scholarly journals The hospital financing system in Germany

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Beate Oswald
Keyword(s):  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Hospital Financing ◽  
Rapid Rate ◽  
Financing System ◽  
German Health ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
New System ◽  
Benefit System

In common with other western countries, German health expenditure had been increasing at a rapid rate in recent years, especially in the hospital sector. This paper describes the reaction of the German legislator and summarises what has happenedover the last few years following the introduction of the extensive Legal Reform Act.The paper puts the main emphasis on a new differentiated benefit system for hospitals, which is a requirement from 1996 onwards, after a transitional period. It shows the single components and the modalities of the new system and the possibilities of combining the new types of payment.

Creating Revolutionary Justice

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-59
Author(s):  
Matthew Rendle
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
Secret Police ◽  
Clear Sense ◽  
New System ◽  
Distinct Role

The first chapter provides the foundation for the rest of the book by charting the establishment of revolutionary justice. Although the Bolsheviks had a clear sense of the role of law in society and a clear desire to oversee legal reform, they did not have a coherent plan on exactly what they would do. Consequently, the new system emerged steadily through the year after October with the development of tribunals shaped by the Bolsheviks’ experiences of early trials and the intensifying civil war. This chapter examines the decrees that outlined the official role of tribunals, explores the experiences of the early trials, and looks at how tribunals started to operate in practice, both nationally and locally. It examines various reforms of the tribunal system and various types of tribunals, including press tribunals, provincial tribunals, and the Supreme Tribunal. From the start, tribunals were pitted against the secret police, the Cheka, and this too shaped how tribunals took shape. By late 1918, however, tribunals were firmly in place, with a structure that only changed minimally thereafter and a distinct role alongside the Cheka.

scholarly journals Impact of the economic crisis on household health expenditure in Greece: an interrupted time series analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. e038158
Author(s):  
Catriona Crookes ◽  
Raffaele Palladino ◽  
Paraskevi Seferidi ◽  
Raeena Hirve ◽  
Olga Siskou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Financing System ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Out Of Pocket Payments ◽  
The Impact

Objectives and settingThe 2008 financial crisis had a particularly severe impact on Greece. To contain spending, the government capped public health expenditure and introduced increased cost-sharing. The Greek case is important for studying the impact of recessions on health systems. This study analysed changes in household health expenditure in Greece over the economic crisis and explored whether the impact differed across socioeconomic groups.ParticipantsWe used data from the Greek Household Budget Survey for the years 2004 and 2008–2017. The dataset comprised 51 654 households, with a total of 128 111 members.DesignWe compared pre-crisis and post-crisis trends in Greek household out-of-pocket payments for healthcare from 2004 to 2017 using an interrupted time series analysis. This study explored spending in euros and as a share of total household purchases.ResultsOur results indicated that the population level trend in household health spending was reversed after the crisis began (pre-crisis trend: €0.040 decrease per quarter (95% CI: −0.785 to −0.022), post-crisis trend: €0.315 increase per quarter (95% CI: −0.004 to 0.635)). We also found that spending on inpatient services and pharmaceuticals has been increasing since the start of the crisis, whereas outpatient services expenditure has been decreasing. Across all households, out-of-pocket payments incurred a greater financial burden after the crisis relative to pre-existing trends, but the poorest households incurred a disproportionately higher burden.ConclusionsThis was the first study to use an interrupted time series analysis to assess the impact of the economic crisis on household health expenditure in Greece. Our findings suggest that there was an erosion of financial protection for Greek households as a consequence of the economic crisis. This effect was particularly pronounced among poorer households, which is indicative of a regressive financing system.

scholarly journals Exploring the determinants of catastrophic health expenditure and socioeconomic horizontal equity in relation to it: a rural community based longitudinal study in West Bengal

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 2522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Paul ◽  
Suresh Chandra Malick ◽  
Shatanik Mondal ◽  
Saibendu Kumar Lahiri
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Concentration Index ◽  
Healthcare Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Financing ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Horizontal Equity ◽  
Income Quintile ◽  
Financing System ◽  
Middle Income

Background:Equity in health care is defined as equal access to available care for equal need. Out-of-pocket expenditures are the most inequitable means of health care financing. These payments become catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) if it exceeds the household’s ‘Capacity to Pay’. As fairness is one of the fundamental objectives of the health system, identification of the factors responsible for these expenditures is important. Hence this study was conducted to find out the determinants of CHE and to explore the socioeconomic horizontal equity in relation to it. Methods:Total 352 households from 9 villages of Amdanga block, North 24 Parganas, were studied for 12 months. Annual out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure exceeding 40% of annual household non-food expenditure was classified as CHE and determinants of the same were identified using logit-model. Equity was measured by Concentration index and modified Kakwani measure (MDK). Results:Overall prevalence of CHE was 20.7% and highest (39.3%) in the second income quintile. The odds of incurring CHE were highest (35.43) for the households with member/s requiring inpatient treatment followed by households having more than five members (12.81). Negative value of concentration index and MDK indicated that the probability of incurring CHE was disproportionately concentrated among the poor and the financing system was degressive, however some amount of equity was noted in the poorest quintile. Conclusions:Apart from the poorest section in the community the poorer and middle income sections are still exposed to healthcare expenditure shocks and the health care spending was diverse and less equitable.

Nonparametric Frontier Model as a Tool for Exploratory Analysis of Hospital Stays

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (03) ◽  
pp. 241-247
Author(s):  
C. Beguin
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Diagnosis Related Groups ◽  
Exploratory Analysis ◽  
Hospital Financing ◽  
Financing System ◽  
Free Disposal Hull ◽  
Free Disposal ◽  
Large Databases ◽  
Hospital Stays ◽  
Belgian Hospital

Abstract:Diagnosis-related groups (DRG) were introduced in 1995 to the Belgian hospital financing system. Trimming rules are generally used when mean length of stay (LOS) is estimated by DRG. This paper proposes the use of frontier models instead of trimming rules. These models allow to take into account the characteristics of the patients, to rank hospital stays, and to indicate stays presenting discrepancy between the patient’s characteristics and the resources consumed. The analysis is done with the nonparametric Free Disposal Hull (FDH) model and the method developed by Wilson to detect extreme observations, when defining the frontier is adapted to analyze large databases.

EXPENDITURE ON DRUGS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 622-622
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Pharmaceutical Expenditure ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Rapid Rate ◽  
Total Health Expenditure ◽  
The Past ◽  
Total Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita

In developed countries, generally 5% to 8% of GNP is spent on health care; during the past decade, health care expenditure has increased at a more rapid rate than GNP. Expenditure on pharmaceuticals represents 10% to 20% of the total health expenditure. In developing countries, figures vary widely but the pharmaceutical expenditure per capita per year may be below one U.S. dollar and may be as high as 50% of the total health care expenditure....

Cyber Security Risks in Robotics

2018 ◽  
pp. 1235-1250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishaani Priyadarshini
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Humanoid Robots ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Rapid Rate ◽  
Security Risks ◽  
Controlled Systems ◽  
Current State ◽  
Day By Day ◽  
New System

With technology flourishing at a rapid rate, humans have been able to achieve considerable heights of success. Accomplishment of tasks nowadays is either a click away or a command away in most of the technological arenas. One such realm of technology is that of Robotics which has been there for almost a century and continues advancing day by day. The evolution of robotics has ranged from the basic remote controlled systems to humanoid robots. With applications as well as accuracy increasing for every new system implemented, security risks too have been making their way into the new invention. Since different robots have been created for different purposes in different fields like the defense, household, medical or the space, protecting systems against their exploitation is of utmost importance as these fields incorporate sensitive as well as intricate tasks. This chapter focuses on the security aspects of Robotics. The necessity of Cyber security in Robotics has been explored by taking different kinds of robots used in different fields. The current state of Robotics is vulnerable to many risks and several case studies have been highlighted to support the need of securing Robotics by identifying several risks to which it is vulnerable. Apart from that mitigation strategies have been discussed to secure the domain of Robotics. An attack comparison has been made for three robots in analyzing them against the vulnerabilities faced by them.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document