became specifically cytotoxic in response to FBL-3, demonstrating that antigen-driven long term-cultured T cells can persist long term in vivo and provide immunologic memory.

scholarly journals Evaluation of sonographic detectability of different markers within an in vitro simulation model of the axilla

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selin Guergan ◽  
Uta Hoopmann ◽  
Carmen Roehm ◽  
Bettina Boeer ◽  
Regina Fugunt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Axillary Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Vitro Model

Abstract Purpose Clip-marking of axillary lymph nodes with initial biopsy-confirmed metastasis is required for targeted axillary dissection (TAD), which includes sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) and selective localization and removal of the clipped targeted lymph node. There have been several studies which examined the feasibility of TAD in routine clinical use. In this context, the optimal clip visualisation was noted as one of the crucial limiting factors. We, therefore, evaluated the sonographic detectability of 10 different commercially available markers within an in vitro model simulating the anatomical composition of the axilla. Methods In this standardised model consisting of porcine fat with 30 mm thickness, the visibility of a total of ten markers was analysed in all 3 planes (parallel, diagonal, orthograde) with wire guidance and then classified into either “visibility good”, “visibility moderate” or “visibility poor” with regard to the alignment of the transducer. Additionally, “real-life conditions” were simulated, in which the markers were searched without any wires guidance. Results It was observed that, while not all markers are detectable in fatty tissue, markers with spherical shape (non-embedded Inconel or Nitinol) or rectangular-shaped Titanium markers with embedded material have a clear advantage. 3D-shaped markers can always be detected in all three axes, which is of particular importance in the axilla with its pyramid shape and fatty tissue. Conclusion The shape and the embedding of the material play a crucial role for visibility and efficacy of the marker, as reliable marking of suspicious and pathological axillary lymph nodes is essential for TAD.

Metastatic breast carcinoma in axillary lymph nodes: in vitro US detection.

Radiology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 205 (3) ◽  
pp. 831-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Feu ◽  
F Tresserra ◽  
R Fábregas ◽  
B Navarro ◽  
P J Grases ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Carcinoma ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
Axillary Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Metastatic Breast Carcinoma

scholarly journals Novel Member of the CD209 (DC-SIGN) Gene Family in Primates

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arman A. Bashirova ◽  
Li Wu ◽  
Jie Cheng ◽  
Thomas D. Martin ◽  
Maureen P. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Axillary Lymph Nodes ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Functional Activities ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT Two CD209 family genes identified in humans, CD209 (DC-SIGN) and CD209L (DC-SIGNR/L-SIGN), encode C-type lectins that serve as adhesion receptors for ICAM-2 and ICAM-3 and participate in the transmission of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV, respectively) to target cells in vitro. Here we characterize the CD209 gene family in nonhuman primates and show that recent evolutionary alterations have occurred in this family across primate species. All of the primate species tested, specifically, Old World monkeys (OWM) and apes, have orthologues of human CD209. In contrast, CD209L is missing in OWM but present in apes. A third family member, that we have named CD209L2, was cloned from rhesus monkey cDNA and subsequently identified in OWM and apes but not in humans. Rhesus CD209L2 mRNA was prominently expressed in the liver and axillary lymph nodes, although preliminary data suggest that levels of expression may vary among individuals. Despite a high level of sequence similarity to both human and rhesus CD209, rhesus CD209L2 was substantially less effective at binding ICAM-3 and poorly transmitted HIV type 1 and SIV to target cells relative to CD209. Our data suggest that the CD209 gene family has undergone recent evolutionary processes involving duplications and deletions, the latter of which may be tolerated because of potentially redundant functional activities of the molecules encoded by these genes.

In vitrotapeworm extract-induced proliferative responses of gut-associated lymphoid cells fromHymenolepis diminutainfected mice

1983 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale D. Isaak
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Axillary Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph

AbstractThe development of lymphoid cells reactive to tapeworm-associated antigens during the course ofHymenolepis diminutarejection from mice was studied using anin vitrotapeworm extract (TWE)-induced cell proliferation culture system. Mice infected with three cysticercoids on day 0 developed three adult worms by day 7 but worms were rejected by day 21 post-infection. Concomitant with worm rejection was the development of TWE-sensitized lymphoid cells which responded by proliferation when stimulatedin vitrowith TWE. Sensitized cells were detected in gut-associated mesenteric lymph nodes but were not detected in spleen, axillary lymph nodes, or peyer's patches of infected mice, or in lymphoid organs of non-infected mice. These studies suggest that rejection ofH. diminutafrom mice is associated with the activities of gut-associated, tapeworm antigen-sensitized immune cells localized in the mesenteric lymph nodes.

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