EVOLUTION OF SEISMIC TECHNOLOGY INTO THE 1980's

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Graebner ◽  
G. Steel and. C.B. Wason
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Seismic Wave Propagation ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Computer Performance ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Borehole Logs ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
Hydrocarbon Reserves

In the last few years, the quality and resolution of subsurface images, based on seismic data, have improved considerably with the introduction of wavelet processing and three-dimensional (3D) seismic techniques. Together, these are being used increasingly in field development to optimize drilling locations and improve estimates of hydrocarbon reserves.Exploiting the steady gains in computer performance, significant enhancement in image resolution is being achieved using the convolutional model of seismic wave propagation. In the 1980's, progress will proceed apace along this path, one which is analogous to the photographic imaging technique; furthermore the wavelet processing techniques will continue to improve, aided by better imaging methods based on holographic principles.Another innovation that will offer the potential for a more accurate estimation of hydrocarbon reserves is the application of inversion by modelling. These methods generate estimates of the subsurface lithologic parameters directly from the data. The results are reconciled with available borehole logs and used to define reservoir characteristics at the spatial sampling of the data.

THE SEISMIC EXPRESSION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL SANDBOX MODELS

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 490
Author(s):  
D.H. Sherlock ◽  
B.J. Evans ◽  
C.C. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Physical Modelling ◽  
Seismic Wave Propagation ◽  
Construction Time ◽  
Geological Structures ◽  
Seismic Modelling ◽  
Solid Models ◽  
First Time

Analogue sandbox models provide cheap, concise data and allow the evolution of geological structures to be observed under controlled conditions in a laboratory. Seismic physical modelling is used to study the effects of seismic wave propagation in isotropic and anisotropic media and to improve methods of data acquisition, processing and interpretation. These two independent geological modelling techniques have been linked for the first time, to combine and expand the existing benefits of each method.Seismic physical modelling to date has employed solid models, constructed with pre-determined structures built into the model. Previous attempts to adapt this technology to unconsolidated materials failed due to the severe energy attenuation of seismic waves in cohesionless grain matrices, and excessive signal scatter due to scaling limitations of the geological feature size to wavelength ratio. This paper presents our research to overcome these problems and thereby allow the successful seismic imaging of sandbox models.A number of techniques have been developed to combine these two independent modelling methods and results show that it is possible to image several layers within the models, demonstrating the potential to interpret complex geological structures within such models. For seismic modelling, the main advantages are that the seismic data collected from these models contain natural variation that cannot be built into solid models, which results in a more realistic image, and the cost and construction time of the models are also dramatically reduced. For sandbox modelling, the recording of seismic data over them allows far more detailed interpretation of the structures than previously possible and also allows direct comparison with field data for the first time, to substantiate or negate an existing interpretation.

ADVANCES IN 3-D SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING TECHNIQUES

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
T.J. Allen ◽  
P. Whiting
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Seismic Data ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Velocity Model ◽  
Migration Velocity ◽  
Seismic Data Processing ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Migration Velocity Analysis ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
Made In

Several recent advances made in 3-D seismic data processing are discussed in this paper.Development of a time-variant FK dip-moveout algorithm allows application of the correct three-dimensional operator. Coupled with a high-dip one-pass 3-D migration algorithm, this provides improved resolution and response at all azimuths. The use of dilation operators extends the capability of the process to include an economical and accurate (within well-defined limits) 3-D depth migration.Accuracy of the migration velocity model may be improved by the use of migration velocity analysis: of the two approaches considered, the data-subsetting technique gives more reliable and interpretable results.Conflicts in recording azimuth and bin dimensions of overlapping 3-D surveys may be resolved by the use of a 3-D interpolation algorithm applied post 3-D stack and which allows the combined surveys to be 3-D migrated as one data set.

Field development with three‐dimensional seismic methods in the Gulf of Thailand—A case history

Geophysics ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Dahm ◽  
R. J. Graebner
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Seismic Survey ◽  
Gulf Of Thailand ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Hydrocarbon Traps ◽  
Line Spacing ◽  
The Gulf Of Thailand

A three‐dimensional (3-D) marine seismic survey was conducted in the Gulf of Thailand to aid in the development of a gas field indicated by three wildcat wells which had been located by seismic reconnaissance programs shot over a period of several years. The key to successful exploration in the area, basically a hinge line play, was a detailed understanding of the complex faulting controlling the hydrocarbon traps. Since the prospect lies 160–220 km offshore, some specialized surveying techniques were employed to achieve the required positioning accuracy. About 1280 km of seismic data were recorded at 100-m line spacing over a roughly rectangular block covering about [Formula: see text]. The 48‐fold data were processed using a 3-D wave equation migration algorithm yielding a set of seismic traces representing the data vertically below a grid of depth points spaced at [Formula: see text] by 100 m. The results of the 3-D program showed greater fault resolution and structural delineation. The interpretation developed from a series of horizontal slices provided by the 3-D processing further improved fault resolution. Five wells, drilled on the basis of the 3-D survey, are productive and closely tie the seismic data. Initial studies of amplitude patterns of key reflectors, combined with interval velocities from seismic derived logs, appear to offer the potential of direct detection of productive gas zones thicker than 25 to 30 ft. The 3-D seismic data are being utilized for planning additional development wells and potential platform locations.

Three-Dimensional Structure of Rotavirus-Fab Complex

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 238-239
Author(s):  
B.V.V. Prasad ◽  
E. Marietta ◽  
J.W. Burns ◽  
M.K. Estes ◽  
W. Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Smooth Surface ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Outer Shell ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Structural Studies ◽  
Cell Penetration ◽  
Electron Cryomicroscopy ◽  
Image Processing Techniques ◽  
Processing Techniques

Rotaviruses are spherical, double-shelled particles. They have been identified as a major cause of infantile gastroenteritis worldwide. In our earlier studies we determined the three-dimensional structures of double-and single-shelled simian rotavirus embedded in vitreous ice using electron cryomicroscopy and image processing techniques to a resolution of 40Å. A distinctive feature of the rotavirus structure is the presence of 132 large channels spanning across both the shells at all 5- and 6-coordinated positions of a T=13ℓ icosahedral lattice. The outer shell has 60 spikes emanating from its relatively smooth surface. The inner shell, in contrast, exhibits a bristly surface made of 260 morphological units at all local and strict 3-fold axes (Fig.l).The outer shell of rotavirus is made up of two proteins, VP4 and VP7. VP7, a glycoprotein and a neutralization antigen, is the major component. VP4 has been implicated in several important functions such as cell penetration, hemagglutination, neutralization and virulence. From our earlier studies we had proposed that the spikes correspond to VP4 and the rest of the surface is composed of VP7. Our recent structural studies, using the same techniques, with monoclonal antibodies specific to VP4 have established that surface spikes are made up of VP4.

scholarly journals Retinal vessel segmentation with constrained-based nonnegative matrix factorization and 3D modified attention U-Net

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Yu ◽  
Hongqing Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Factorization ◽  
Nonnegative Matrix Factorization ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Nonnegative Matrix ◽  
Retinal Vessel ◽  
Classification Problem ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Retinal Vessels ◽  
Segmentation Task

AbstractDue to the complex morphology and characteristic of retinal vessels, it remains challenging for most of the existing algorithms to accurately detect them. This paper proposes a supervised retinal vessels extraction scheme using constrained-based nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) and three dimensional (3D) modified attention U-Net architecture. The proposed method detects the retinal vessels by three major steps. First, we perform Gaussian filter and gamma correction on the green channel of retinal images to suppress background noise and adjust the contrast of images. Then, the study develops a new within-class and between-class constrained NMF algorithm to extract neighborhood feature information of every pixel and reduce feature data dimension. By using these constraints, the method can effectively gather similar features within-class and discriminate features between-class to improve feature description ability for each pixel. Next, this study formulates segmentation task as a classification problem and solves it with a more contributing 3D modified attention U-Net as a two-label classifier for reducing computational cost. This proposed network contains an upsampling to raise image resolution before encoding and revert image to its original size with a downsampling after three max-pooling layers. Besides, the attention gate (AG) set in these layers contributes to more accurate segmentation by maintaining details while suppressing noises. Finally, the experimental results on three publicly available datasets DRIVE, STARE, and HRF demonstrate better performance than most existing methods.

Automatic weaving method for three-dimensional composite preforms using vision system

2021 ◽  
pp. 004051752098238
Author(s):  
Siyuan Li ◽  
Zhongde Shan ◽  
Dong Du ◽  
Li Zhan ◽  
Zhikun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Position ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Composites ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Digital Manufacturing ◽  
Relative Rotation ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Main Structure

Three-dimensional composite preform is the main structure of fiber-reinforced composites. During the weaving process of large-sized three-dimensional composite preform, relative rotation or translation between the fiber feeder and guided array occurs before feeding. Besides, the weaving needles can be at different heights after moving out from the guided array. These problems are mostly detected and adjusted manually. To make the weaving process more precise and efficient, we propose machine vision-based methods which could realize accurate estimation and adjustment of the relative position-pose between the fiber feeder and guided array, and make the needles pressing process automatic by recognizing the position of the weaving needles. The results show that the estimation error of relative position-pose is within 5%, and the rate of unrecognized weaving needles is 2%. Our proposed methods improve the automation level of weaving, and are conducive to the development of preform forming toward digital manufacturing.

Acquire Ocean Bottom Seismic Data and Time-Lapse Geochemistry Data Simultaneously to Identify Compartmentalization and Map Hydrocarbon Movement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Schrynemeeckers
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Seismic Data ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Ocean Bottom ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Dense Grid ◽  
Hydrocarbon Charge ◽  
Sweet Spots

Abstract Current offshore hydrocarbon detection methods employ vessels to collect cores along transects over structures defined by seismic imaging which are then analyzed by standard geochemical methods. Due to the cost of core collection, the sample density over these structures is often insufficient to map hydrocarbon accumulation boundaries. Traditional offshore geochemical methods cannot define reservoir sweet spots (i.e. areas of enhanced porosity, pressure, or net pay thickness) or measure light oil or gas condensate in the C7 – C15 carbon range. Thus, conventional geochemical methods are limited in their ability to help optimize offshore field development production. The capability to attach ultrasensitive geochemical modules to Ocean Bottom Seismic (OBS) nodes provides a new capability to the industry which allows these modules to be deployed in very dense grid patterns that provide extensive coverage both on structure and off structure. Thus, both high resolution seismic data and high-resolution hydrocarbon data can be captured simultaneously. Field trials were performed in offshore Ghana. The trial was not intended to duplicate normal field operations, but rather provide a pilot study to assess the viability of passive hydrocarbon modules to function properly in real world conditions in deep waters at elevated pressures. Water depth for the pilot survey ranged from 1500 – 1700 meters. Positive thermogenic signatures were detected in the Gabon samples. A baseline (i.e. non-thermogenic) signature was also detected. The results indicated the positive signatures were thermogenic and could easily be differentiated from baseline or non-thermogenic signatures. The ability to deploy geochemical modules with OBS nodes for reoccurring surveys in repetitive locations provides the ability to map the movement of hydrocarbons over time as well as discern depletion affects (i.e. time lapse geochemistry). The combined technologies will also be able to: Identify compartmentalization, maximize production and profitability by mapping reservoir sweet spots (i.e. areas of higher porosity, pressure, & hydrocarbon richness), rank prospects, reduce risk by identifying poor prospectivity areas, accurately map hydrocarbon charge in pre-salt sequences, augment seismic data in highly thrusted and faulted areas.

Reconstruction of the Reservoir Fine Structure by Using Scattering Attributes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Cheverda ◽  
Vadim Lisitsa ◽  
Maksim Protasov ◽  
Galina Reshetova ◽  
Andrey Ledyaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Numerical Experiments ◽  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Fractured Reservoirs ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Discrete Elements ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
The North ◽  
Slip Surfaces

Abstract To develop the optimal strategy for developing a hydrocarbon field, one should know in fine detail its geological structure. More and more attention has been paid to cavernous-fractured reservoirs within the carbonate environment in the last decades. This article presents a technology for three-dimensional computing images of such reservoirs using scattered seismic waves. To verify it, we built a particular synthetic model, a digital twin of one of the licensed objects in the north of Eastern Siberia. One distinctive feature of this digital twin is the representation of faults not as some ideal slip surfaces but as three-dimensional geological bodies filled with tectonic breccias. To simulate such breccias and the geometry of these bodies, we performed a series of numerical experiments based on the discrete elements technique. The purpose of these experiments is the simulation of the geomechanical processes of fault formation. For the digital twin constructed, we performed full-scale 3D seismic modeling, which made it possible to conduct fully controlled numerical experiments on the construction of wave images and, on this basis, to propose an optimal seismic data processing graph.

INSPECTION BY ULTRASONIC TOMOGRAPHY (UT) LEADING TREND IN WELDING JOINT MONITORING

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Amizan Abd. Rahman ◽  
Ruzairi Abdul Rahim ◽  
Nor Muzakkir Nor Ayob ◽  
Jaysuman Pusppanathan ◽  
Fazlul Rahman Mohd Yunus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Ultrasonic Tomography ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Steel Pipes ◽  
Imaging Result ◽  
Welding Steel ◽  
Joint Monitoring ◽  
Non Destructive

Welding work is a connection process between the structure and the materials. This process is used in the construction, maintenance and repair especially mechanical engineering. This study discusses the type of welding used in the industry, mainly involving the pipeline welds. On-demand need to every work process when finishing weld requires quality tests to ensure compliance to the standards required. Monitoring through the display image has long been used in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT). Various methods of monitoring used in NDT focused on Ultrasonic Tomography (UT) as a method used in NDT and as an option for the future. Previous imaging result was in two-dimensional (2D) and then upgraded to a three-dimensional image (3D). Besides, there is potential of 3D imaging beyond the existing limits in terms of size, material thickness, especially for welding steel pipes. Achievement through research of existing pipe size so far outside diameter of 200 mm and a thickness of 5.8 mm should be limited in view of the obstacles to enhanced image resolution is less effective when compared to other tomography methods.

scholarly journals 3D Reconstruction and Prediction of Sialolith Surgery

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Jamyson Oliveira Santos ◽  
Brunna da Silva Firmino ◽  
Matheus Santos Carvalho ◽  
Jean de Pinho Mendes ◽  
Lucas Novaes Teixeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Preoperative Assessment ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Submandibular Region ◽  
Present Case Report ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Transcervical Approach ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Processing Techniques

Imaging examinations play an important role in the diagnosis of sialolithiasis, whose symptoms are initially confounded with other diseases. The objective of the present case report is to highlight imaging and processing techniques as well as image analysis for the preoperative assessment and planning of surgical interventions and adequate treatment of massive sialoliths. A 35-year-old male patient presented complaining of pain in the submandibular region and purulent secretions from a lingual caruncle with slightly increased volume in the region. Imaging examinations were ordered as follows: cone beam computed tomography, ultrasonography, and three-dimensional reconstruction, including clinical evaluation. A final diagnosis of sialolithiasis was established. Surgery was indicated and carried out by using a lateral transcervical approach for complete resection of the gland, which was based on the calculation of the total volume of the sialolith, thus increasing the surgery’s success.

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