Temperature variation in nest boxes in eastern Australia

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross L. Goldingay
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Variation ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Nest Box ◽  
North West ◽  
Nest Boxes ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hot Weather

Nest boxes are frequently installed in Australia to provide shelter sites for arboreal mammals. Little is known about the temperatures that may be experienced inside nest boxes or the factors that may influence those temperatures. I established paired nest boxes on the south-east and north-west sides of trees at two locations in south-east Queensland to investigate the influence of nest box aspect on nest box temperature. Squirrel gliders (Petaurus norfolcensis) occupied boxes at both locations. I recorded temperatures over a 1-month period in two summers. Temperature varied by up to 20°C within a 24-h period and some nest boxes experienced temperatures above 40°C. There was no significant difference in maximum temperature with nest box aspect but south-east boxes could be 1°C cooler during hot weather. Nest box construction material, colour (brown or green) and volume (0.008 m3 or 0.025 m3) had variable influences on temperature. Nest box installations for non-flying mammals should place nest boxes to minimise extreme temperatures. Further studies are required to determine whether temperature limits the effectiveness of nest boxes at some locations.

Does nest box design influence use by the eastern pygmy-possum?

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels N. Rueegger ◽  
Ross L. Goldingay ◽  
Lyndon O. Brookes
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Nest Box ◽  
Nest Boxes ◽  
Tree Hollows ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Horizontal Cavity ◽  
Cercartetus Nanus ◽  
Vertical Cavity

Managing the availability of shelter sites is central to the conservation of vertebrate wildlife dependent on tree hollows (cavities) because hollow abundance has been reduced in many landscapes and trees do not typically acquire hollows until they are at least 100 years old. Artificial hollows (nest boxes) provide one option to offset local shortages in tree hollows. However, knowledge of preferred designs is required for this to be effective. We investigated nest box preference by the eastern pygmy-possum (Cercartetus nanus), a small marsupial recognised as threatened across part of its geographic range in eastern Australia. We installed nest boxes of four different designs in each of 30 plots where tree hollows were scarce. Designs showed no significant difference in thermal profile. We captured 223 adult and subadult pygmy-possums within 78% of the 120 boxes. Breeding females used boxes more frequently than adult males and showed a preference among the designs whereas males did not. Females favoured plywood nest boxes over a PVC design offering a horizontal cavity. Use of the PVC design increased when repositioned to present a vertical cavity. Thus, breeding females are selective of the cavities used to rear young, which may limit local population size.

The influence of pasture distribution and temperature on habitat selection by feral pigs in a semi-arid environment

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Dexter
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Radio Telemetry ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Food Distribution ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Feral Pigs ◽  
North West ◽  
Hot Weather ◽  
Two Parameters

The two parameters believed to influence habitat utilisation by feral pigs and wild boar (Sus scrofa) are protection from high temperatures and distribution of food. However, whether there is an interaction between these parameters is unknown. To examine the influence of high temperature on habitat utilisation, the use of four rangeland habitats (shrubland, woodland, riverine woodland, and ephemeral swamps) by feral pigs in north-west New South Wales, Australia, was measured by radio-telemetry during and after a drought. In each habitat, protection from high temperature was indexed once by vegetation cover, at three strata, while over the course of the study, food distribution was indexed by estimating pasture biomass in each habitat. Riverine woodland provided the most shelter from high temperature, followed by woodland, shrubland and ephemeral swamps. On average, ephemeral swamps had the highest pasture biomass, followed by riverine woodland, shrubland and woodland. The amount of pasture in each habitat increased after the drought but changed at different rates. During autumn, spring and summer feral pigs preferred riverine woodland but in winter shrubland was preferred. Multivariate regression indicated that habitat utilisation was significantly influenced by pasture biomass in shrubland and mean maximum temperature in the study area. The results suggest that feral pigs are restricted by high temperatures to more shady habitats during hot weather but when the constraint of high temperature is relaxed they distribute themselves more according to the availability of food.

The use of nest boxes by arboreal marsupials in the forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Lindenmayer ◽  
C. I. MacGregor ◽  
R. B. Cunningham ◽  
R. D. Incoll ◽  
M. Crane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brushtail Possum ◽  
Nest Box ◽  
Nest Boxes ◽  
Arboreal Marsupials ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Mountain Ash ◽  
The Common ◽  
Central Highlands ◽  
Leadbeater's Possum ◽  
Ringtail Possum

The results are reported of a nest-box study conducted in two locations in the mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans) forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria (south-eastern Australia) to compare usage of different nest-box designs located at different heights in trees. A total of 96 nest boxes was established using a rigorous experimental design – two regions (Powelltown and Toolangi State Forests), two forest age classes (20-year post-logging regrowth and 60-year fire- and salvage-logging regrowth), two nest-box designs (large boxes with large entrance holes and small boxes with small entrance holes), and two heights at which nest boxes were attached to trees (3 m and 8 m above the ground). The study entailed setting out four nest boxes at each of 24 sites to meet the design criteria. Evidence of occupancy by vertebrates was recorded in a total of 19 of 96 boxes on 11 of 24 sites site during regular inspections over more than three years. Thirteen boxes were used by Leadbeater's possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri), six by the mountain brushtail possum (Trichosurus cunninghami) and seven by the common ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus). The common ringtail possum and mountain brushtail possum were seen only in high–large boxes but Leadbeater's possum used all but the low–large boxes. There was evidence of spatial dependence in usage patterns, with all four boxes at a given site showing signs of eventually being occupied. Only two nest boxes located in mountain ash forest regenerating after the 1939 wildfires were occupied. Relatively limited use of nest boxes supports concerns about the use of a nest box over large scales and long timeframes as an effective recovery tool for species threatened by the loss and subsequent shortage in the numbers of naturally occurring hollows.

Altitudinal Variation in the Photosynthetic Characteristics of Snow Gum, Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieb. Ex Spreng. I. Seasonal Changes Under Field Conditions in the Snowy Mountains Area of South-Eastern Australia

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
RO Slayter ◽  
PA Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Photosynthetic Characteristics ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
South Eastern Australia

A field study of seasonal changes in the photosynthetic characteristics of three altitudinal populations of the snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieb. ex. Spreng) was conducted at elevations of 915, 1215 and 1645 m in the Snowy Mountains area of south-eastern Australia. At optimal temperatures in midsummer, peak rates of photosynthesis under CO2-saturating conditions (Psub) reached levels of 125-135 ng cm-2 sec-1, and under ambient CO2 conditions (Pamb) reached levels of 45-55 ng cm-2 sec-1. Corresponding values of the intracellular resistance to CO2 transfer (ri) were 5-6 sec cm-1, and of the gas phase resistance to water-vapour transfer (r,) 1.2-2 sec cm-1. Measured at temperatures of 15, 20 and 25°C, the peak seasonal values of Pmax showed no significant difference between sites, but at 5° and 10° peak values were highest at the highest elevation (coldest site), and at 30° and 35° peak values were highest at the lowest elevation (warmest site). Generally similar patterns applied to Paamb. These features are consistent with the view that E. Pauciflora shows continuous variation in many physiological characteristics over its altitudinal range. At each site the temperature optimum for photosynthesis changed markedly during the season, and was closely correlated both with the long-term maximum air temperature and with the mean maximum temperature of the 10 days prior to the date of measurement. This appeared to reflect long-term adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus of each population to the general temperature conditions at each site, combined with a short-term acclimation to the prevailing seasonal temperature regime.

Does temperature variation influence nest box use by the eastern pygmy-possum?

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Ross L. Goldingay
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Occupancy Modelling ◽  
Nest Box ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Nest Boxes ◽  
Tree Hollows ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Cercartetus Nanus

Cavity-using birds and mammals reliant on nest boxes may be negatively affected by the poor thermal buffering of nest boxes. I investigated whether nest box use by the eastern pygmy-possum (Cercartetus nanus) over a 4-year period was influenced by maximum ambient temperature, which ranged from 15.6 to 34.9°C during survey occasions. Occupancy modelling of 144 site detections over 30 survey occasions suggested that a model that included maximum temperature had little support whereas a model involving time-varying detection (i.e. detection differed across sample occasions) was the most plausible. I also investigated how temperatures in nest boxes and tree hollows varied over the four hottest days of summer, including one day when the temperature reached 40.6°C. Maximum temperatures were 3–4°C cooler in plywood nest boxes and 5–8°C cooler in tree hollows compared with ambient temperatures. Together, these results suggest that eastern pygmy-possums using nest boxes in coastal areas are unlikely to experience heat stress. Cavity-using species are a heterogeneous group such that empirical studies are required to identify those that may be vulnerable to heat stress if nest boxes are used to provide population support.

The use of nest boxes in urban natural vegetation remnants by vertebrate fauna

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Harper ◽  
Michael A. McCarthy ◽  
Rodney van der Ree
Keyword(s):  
Brushtail Possum ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Nest Box ◽  
Nest Sites ◽  
Nest Boxes ◽  
Common Myna ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Pseudocheirus Peregrinus ◽  
Acridotheres Tristis ◽  
The Common

Nest boxes are routinely installed as a substitute for natural tree hollows to provide den and nest sites for a range of hollow-utilising fauna. We installed 120 nest boxes in 20 patches of indigenous vegetation (remnants) across the urban/suburban landscape of Melbourne, south-eastern Australia, and investigated their use by indigenous and exotic vertebrate species over a period of 12 months. Nest-box use was dominated by the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), the common ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) and the common myna (Acridotheres tristis), an aggressive introduced bird. We found that brushtail and ringtail possums utilised nest boxes all year round but more frequently in cooler months (May–August). Common mynas dominated nest-box use during spring/summer, potentially reducing the availability of this resource to indigenous species. We found evidence that the probability of a nest box being occupied by either species of possum was greater in remnants with abundant possum populations. Brushtail possums preferred thick-walled pine nest boxes over thin-walled plywood nest boxes, most likely owing to differences in their thermal insulation properties. Although considerable economic costs would be involved in using nest boxes as a long-term substitute for hollow-bearing trees, nest boxes may provide a temporary hollow resource until hollow-bearing trees are recruited in urban remnants.

Maximum Temperature Through a Yttrium Stabilized Zirconia Ceramic After Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Irradiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel Stringer ◽  
Sarah Malley ◽  
Darrell M. Hutto ◽  
Jason A. Griggs ◽  
Susana M. Salazar Marocho
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Zirconia Ceramic ◽  
Tooth Pulp ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stabilized Zirconia ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Power Setting ◽  
Group A

Background: The most common approach to remove yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) fixed-dental prostheses (FDPs) is by means of diamond burs attached to a high-speed handpiece. This process is time-consuming and destructive. The use of lasers over mechanical instrumentation for removal of FDPs can lead to efficient and predictable restoration retrievability. However, the heat produced might damage the tooth pulp (>42˚C). Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum temperature (T) reached during the use of different settings of the erbium, chromium:yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet Er,Cr:YSGG laser through a YSZ ceramic. Methods: YSZ slices (1 mm thick) were assigned into 7 groups. For the control group, a diamond bur was used to cut a 1 mm groove into the YSZ slices. For the 6 experimental groups, the laser was operated at a constant combination of 33% water and 66% air during 30 s with two different power settings (W) at three frequencies (PPS), as follows (W/PPS): 2.5/20, 2.5/30, 2.5/45, 4.5/20, 4.5/30, 4.5/45. The T through the YSZ slice was recorded in degrees Celsius by using a digital thermometer with a K thermocouple. Results: The median T of the control group was 26.5˚C. The use of 4.5 W resulted in the median T (˚C) of 44.2 at 20 PPS, 53.3 at 30 PPS, and 58.9 at 45 PPS, while 2.5 W showed 34.6, 31.6, and 25.0 at 20, 30, and 45 PPS, respectively. KruskalWallis one-way ANOVA showed that within each power setting, the T was similar. The high power and lowest frequency (4.5/20) showed no significant difference from the 2.5 W settings and the control group. Conclusion: The lower power setting (2.5 W) is a potential method for the use of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser to debond YSZ structures. The higher power (4.5 W) with high frequencies (30 and 45 PPS) is unsuitable.

scholarly journals The Effect of Loneliness on Death Anxiety in the Elderly During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 003022282110105
Author(s):  
Türkan Akyol Guner ◽  
Zeynep Erdogan ◽  
Isa Demir
Keyword(s):  
Death Anxiety ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Average Score ◽  
City Center ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North West ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Education Status ◽  
At Home

The aim of the study is to determine the effect on death anxiety of loneliness in the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The population of this study that is descriptive and cross-sectional type consist of 354 elderly who meet the inclusion criteria from three different associations operating for charitable purposes in a city center located in north-west Turkey. The average score of Loneliness Scale of Elderly (LSE) of the elderly was determined as 11.39 ± 5.31, and the average score of Death Anxiety Scale (DAS) of the elderly was determined as 8.54 ± 4.82. According to these results, it was found that the elderly experienced acceptable levels of loneliness and moderate death anxiety. A statistically significant difference was found in the LSE and DAS scores of the elderly according to their age, marital status, education status, chronic illness status and living at home with relatives. In addition, during the COVID-19 epidemic, the scale scores of the elderly who have increased worries, who have a hobby at home, and who communicate with their relatives via social media/mobile phones were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05).

An alternative approach to evaluate fuel/air mixing quality

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
L.-Y. Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Variation ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Air Distribution ◽  
Ratio Distribution ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Mixing Quality ◽  
Mixer Design ◽  
Air Mixing

ABSTRACT A practical method to evaluate quantitatively the uniformity of fuel/air mixing is essential for research and development of advanced low-emission combustion systems. Typically, this is characterised by measuring an unmixedness parameter or a uniformity index. An alternative approach, based on the fuel/air equivalence ratio distribution, is proposed and demonstrated in a simple methane/air venturi mixer. This approach has two main advantages: it is correlated with the fuel/air mixture combustion temperature, and the maximum temperature variation caused by fuel/air non-uniformity can be estimated. Because of these, it can be used as a criterion to check fuel/air mixing quality, or as a target for fuel/air mixer design with acceptable maximum temperature variation. For the situations where the fuel/air distribution non-uniqueness issue becomes important for fuel/air mixing check or mixer design, an additional statistical supplementary criterion should also be used.

scholarly journals Thermoregulation in colonies of africanized and hybrids with Caucasian, Italian and Carniolan Apis mellifera honey bees

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de Toledo ◽  
Regina Helena Nogueira-Couto
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Internal Temperature ◽  
Africanized Honey Bees ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Year ◽  
Brood Nest

This experiment was carried out to study the internal temperature regulation of a colony of Africanized honey bees (AFR), compared with hybrid Caucasian (CAU), Italian (ITA), and Carniolan (CAR) bees, during the period of one year and different size hives located in a sub-tropical region. The instant internal temperature, 33.7 ± 1.5° C for the AFR, 33.5 ± 1.4° C for the CAU, 33.7 ± 1.5° C for the ITA and 33.8 ± 1.4° C for the CAR, did not show any significant difference (P>0.05). The maximum temperature (36.1 ± 2.3° C) was statistically different (P<0.05) from the minimum (27.6 ± 5.3° C). There was no difference (P>0.05) in the mean internal temperature, between the nucleus (31.7 ± 6.3° C) and the brood nest (32.1 ± 5.3° C) measured between two and four o'clock in the afternoon.

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